Modal verbs, rules, exercises

modal verbs and their equivalents

The Modal verbs Can (Could)

The Modal verbs May (Might)

The Modal verb must

The modal verbs to have to and to be

The modal verb need

The modal verb should/would, ought to

Revision exercises on Modal Verbs

modal verbs and their equivalents

Ex. 1 Complete the chart with your own examples

Notion verbs	Modal verbs	Auxiliary verbs	Linking verbs

Modal Verbs of necessity ------ Modals verbs ------ Modal Verbs of possibility

1. The modal verbs of necessity

Глагол	Present	Past	Future	С перфектной формой
Must Долженствование	Must	--	--	--
To have to Вынужденная необходимость ввиду сложившихся обстоятельств	Have/has to	Had to	Shall/will + have to	--
Ought to Моральный долг, вежливое настояние	Ought to	--	--	Обозначает действие, которое требовалось и должно было состоятся, но не состоялась
Should Необходимость, чье-либо субъективное мнение или совет	Should	--	--	То же
Need Отсутствие необходимости, нецелесообразность	Need	--	--	Обозначает действие, в совершении которого не было необходимости, надобности
To be to Необходимость предусмотренная планом	Am/is/are to	Was/were to	--	Обозначает действие, которое должно было совершиться, но не совершилось

1. The modal verbs of possibility

Глагол	Present	Past	Future
Can/ To be able to Выражает реальную возможность, физическую или умственную способность	Can Am/is/are + able to	Could Was/were + able to	Shall/will + able to
May/ be allowed to Выражает допущение возможности, разрешение совершить действие	May Am/is/are + allowed	Might Was/were + allowed	Shall/will + be allowed

Modal verbs with Simple Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive

1. Simple Infinitive

Some corrections must be made in the program.

1. Perfect Infinitive

Some mistakes must have been made in the program.

COMPARE

This result may be extended to all the cases.	This result may have been extended to all the cases.
The difficulty must be overcome.	The difficulty must have been overcome.

1.Read a web page, find the modal verbs. Match them with their meanings – a. not necessary, b. necessary, c. not allowed/ not possible, d. allowed/ possible

Wacky Weddings. com

Do you want a wedding with a difference? Here’s a list of wacky weddings we can arrange. Click on a wedding for prices and more information.

1. S ay ‘I do’ with tropical fish as your uninvited guests! You don’t have to be an expert diver but inexperienced coupes have to take lessons. A seaweed bouquet is included in the price.

2. Are you a fan of the ‘King of Rock and Roll’? Then we think this is the wedding for you. You can get married outside the front gates of Graceland, his old mansion home. We have just one rule – the groom mustn’t dress up like him.

3. Get married on a river or in a quiet cave. You needn’t be experienced canoeists but you must be able to swim. Non-swimmers can’t choose this wedding.

4. Exchange rings 4.000 m above sea level – then ski down together after the ceremony! But you don’t have to – instead, you can ride down in a snowmobile or ski lift.

5. Skydive and parachute to the ceremony! You can’t do this without going on a course of skydiving lessons.

2.Read the sentences, match them with the functions

1. You have to collect the flowers before five o’clock – the shop closes at five. 2. You must wear a suit ant a tie. 3. Can you park the cars in the town car park, please?

1. request b. obligation c. strong obligation from the speaker

3 .Listen to a conversation on the beach. Complete the gaps.

• Hey, look at that yacht.

• They must be seriously …

• Yes. Do you recognize them? They could be …

• Or they may have won the lottery! And look! There’s a girl swimming near them.

• She might know them.

• I don’t think so. She’s a long way from the …

• She may not realize that. She might be snorkeling.

• One thing’s for sure, she can’t be … about swimming back. Or she might not know about the …!

• C an you see that guy over there? He’s horribly sunburnt!

• Wow! She must have been in the sun all day.

• Mm. he might have fallen …

• Well, he can’t have put any sun cream on, that’s for sure.

4.Now read the dialog once again and fill in the modal verbs.

1. The … seriously rich. 2. They … be famous. 3. They … have won a lottery. 4. She … know them. 5. She … realize that. 6. She … be snorkeling. 7. She … be worried about swimming back. 8. She … know about the sharks! 9. He … have been in the sun all day. 10. He … have fallen asleep. 11. He … have put any sun cream on.

5.Complete the gaps with the modal verbs – must, may, may not, might, might not, could, can’t

1. She goes out every evening. She … have a family. 2. He looks depressed he … be having some problems. 3. This woman looks like a politician. She … work for the government. 4. He’s got a very nice sun tan. He … be working in an office all day. 5. Her clothes are all very expensive. She … be earning a lot of money. 6. He often goes abroad. He … be working for the Secret Service.

1. What concepts do the verbs in italics express? Permission? Obligation/advice? Ability? Willingness/ refusal?

1. "Excuse me. May I come in?" 2. "You must stay in bed until I return". 3. "I've had to look after her since I was 14". 4. "I couldn 't believe my eyes". 5. "You should have been examined years ago". 6. "She won't get up". 7. "I can't find anything wrong with you at all". 8. "I ought to call the police". 9. "Can I get up soon?" 10. "You should try to lose weight". 11. "She told me that I couldn't get married and that I had to look after her". 12. "Will you spend Christmas with us?" 13. "You'll have to have physiotherapy". 14."You mustn 't do anything like this again". 15. "You don't have to do everything for her".

1. Find in the text sentences with modal verbs + Perfect Infinitive. Define the meanings of the modal verbs. Retell the story

Martin had been one of the winners named in a magazine crossword competition and was waiting impatiently for the postman to deliver his cheque.

"It ought to have been delivered by now", he said to Jillian one breakfast time. "The results were published over a week ago, so the prizes must have been posted before this. Even if they were sent off on the day the results were published, they should have been delivered by now. It can't have been lost in the post, can it?" he asked doubtfully.

"Do you think", Jillian suggested, "that your form might have been wrongly filled in? If you didn't write our address clearly enough, the cheque could have been misdirected".

Martin was about to explain that the address must have been correctly written, because he had checked the form twice when he heard the sound of letters falling through the letter-box onto the front-door mat. He came back to the breakfast table with two bills, but no cheque. "It must have been mislaid", he said. "I'll ring the magazine during the day".

"Well, what's your news?" Jillian asked when she met Mar­tin on their way home that evening.

