Isaac Newton...

  İsaak Nyuton  

Group : FMOM(b)-1-20

Iraimberdiev Bai

• Sir Isaac Newton   PRS  (25 December 1642 – 20 March  1726/27 [a] ) was an English mathematician,  physicist ,  astronomer , theologian, and author (described in his own day as a " natural philosopher ") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the  scientific revolution . His book  Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica  ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of  classical mechanics . Newton also made seminal contributions to  optics , and shares credit with  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz  for developing the infinitesimal  calculus .

In  Principia , Newton formulated the  laws of motion  and  universal gravitation  that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the  theory of relativity . Newton used his mathematical description of  gravity  to prove  Kepler's laws of planetary motion , account for  tides , the  trajectories  of  comets , the  precession of the equinoxes  and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the  Solar System 's  heliocentricity . He demonstrated that the  motion of objects  on Earth and  celestial bodies  could be accounted for by the  same principles . Newton's inference that the Earth is an  oblate spheroid  was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of  Maupertuis ,  La Condamine , and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Newtons laws

1

2

3

  first law  states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of  inertia.  The key point here is that if there is  no net force  acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a  constant velocity . If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.

second law  explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a  force  to be equal to change in  momentum  (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the "changes" expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass  m , the second law states that the force  F  is the product of an object's mass and its acceleration  a :

  third law  states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object A. Notice that the forces are exerted on different objects. The third law can be used to explain the generation of  lift  by a wing and the production of  thrust  by a jet engine.