"Oh, I rang the magazine", he told her, "and they said the cheques should have been received because they had been posted a week ago. So I rang the post office, I said I wondered if a letter could have been lost or if it might have been wrongly delivered. They said it couldn't have been mislaid in the post office and that if it had been sent to the wrong address, it would have been returned to them. So I rang the police and told them that a cheque should have been delivered to me but hadn't. They said that an envelope might have been dropped in the street by the postman, but it's unusual, and that it ought to have been handed in to them as lost property if it had been picked up. It would certainly have been there if anyone had found it".

"Then I met Tom at lunchtime", Martin said, as they were approaching the front door. "He suggested it might have been pushed under the door mat. Let's see", he said, opening the door and bending down. Red-faced, he showed Jillian a dusty enve­lope.

"It must have been there for days", she laughed. "Come on, how much have you won?"

The cheque was for one pound. "It'll pay for the telephone calls", Martin said. "I'd better ring Tom, and let him know he was right".

"It might have been lost for years", Tom said, when he heard, "if I hadn't suggested looking under the mat. You don't mind if I write a little story about it for my paper, do you?" And two days later Martin read in the local paper for which Tom worked:

A valuable letter to Mr Martin Fry was thought to have been lost or misdirected. After two months the letter was discovered to have been pushed under the front-door mat. Perhaps Mr Fry's mat will get cleaned more often in future.

"Your friend", said Jillian, when she read it, "has got a mis­placed sense of humour".

Modal verb can

Forms

	present	past	future
can	can	could	will be able to …

Meanings

Mental or physical ability	Can you lift this box? They can get there by bus.
Permission Можете+инф	You can go now.
Prohibition нельзя+инф	You can’t cross the street here.
Request	Can you do me a favour?
Doubt, astonishment	Can she be waiting for us? Could she have said that? You couldn’t have done it!

Set-expressions

1. She can't help crying. - Она не может не плакать.

Не couldn't help admiring the city. - Он не мог не восхищаться городом.

2. I can't but ask about it. – Я не могу не спросить от этом.

They couldn't but refuse him. - Им ничего не оставалось, как отказать ему.

Ex. 1 Translate the words in brackets. Define the function

1. Of course, I могу translate this article. 2. I think I мог бы show you how to do it. 3. You можно go and tell her about it. 4. Можно I see the doctor now? 5. He мог бы помочь you but he didn’t want to bother. 6. You можете easily get there in 20 minutes. 7. You сможете do it directly on return. 8. Можно I have some ice-scream with my coffee? 9. You нельзя discuss the subject with your friends. 10. She was in a hurry, she не могла wait for us. 11. There is a sign. You нельзя take pictures here. 12. The swimmer was very tired but he смог reach the shore. 13. Before her illness, she могла work fourteen hours a day. 14. When they buy a car, they смогут visit their friends more often.

Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks with can/can’t or be able to in the proper form

1. He ___ speak English rather fluently, but that time he ___ say a word. 2. He has never ___ speak in public. 3. I used to ____ speak German very well. 4. You ___ marry her, but you ____ make her love you. 5. I ___ do it on Friday, but I ___ do it next week. 6. ___ you give me a lift to the station, please? 7. I used ___ eat a kilo of sweets for supper. 8. I have never ____ ride a bicycle. 9. You ___ see him at the meeting. He was ill. 10. I’d like ___ ski very well. 11. Luckily I ___ find a taxi. 12. I ___ drive when I was fifteen. 13. I ___ hear somebody running. 14. He did not want to go there, but we ___ persuade him. 15. She sighed. I ___ feel her hands shaking.

Ex. 3 Open the brackets with could (expressing a possibility) or could have (expressing a possibility that did not happen) and make all necessary changes

1. A car is pulling up. It could (be) Lucy. 2. He could (get) a credit, but he did not prepare all the documents in time. 3. Why didn’t you ask me? I could (do) it for you. 4. He could (be) there tomorrow. 5. They could (be) there yesterday. 6. Why are you so depressed? He could (tell) a lie. 7. You should have told us about your delay. We could (cancel) our meeting. 8. He could (do) it if he tries. 9. Somebody has called on you today. – It could (be) a friend of mine. 10. I think he could (commit) a crime, but he’s got an alibi. 11. The train arrives at 11.30. she could (come) at noon. 12. Yesterday I saw him driving at a very high speed. He could (crash).

Ex. 4 Express your surprise and disbelief using can/could

A in interrogative sentence

1. He was at the party yesterday. 2. They are in Germany. 3. He has broken his leg. 4. They were sent to prison. 5. She got married. 6. He studies at Cambridge University. 7. She has been practicing the violin for five years. 8. He has made an interesting report. 9. He has won a lot of money in the casino. 10. They will go to the Canaries next summer.

B in negative sentences

1. You are mistaken. 2. They forgot about the meeting. 3. He is writing a new novel now. 4. She has bought a new fur coat. 5. He had an accident. 6. Mary will invite the Jones to her place for the weekend. 7. They upset our plans. 8. She wastes a lot of time. 9. Mr. Fox is a reliable person. 10. She is making a cruise now.

Ex. 5 Translate into English using the verb can.

1. У детей богатое воображение. Они могут легко придумывать разные истории. 2. Ты можешь взять словарь. Мне он больше не нужен. 3. Не может быть, чтобы она была так груба с вами. 4. неужели она и сейчас думает обо мне? 5. Неужели это правда, что она вышла замуж за Джона? 6. Вряд ли они приедут сегодня. Уже поздно. 7. если бы не ваш зонтик, я бы вся промокла. 8. Не может быть, чтобы сейчас было лишь три часа. Ваши часы остановились. 9. Я могла бы вам это сразу сказать, но мне не хотелось расстраивать вас. 10. Не может быть, чтобы вы этому действительно верили. 11. Не мог он принять вас за другого. 12. Можно мы возьмем Джека с собой? 13. Неужели они опоздали на поезд? Они же вышли из дома очень рано. 14. Нет, малыш, зимой мороженое на улице есть нельзя. 15. Вы не могли бы продиктовать мне эту страницу

1. Read the title of the story and try to guess what it could be about?

2. Read the story. Were your ideas correct?

"Buried Treasure ".

One day, while they were playing in the sand near their home in New Zealand, nine-year-old Patrick and two friends found a giant egg. It was over a hundred times bigger than a chicken's egg. "Can we keep it?" Patrick asked. "Of course you can", said his father. Patrick's friend added, "I once found some old coins and I was allowed to keep them". The children wanted to know all about their egg, so they wrote a letter to a scientific laboratory. This is what they said: "Could you please help us to find out about our egg? Can we bring it to show you? Could you please do some tests and tell us what's inside it? Are chil­dren allowed to visit your laboratory? If they are, could we please come soon?"

Patrick and his friends were allowed to take their egg for laboratory tests. The tests showed that it was an egg of the ex­tinct elephant bird and that it was at least two thousand years old. What a surprise! "We will be allowed to keep it. Won't we, Dad?" Patrick asked.

The children and their egg soon became famous. They ap­peared on television and someone offered them 75,000 dollars for it. They began to plan how they would spend the money. But it was all too good to be true. One day, a government letter arrived which said:

"The egg is public property. You are not allowed to keep things which belong to the state. We are sorry but you will have to give the egg to us. We will pay you some money, but only a small amount".

"They can't have it!" said Patrick. "If we can't have it, no­body can". Patrick was very angry. He buried the egg in the sand again and he still refuses to tell anyone where it is.

c) Read aloud the sentences with modal verbs and state their meaning.

d) Retell the text as Patrick. Add any additional information you can imagine. Remember to use modal verbs.

The modal verb may

Forms

	present	past	future
may	may	might	will be allowed to …

Meanings

Permission можно?	May I take your pen, please?
Possible happenings in the future/uncertainty возможно, может быть	I may go to Italy. It might rain this afternoon.
Possible plans	I’m going to Italy (for sure) I may go to Italy in July.
Reproach	You might have reminded me about it.

Ex. 1 Translate the sentence and comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb may

1. I think, when I’m twenty-five, then I may get control of money. 2. You may get up now. 3. The telephone went on ringing. Anne said: ‘It might be Edmund. He might have missed his plane.’ 4. Supper passed off better than might have been expected. 5. His eyes were so close together that I honestly thought they might run into each other one day. 6. Well, don’t let’s look on the black side of things. She may get over it in a few weeks. 7. I wouldn’t dream of getting in yours of Anne’s way, whatever that may be. 8. I think she feels about you rather as she might about a daughter. 9. Oh please! You tell her! Tell her that you want me to stay. She might believe you. She never believes me. 10. Whatever her idea of fun might be she clearly wasn’t having it, and did not much enjoy seeing other people full of any kind of cheer.

Ex. 2 Choose between may and might

1. _____ I come in? (request) – Yes, you _____ (permission). 2. It’s unfair that he doesn’t know the truth. You _____ tell him everything. (reproach) 3. He _____ know about it himself (a suggestion) 4. He is waiting for you. You _____ put off your work for some time (reproach) 5. _____ we leave our things here? (a polite request) 6. He _____ not understand English. (a possibility) 7. You know he is ill. You _____ go and visit him. (reproach) 8. Where are you going to spend your vacation? – I don’t know yet. I ____ go to Spain. (possibility ) 9. After school he _____ go to University. (suggestion) 10. _____ I talk to him right now? The matter is urgent (a polite request)

Ex. 3 Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb may/might

1. Under the law you are allowed to make one photocopy for your personal use but you can’t make multiple copies. 2. This is possibly the reason why they have refused to join us. 3. Perhaps I will have to take her to hospital; it is possible she has broken her arm in the accident/ 4. It is possible he did not have her phone number. 5. When the World Cup was shown on TV, I was allowed to stay up late and watch it. 6. Perhaps your friend will help you, but I don’t believe it. 7. Maybe they did not know that the problem was so urgent. 8. Would you mind my smoking here? 9. Why didn’t you come? I needed your help badly. 10. Perhaps she has made a mistake, but I am not sure of it. she is a very punctual person.

Ex. 4 Fill in the blanks with may/might or can/could and make all necessary changes

1. You ____ (warn) me about it beforehand. 2. The weather is changing. It ____ (start) raining. 3. No, he _____ (not hear) your name. We tried to speak in a whisper. 4. He _____ (not hear) you name. That’s why he did not say anything. 5. She _____ (not notice) us. We were standing too far away. 6. She _____ (not notice) us though we were standing beside her. 7. _____ I use your name as a referee? 8. She _____ (not hear) the news, that’s why she looks as if nothing had happened. 9. She _____ (not hear) the news, nobody ___ tell her about it. 10. The professor says that I _____ (rewrite) the essay. 11. ______ I use your phone? 12. He _____ (help) them when they were in trouble. 13. _____ he (say) it? no, it’s not like him. He is a man of few words.

Ex. 5 Choose the right variant

1. I don’t like the way you study. I think you _____ harder!

a) might have worked b) might work c) could work d) could have worked

1. Let’s wait a little. He ______.

a)may have come b) could have come c) may come d) might have come

1. She _____ of the plan herself. Somebody has suggested it to her.

a) can’t have thought b) may not have thought c) can’t think d) may not think

1. They _____ our telegram, that’s why they did not meet us.

a) couldn’t have received b) can’t have received c) may not have received d) may not receive

1. She _____my letter! – Don’t be so angry with her. She ______ it by mistake.

a) may not read, may do b) cannot read, can do

c) might not have read, can’t have done d) can’t have read, might have done

1. He ______ it. I don’t believe you.

a) is not able to say b) might not say c) can’t have said d) might not have said

Ex. 6 Translate into English using the verb may

1. Может быть, ей и не нравился новый учитель, но она его нисколько не боялась. 2. Можете зайти к нам после семи, если хотите. 3. Ты могла бы по крайней мере посоветоваться с сестрой! 4. Может быть, на вас никто и внимания не обратит. 5. Оливер спросил, можно ли ему получить еще тарелку каши. 6. Больному стало лучше. Вы можете навестить его завтра. 7. Тебе можно быть посерьезнее. Ты уже почти взрослый. 8. Где же мой паспорт? – Возможно, ты забыл его дома. 9. Спроси их, можно ли нам тоже пойти с ними в поход. 10. Возможно, его не было на лекции. – Но он говорит, что он там был. 11. Она не была англичанкой, но ее можно было принять за нее. 12. Возможно, летом меня не будет в городе. 13. Он стоял довольно далеко от них и, возможно, не слышал их слов. 14. Как бы надолго ты ни уехал, я буду ждать тебя. 15. Ты мог бы купить мне эту книгу! Ты знал, что она мне очень нужна.

Read the text and do the exercises that follow it. A Purse Full of Pounds

Jack is on his way to the sports centre to meet some friends. He's feeling miserable because he hasn't got any money. It's his girlfriend's birthday next week. He may not be able to buy her a present and she could be very disappointed. She might even refuse to go out with him! He could ask a friend to lend him a few pounds, but he already owes money to all his friends.

When he arrives at the sports centre, he sees something pink near the entrance. It's a purse and it's full of money; Fifty pounds! Who could it belong to?

"A pink purse can't belong to a boy. It must belongJo a girl at the centre", Jack thinks.

Jack doesn't know what to do. He could pay his debts with the money and he could buy Debbie a present. There's no one in the street, but someone might be watching him.

Task:

a) Say the following sentences using may. Model: Perhaps the purse belongs to a girl at the centre. The purse may belong to a girl at the centre.

1. Perhaps the owner is looking for a purse. 2. Perhaps Jack knows the girl. 3. Perhaps someone will be watching Jack. 4. Perhaps he won't tell anyone about the purse. 5. Perhaps he won't try to find the owner. 6. Perhaps he will put the purse back where it was. 7. Perhaps he will find the owner. 8. Perhaps Jack will get a reward for finding the purse.

b) Retell the story as the story-teller, then as Jack.

c) What might you do if you found a purse full of money.

Must and its equivalents

A journey of a Thousand miles must begin with a single step

We haven’t got the money, So we have got to think.

Forms

	present	past	future
must have to be to	must have/has to am/is/are to	-------------- had to was/were to	------------- will have to … ------

Meanings - MUST

Obligation, necessity	It’s 10 o’clock, you must go.
A command	You must leave the room at once.
Prohibition	You mustn’t speak while writing.
Probability or supposition	She must be waiting for us.

Meanings – HAVE TO

Obligation, necessity arising out of circumstances

I have to get up at 6 every day. My working day begins at 8. приходится, вынужден

Meanings – BE TO

An agreement or arrangement	We were to meet at the theatre at 9.
A strict order/ prohibition	You are not to get your feet wet. (не смей!)
Something thought as unavoidable	He went about thinking of his life and what was to become of him.

Ex. 1 Comment on the meaning of the verb must. Translate the sentences into Russian

1. I suppose one must be serious sometimes. 2. It must be seven. 3. Harry, you are horrible! You mustn’t say these dreadful things. 4. Nothing must be done in a hurry. 5. You and I are friends, Basil, and we must always remain so. 6. I’ve always thought he must be quite clever in his way. 7. Surely it must have been O’ Murphy’s doing. 8. I must be getting sentimental. 9. But surely you agree with me that the other woman must have gone to the wrong flat. That is the only possible solution. 10. ‘I’m afraid I must be going, Basil,’ he murmured. 11. It was in that tone that he must have spoken to his children when they were tiresome. 12. She must have watched him hide the books in the garden and brought them back in. 13. You mustn’t say that, you mustn’t think that. 14. He looked sixty, but I knew he must be much less than that. 15. She must be found and brought back here at once. 16. Her life must have been very unhappy. 17. You must be in love. 18. ‘You mustn’t talk so much,’ the doctor said. 19. She must have been a very stupid woman, or else very inexperienced. 20. You must be telling another lie.

Ex. 2 Choose the correct variant

1. His German is very poor. He must (study/be studying/ have studied) very hard. 2. His German is very good, he must (study/ be studying/ have studied) very hard. 3. His German has considerably improved, he must (study/be studying/ have studied) hard during his holiday. 4. He must (study/ be studying/ have been studying) German these two years, his German is rather rich and fluent. 5. She must (have taken/ be taking/ have been taking) a bath at that moment that’s why she did not answer your call. 6. She must (be/ be being/ have been) at home now, we saw her leaving the office. 7. She must (be/ be being/ have been) at home, she can’t go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother. 8. You must always (think/ be thinking/ have thought) twice before you say anything. 9. Now he must (think/ be thinking/ have thought) of what she has said. 10. He knows they are coming. They must (write/ be writing/ have written) to him of their arrival in due time. 11. She must (play/ be playing/ have been playing) the piano now. 12. The foreigner must (understand/ understood/ have understood) me, for he nodded his head. 13. Where is Sara? I haven’t seen her for a long time. – she must (stay/ be staying/ have stayed) at her friends’. She wanted to spend July with them. 14. He must (get/ be getting/ have got) all he needed, otherwise he would have come again. 15. We must (meet/ have met/ have been meeting) somewhere before.

Ex. 3 Open the brackets and use the proper infinitive after the verb must.

1. Look! All people in the street are going with their umbrellas up. It must (rain). 2. He has changed his job. He must (follow) your advice. 3. He must (fall) ill. Otherwise he would have come to the party. 4. Where is Michael? He must (be) here by now. – He lives in the country. He must (miss) the train. 5. What a dreadful noise! What is the matter? – Our neignbors must (quarrel) again. 6. Nobody must (notice) that he was not used to speaking in public. 7. The criminal must (be) very careful. He did not leave any fingerprints. 8. We are late, I am afraid. Ann must (wait) for us. 9. He must (forget) that he promised to come. 10. They must (write) a composition for two hours. They must (be) tired. 11. You must (misunderstand) me, I did not want to hurt your feelings. 12. Nobody must (see) him enter. Everybody startled when he came in. 13. I hear someone’s steps outside. She must (go). 14. You may find him in the garden. He must (read). 15. It is impossible to change anything. One must (take) things as they are.

Ex. 4

Fill in the blanks with must/ had to/ will have to

1. Hurry up! We … be late. 2. As we were short of time I … decided what to do at once. 3. Tomorrow is my day off, so I … get up early. 4. You … take better care of the children. 5. If you don’t know how to use a new machine you … touch it. 6. One can’t keep this book long. I … to return it in a week. 7. As far as I knew nobody could cope with the task better than I, so I … go there myself. And I was right. 8. Mark says he will see Margaret off, so you … to do it. 9. It was Sunday yesterday, so I … go to work. 10. ‘You … stop at the red light’, the mother said to the child.

Ex. 5 Open the brackets and fill in the brackets with the appropriate forms of the verbs must/have to/to be to

1. You … (not tell) him about it. it’s a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You … (take) your raincoats. 3. You … (not talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he … (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He … (wait) at the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager … (come). 7. They … (leave) on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they … (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They … (not tell) him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He … (leave) for London that night. 10. … I (do) it all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they … (put up) with it. 12. You … (not prepare) all this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you … (not wait) long. 14. We … (conduct) a series of experiments this week. 15. Remember that we … (be) at this place not later than noon.

1. As his eyes are bad he … wear glasses. 2. They asked me questions and I … answer them. 3. Where … I meet him? – At the railway station. 4. I … see her. It’s important. 5. We … meet at five but I was late. 6. As he couldn’t join me I … go alone. 7. You … admit that you are wrong. 8. It’s an official party. Everyone … wear a tie. 9. The manager was busy, so we … wait for some time. 10. Who … do this part of the work? – Mark and Steve have agreed to do it. 11. How … I understand you? What do you expect from me? 12. I’m so worried. You definitely … let me know as soon as you know learn anything new. 13. It takes me long to get to work. I … spend an hour and a half every day. 14. ‘You … give up smoking,’ the doctor said to the patient. 15. … I discuss it with him? Do you expect me to?

Ex. 6 Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb must

1. They are in Greece. I am sure they are enjoying themselves. 2. She is an experienced teacher. I am certain she has been working at school for at least twenty years. 3. They have probably finished painting the house. 4. I feel sure she is at home. 5. Probably they have already crossed the frontier. 6. She is sure he is playing cards with his friends. 7. She is not very young, as she seems to be. I think she is nearly forty. 8. I think you have visited this place before. 9. He has to do a very urgent task. I feel sure he is working now. 10. He is so absent-minded. I am sure he left the letter unanswered. 11. You know he is a good tennis player. He is no doubt has won this match. 12. I shan’t bother you any longer; no doubt you feel tired of my talking after a tiring day. 13. It is clear that they are expecting somebody. 14. She was obviously upset by something; I never saw her so nervous. 15. The youth is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time.

Ex. 7 Translate into English

1. Я должен знать, что происходит. 2. Неужели ты действительно должен делать это за него? 3. Сколько дней ты должен там провести? 4. Тебе придется напомнить ему об этом разговоре. 5. Мы вынуждены были отложить отъезд. 6. Когда он был маленьким ему часто приходилось оставаться дома одному. 7. Я надеюсь, я не должен буду отвечать на его вопросы. 8. Боюсь, нам придется изменить планы. 9. Мы должны сделать для нее все, что мы можем. 10. Я должен был подумать прежде, чем ответить на его вопрос. 8. Боюсь, нам придется изменить планы. 9. Я должен был подумать прежде, чем ответить на его вопрос. 11. Если ты туда пойдешь, я должен буду сопровождать тебя. 12. Боюсь, я должна буду задержаться на работе до 8. 13. Должен сказать тебе, что ты неправа. 14. Должно быть, это необычное решение. 15. Почему ты должен был туда поехать?

1. Она, должно быть заболела. Иначе она была бы уже на работе. 2. По-видимому, это труднее, чем вы предполагали. 3. В окнах нет света. Должно быть, опять никого нет дома. 4. У вас очень много ошибок. Надо уделять больше внимания грамматике. 5. Этот вопрос надо решать немедленно. 6. Очевидно, они говорили обо мне. Когда я подошла они сразу замолчали. 7. Должно быть, она проводит там много времени. 8. Никого сюда не впускать! Понятно? 9. Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше. 10. Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать.

Ex. 8 Translate into English using modal verb must and its equivalents.

1. Так как моя машина часто ломается, мне приходится ездить на автобусе. 2. Что мне делать с этой коробкой? – оставьте ее в коридоре. 3. Как ты мог об этом забыть? Ты всегда должен об этом помнить. 4. Тебе часто приходиться помогать детям делать домашнее задание? 5. Когда вы их ждете? – Они должны приехать во вторник. 6. Как мы договорились, Эллен должна была купить цветы и ждать нас на остановке. 7. Я должен связаться с ними? 8. Так как у нас было много багажа, нам пришлось звать носильщика. 9. Вы не должны критиковать детей в присутствии посторонних. 10. «Вы обязательно должны носить очки», - сказал врач пациенту. 11. И что я должен сказать, если он затронет этот вопрос? 12. Тебе придется остаться дома до тех пор, пока он не появиться. 13. Он заболел. Кто должен выполнять его обязанности? 14. Он не смог купить билеты в театр, и нам пришлось остаться дома. 15. Ты должен сказать нам правду.

1. Он, должно быть, слышал об этом. 2. Этот дом, должно быть, построен в начале столетия. 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока вы ее не закончите. 4. У них, вероятно, сейчас урок. 5. Не огорчайся, он, должно быть, сделал это случайно. 6. Он, вероятно, сейчас спит. 7. Я ищу этот дом вот уже полчаса и нигде не могу его найти. Должно быть, она дала мне неправильный адрес. 8. Мне не пришлось делать этот чертеж. 9. Он, вероятно, не успел закончить работу к пятнице и был вынужден потратить на нее все выходные, т.к. ее нужно было закончить к понедельнику. 10. Она, должно быть, не полила сад. Земля очень сухая. 11. выбора не было, и им пришлось согласиться. 12. Она, должно быть, ждет нас дома. 13. Она должна ждать нас дома. 14. Ей, наверное, не сказали, что мы уже вернулись. 15. Ей пришлось извиниться, хотя это и было неприятно.

Read the text and do some deduction exercises.

Jeff wanted to take Ann to the disco on Saturday. She waited for him at home for an hour, but he didn't turn up and he didn't phone. Ann was angry, so she phoned Jake and asked him to take her to the disco. She knew that Jeff and Jake didn't like each other. Later that evening, Jeff saw Ann at the disco with Jake. Jeff felt angry, so he left immediately.

Jane: Something must have delayed Jeff. He could have phoned Ann to explain. He might have had an accident on the way to her house.

Nick: He must have forgotten about the disco.

Jane: No. He can't have forgotten about Ann.

Complete the sentences with must have or can't have + past participle.

Later, Jeff said that he had phoned Ann before the disco. Ann can't have heard (hear) the phone. 1. Why didn't she hear the phone? The television ... (be) too loud.

2. Because Ann didn't answer the phone, Jeff ... (think) that she had already gone out.

3. After the disco, Ann didn't look very happy. She ... (enjoy) the evening.

4. Jake looked miserable too. He ... (be) disappointed.

5. Jake didn't mention Jeff. Jake ... (know) that Ann had planned to go to the disco with him.

6. Jane didn't know the story about Ann and Jeff. Ann ... (tell) her.

7. A week after the evening at the disco, Ann got a letter from Jeff. In the letter Jeff ... (explain) what had happened and how he had felt. Ann understood.

8. Next Saturday, Ann and Jeff are going to the cinema to­gether. They ... (solve) their problems.

b) Retell the story as Ann drawing your own deduction us­ing must, may/might, can/could.

Modal verb need

Forms and meanings

meanings	examples	equivalents
absence of necessity	She needn’t get up early.	do/doesn’t have to	не нужно
something that has been done was unnecessary	The water is clean. You needn’t have boiled it.	didn’t have to ….	не надо было

Ex.1 Comment on the meaning of the modal verb need. Translate the sentences into Russian

1. I was rather afraid that he might act as though we were intimate friends. But I need not have worried. 2. You needn’t be afraid of telling me everything. 3. If you don’t like the dress, you needn’t take it. 4. You needn’t have walked there. You could have taken a bus. 5. Need we continue working by this plan? 6. I needn’t bother about Margaret any more. 7. ‘I’ve got lots of time. I needn’t go home for hours,’ she said. 8. ‘You rest,’ she said. ‘I’ll certainly make the tea. You needn’t have asked me.’ 9. Everything is packed, except my shirts, so you needn’t trouble. 10. Our friendship needn’t stop, need it?

Ex.2 Open the brackets and give the correct form of the verb after need.

1. The vegetable garden needs (water). 2. The TV needs to be (fix). 3. They need (come) here at three o’clock. 4. The cottage needs to be (repair). 5. She needs (prepare) harder for her exams. 6. The lawn needs (cut). 7. You need (book) a ticket beforehand. 8. Granny needs to be (look after). 9. The walls need to be (paper). 10. I need (get) this book somewhere.

Ex.3 Choose the right variant

1. He says I (mustn’t/ needn’t) do it. He has already done it. 2. You (needn’t/ mustn’t) carry your driving license with you. 3. I can show my student’s card, and I (mustn’t/ needn’t) pay to get in. 4. I’ve hurt my knee and the doctor says I (mustn’t/ needn’t) play football for two weeks. 5. Copies (needn’t/ mustn’t) be done without permission. 6. He is a very discreet person, you (needn’t/ mustn’t) be afraid of telling him anything. 7. He (mustn’t/ needn’t) be said twice. 8. You (needn’t/ mustn’t) answer the question if you don’t want to. 9. It’s a non-smoking carriage. You (needn’t/ mustn’t) smoke here. 10. She (needn’t/ mustn’t) go to bed so late. Has she forgotten the doctor’s instructions?

Ex. 4 Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with either didn’t need (to) or needn’t have (done)

1. You ___ (go) into so many details. The report was too long. 2. She got up late because she was alone and she ___ (cook) breakfast for the whole family. 3. We ___ (hurry): she wasn’t ready yet. 4. He ___ (return) to the office so he took a taxi and went home. 5. I ___ (take) a bus because Martin gave me a lift. 6. We ___ (come) so early. Now we must wait. 7. She ___ (go) shopping so she went straight home. 8. You ___ (make) this remark. I am sure he felt hurt. 9. She was on holiday and she ___ (wake up) early. 10. He ___ (spend) so much money. Does he remember that he’s got three children?

Ex. 5 Translate into English using need

1. Зря ты сказала Майку об этом. 2. Его не надо об этом спрашивать. 3. Мне нужна ваша помощь. 4. Зря ты учил текст наизусть (by heart); учитель его не спрашивал. 5. Вечером температура упала, и он решил, что ему не нужно идти к врачу. 6. Разве ты не видишь, что ему надо подстричься? 7. Зря он отказался от приглашения. 8. Вы купили машину только год назад. Неужели ее надо красить? 9. Мне нужно наладить (fix) компьютер. 10. Джону не надо было ехать в Лондон, и он решил провести выходные в Брайтоне.

Ex.6 Fill in the blanks with must, need, to have to

1. I have this newspaper myself. You … bring yours to show me the article. 2. You … cross the road at the red light. We’ve got plenty of time. We … take a taxi. 4. If you want to stay in this country for a long time you … have a visa. 5. I … buy a new bag. They gave me a bag as a birthday present. 6. You … drive on the left in England. 7. … tell her the truth? – No, you …. It’s not necessary at all. 8. You … say such things in other people’s presence. 9. She … make any decisions. He decided everything for her. 10. The final day to pay the bill is tomorrow. So I … do it without delay. – No, you … . I’ve already paid the bill. I forgot to tell you. 11. He … ask his boss for a letter of recommendation. His boss offered to write one himself. 12. You … look for a present. I know what to give him. 13. You … shout at the children, otherwise we’ll have to dismiss you. 14. I have a nice house in the country. I … bother about how to spend a vacation. 15. You … make him change his mind. He … give up his studies. 16. I’d better ask them for help. – No, you … . we’ll manage to it ourselves. 17. You … believe him. He is a liar. Everybody knows it. 18. You … tell him what to do. He seems to know the job well. 19. He … apologize. It’s not his fault. 20. You … apologize. We aren’t angry with you at all.

Ex. 7 Translate into English using must, need, have to

1. Думаю, что вам не нужно ему звонить. 2. Ты должен отдохнуть. Нельзя продолжать работу, если ты устал. 3. Тебе не нужно покупать билеты. Я уже купила два билета. 4. Все же ты должен будешь заплатить за разбитое окно. 5. Нам можно не торопиться. У нас еще есть время. 6. Вам не нужно провожать его на станцию. Я сам его провожу. 7. Мне не пришлось его будить. Он сам проснулся. 8. Вы хотите, чтобы я пришла пораньше? – Нет, не нужно. 9. Ты считаешь, я должен быть ему благодарен? – Да. 10. Я действительно должна принимать все эти таблетки? – Нет, не нужно. 11. Вы больны. Я останусь до тех пор, пока не придет ваш муж. – Нет, не нужно. Я чувствую себя намного лучше. 12. Ей не нужно больше здесь оставаться, если она не хочет. 13. Не нужно обо мне беспокоиться. Подумайте о себе. 14. Ты не должен забывать о таких важных вещах впредь. 15. Не нужно об этом рассказывать, если вам не хочется.

Mama knows best

By Caroline Graham

You shouldn’t do it that way.

You ought to do it this way. You ought to do it this way. You ought to do it my way.

You shouldn’t wear it this way.

You ought to wear it this way. You ought to wear it this way. You ought to wear it my way.

You shouldn’t go with them.

You ought to go with us. You shouldn’t take the train. You ought to take the bus.

You shouldn’t wear that hat.

You ought to cut your hair. You shouldn’t get so fat. You ought to eat a pear.

You shouldn’t do it that way.

You ought to do it this way. You ought to do it this way. You ought to do it my way.

Modal verbs should and ought to

There is hardly any difference between these verbs, very often they are interchangeable. Ought to is a little stronger than should.

Forms and meanings

meanings	examples
moral obligation	A man should help his parents when they become old.
advice	You should be more careful
disapproval	You shouldn’t treat me like this.
criticism of the past action	You shouldn’t have taken my car.
reproach	You should have listened to me more carefully.
regret	It was my birthday yesterday. You should have come.

Ex. 1 Match the parts of the sentences

	My room is in a mess and my friends are coming to visit me tonight.		He should always turn them on in the dark otherwise he may have an accident.
	You haven’t paid your monthly rent yet. Friday is the last day you can do it.		You ought to go on a diet.
	Tom drives the car without headlights.		You should ring her up and apologize.
	Anna’s library book is due today.		She ought to give up smoking.
	I’ve put on weight recently.		He should go to the dentist’s.
	I am afraid, I was rude to Kate yesterday.		You ought to put it in order.
	I’ve got urgent work and my computer does not work.		You should record the film. Have you got a VCR?
	He has a bad toothache.		You ought to go to the bank till Friday and pay it.
	I have a test tomorrow but there is a film on TV I’ve wanted to see so much.		You should phone Nick. He’s got clever fingers.
	She has a bad cough but she goes on smoking.		She ought to return her books today if she doesn’t want to pay a fine.

Ex. 2 Read the situations and write sentences with should (should) have or ought to (ought not to) have. Example – He had a test this morning. – He didn’t do it well. He should have studied more last night.

1. She didn’t take a taxi. She was late for the wedding. 2. I didn’t eat at home. Now I’m hungry. 3. She bought a TV set last month. Now she regrets doing that. Her children watch it day and night. 4. He signed a contract without reading it thoroughly. Now he has discovered that he has no right to make any amendments there. 5. Mary sold her house. That was a mistake because now she spends a lot of money to rent an apartment. 6. I enjoyed the party last night a lot. Why didn’t you come? 7. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly and I smashed into the back of his car. It was not my fault. 8. The boy went out without the doctor’s permission. Now he is much worse. 9. When we arrived at the hotel there were no free rooms. We hadn’t reserved one. 10. It was not a good idea for Tom and Mary to get married. Now they quarrel all days long.

Ex. 3 Choose the right variant

1. She looks bad. She would (be/ have been) more careful about her health. 2. You shouldn’t (miss/ have missed) the chance. It was a brilliant opportunity for you.3. I think the policeman was right. She shouldn’t (exceed/ have exceeded) the speed. 4. I ought to (bring/ have taken) the opera glasses. Now I see nothing. 5. It seems to me that he is a hot-temper person and often flies into a rage because of mere trifles. He should (control/ have controlled) his temper. 6. They should (clear/ have cleared) up the problem long time ago. 7. I ought not to (stay/ have stayed) there long. The party was a failure. 8. You should (shave/ have shaved) this beard of yours! 9. She should (be/ have been) more attentive. Didn’t she see a car on the right? 10. It’s a secret. You ought not to (reveal/ have revealed) it to anybody.

You should have done it – следовало сделать (а вы не сделали)

You should not have done it – не следовало делать (а вы сделали )

Ex. 4 Give advice according to the given situation, using the modal verb should and the words given in brackets

Model: Her diction is not very good. – She should have read aloud.

1. I have a slight irritation in my throat. (to smoke less) 2. This child doesn’t want to eat soup. (not to give her sweets before dinner) 3. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes. (to copy passages out of a book) 4. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 5. The students are unable to follow what I am saying. (not to speak so fast) 6. The boy is a little pale. (to play out of doors) 7. I am afraid you will miss that train. (to take a taxi) 8. There is no one in. (to try the room next door)

You needn’t have done it – могли и не делать (это было не обязательно)

You shouldn’t have done it. – не следовало делать (плохо, что вы не сделали)

Ex. 5 Comment on the following actions using the modal verbs should, shouldn’t or needn’t

What will you say to a person who:

1. crossed the street under the red light?

2. Doesn’t cross the street when the lights are green?

3. Doesn’t want to cross the street by the subway?

4. Doesn’t take off his hat when entering a room?

5. Has a splitting headache?

6. Bought bread which was not necessary?

7. Was not present at the meeting?

8. Went out without his coat and caught cold?

9. Didn’t attend a very important lecture?

10. Watered the garden, and it is raining now?

You should have done it – следовало сделать (а вы не сделали)

You must have done it – должно быть, сделали

Ex. 6 Fill in the modal verbs should or need

1. a) You … have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the paper.

b) You … have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.

1. a) She … have followed the doctor’s advice. She would have recovered by now.

b) She … have followed the doctor’s advice. She looks very fine.

1. a) You … have ignored the instructions of your tennis coach. That’s why you lost the game.

b) You … have ignored the instructions of your tennis coach. Then you would have won the game.

1. a) She … have forgotten to take her medicine.

b) She … have remembered to take her medicine.

1. a) I … have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing.

b) I … have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.

I should have done it – следовало сделать (а я не сделал)

I had to do it – пришлось сделать

Ex. 7 Fill in the modal verbs should and had to making all necessary changes

1. I could not stand that noise any longer. I … (to go) out and (tell) them to stop. 2. how can you work in this noise? You … (to tell) the children to stop. 3. I … (to take) a taxi, otherwise I should have missed the train. 4. You walked all the way here carrying this heavy suitcase. You … (to take) a taxi. 5. They won’t be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train. You … (to give) them some sandwiches at least. 6. Mother was coming to dinner, so I … (to bake) her favorite cake. 7. You knew I was bringing people to dinner. You … (to bake) a cake. 8. He was out when he came, and we … (to wait) for over an hour. 9. It was raining hard. We … (to wear) our raincoats. 10. She is quite an authority. You … (to ask) her.

I needn’t have done it – можно было не делать (а я сделал)

I didn’t have to do it – можно было не делать (я и не делать)

Ex. 8 Translate into English using need and to have to

1. a) Можно было не покупать сахар, and I didn’t go to the shop. B) Why did you go to the shop? Можно было и не покупать сахар: we have enough of it.

2. a) Мы могли не тревожиться за нее, as we knew that she was taken very good care of. B) Не надо было тревожиться за нас: you see that everything is OK.

3. a) Можно было и не ходить туда, you have wasted your time. They have phoned us and given us all the instructions. B) Можно было не ходить туда, and we remained at home.

4. a) Мне не надо было идти в библиотеку, as I had all the books I needed. B) Незачем было ходить в библиотеку: you have only wasted your time. Don’t you know that I’ll give you all the necessary books?

5. a) Вы могли и не ездить в центр: you could have bought everything you needed in the local shops. B) Я мог не ездить в центр, as a very good department store had recently opened in our parts, so I went there and bought everything I needed.

6. a) Вы могли и не проверять правописание: the computer can do all the correction. B) Я мог не проверять правописание: the computer did all the correction, so it did not take me long to complete my work.

7. Я не мог не звонить ему, so I went to bed at once. B) It turned out that я мог и не звонить ему, as he knew everything from his sister.

REVIEW ON MODALS

1 Translate

He must have sold his piano.

He may have sold his piano.

He might have sold his piano.

He can’t have sold his piano.

He should have sold his piano.

He shouldn’t have sold his piano.

He needn’t have sold his piano.

He didn’t have to sell his piano.

He had to sell his piano.

He was to sell his piano.

Они, должно быть, уехали в Нью-Йорк.

Они, возможно, уехали в Нью-Йорк.

Может быть, они и уехали в Нью-Йорк. (хотя едва ли)

Не может быть, что они уехали в Нью-Йорк.

Им следовало уехать в Нью-Йорк. (а они не уехали)

Они могли и не уезжать в Нью-Йорк. (а они уехали)

Им не зачем было уезжать в Нью-Йорк. (они и не уехали)

Им пришлось уехать в Нью-Йорк.

Им предстояло уехать в Нью-Йорк. (хотя едва ли)

2. Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with must, have to, be to, should, need, ought to (in some cases you may have several variants)

1. He ___ (not go) to court because the case was dismissed. 2. If I’m late, I’ll ___ (take) a taxi. 3. The young ___ (respect) the old age. 4. The conversation grew awkward. She felt that something ___ (do), or else the party would break up. 5. They ___ (meet) tomorrow, so you ___ (not make) an appointment to see him. 6. You ___ (have) a visa to enter a foreign country. 7. You ___ (try) and be more punctual. 8. Why are you so late? – I ___ (change) a tire. 9. You ___ (not shout), I am not deaf. 10. They ____ (cross) the English Channel now.

3. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs making necessary changes (you may have several variants)

1. He is in the garden. He ___ (read) a newspaper in the summerhouse. 2. Her son ___ (get) into trouble yesterday. I’ve seen him today and he looked quite happy. 3. I don’t remember him well but it seems to me he ___ (be) in charge of the Finance department last year. 4. He ___ already (get) used to driving on the left. He has been living in London for a year. 5. He ___ (receive) an emergency call, that’s why he is out. 6. They ___ (not take up) this problem. It has been already solved. 7. Where is Mr. Black? – He ___ (receive) a foreign delegation. They ___ (come) at two o’clock. 8. Why haven’t the Smiths arrived yet? – They ___ (lose) their way. They don’t know the road well. 9. You ___ (introduce) me to your wife long ago. 10. He ___ (buy) a new car. He is deeply in debt. 11. He ___ (buy) a new car, but I am not sure. 12. They ___ already (arrive). Look, the windows are open. 13. Where is John? – He ___ (smoke) in the corridor. 14. I think for your children’s sake you ___ (do) it. 15. You ___ (buy) this book for me. You know I have wanted to have it. 16. A wife ___ (obey) her husband, the Bible says. 17. You ___ (wait) for me, I knew the road well and found my way myself. 18. Judging by his papers on the writing table he ___ (work) for several hours. 19. ___ it (be) Nick? He has changed a lot. 20. They ___ (not know) of the plane’s delay, otherwise they did not come at 2 o’clock.

4. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1. Тебе следовало позвонить ему вчера. 2. Ему не следовало говорить с ней таким тоном. Его тон, должно быть, и обидел ее. 3. Это должно было произойти. Всем известна его забывчивость. 4. Она должна была выяснить все до того, как начинать работу. Теперь ей нужно многое переделывать. 5. Ей следовало принести все документы давным-давно. Теперь слишком поздно. 6. Детям нельзя смотреть фильмы ужасов. 7. Мне их проводить (see off)? – Нет, не нужно. Мне придется сделать это самому. 8. В чужой стране необходимо приспосабливаться (adapt oneself) к новым условиям жизни. 9. Зря ты купил это пальто. 10. Мы, должно быть, не заметили его в этой толпе (crowd). 11. Нам не надо было спешить, поэтому мы решили пойти пешком. 12. Почему я должен это делать? 13. Что здесь происходит? Не могли бы вы сказать, в чем дело? – Должно быть, полиция ловит опасного преступника (criminal), и поэтому здесь нельзя пройти. 14. Он мог бы объяснить мне с самого начала, как это важно. 15. Тебе следует поторопиться. Мы можем опоздать! 16. Какой скучный фильм я посмотрел! Не стоило ходить в кино, я мог бы посмотреть что-нибудь по телевизору. 17. Тебе следовало бы сесть на диету (go on a diet) еще полгода назад. Посмотри на себя! Ты поправилась (gain) на 3 килограмма. Тебе нельзя есть сладкое. 18. почему он молчит (keep silence)? – Может быть, он не расслышал ваш вопрос? Не могли бы вы его повторить? 19. Наверное, он сегодня не придет. Уже восемь часов, а он должен был прийти в семь.

5. Read the article and put the correct expressions of obligation and permission into the gaps. Discuss the text.

cannot ride / will not marry / will dress / shall sweep /

may not visit / may not travel / must be / must be at horns

/ should command / can only keep

At the beginning of the 20^th century female teachers had a very restricted life. There was a set of "golden rules" that they had to abide by or risk instant dismissal. The rules were there to make sure teachers commanded authority and respect, but for women it meant sacrificing a lot of personal freedom. Nowa­days it seems quite incredible that such strict rules should be enforced on female teaching staff.

1. You ... during the term of your contract.

2. You ... company with other women.

3. You ... authority and respect from your pupils at all times.

4. You ... between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless attending a school function.

5. You ... ice-cream parlours at any time.

6. You ... in a carriage or automobile with any man unless he is your father or brother.

7. You ... the schoolroom floor at least once daily.

8. You ... in plain colours of grey or black and your dress ... no more than 1 inch above the ankles.

9. You ... beyond the city limits without the permission of the chairman of the board of school governors.