English grammar: Passive voice, gerund, infinitive

Verbs

Outline

1, Passive voice

2, Gerund and Infinitives

Passive Voice

• Popular tenses

S + V + O

 S(O) + (be) + PII+ (by S)

Passive Voice

2. Other kinds of passive voice

2.1. Causative forms (Have, get, make)

Example: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

 I had my bicycle repaired yesterday

Passive Voice

2.1. Causative forms (Have, get, make)

• Have + sb + do sth

• Have + sth + done

• Get + sb + to do sth

 Get + sth + done

Passive Voice

2.1. Causative forms (Have, get, make)

• My boss made me work hard

 I was made to work hard by my boss

 make sb do st

& sb (be) made to do st

Passive Voice

2.2. Verbs of perception (see, watch, hear,...)

Example: They saw her come in

 She was seen to come in

Passive Voice

2.2. Verbs of perception (see, watch, hear,...)

Verb + sb + do/ doing sth

 Be + PP + to do sth/ doing sth

Passive Voice

2.3. Verbs of opinion (think, say, believe,…)

Example:

• People say that he is a famous doctor.

• It is said that he is a famous doctor
• He is said to be a famous doctor

Passive Voice

2.3. Verbs of opinion (think, say, believe,…)

Example:

• They thought that Mary had gone away

• Mary was thought to have gone away
• It was thought that Mary had gone away

Passive Voice

2.3. Verbs of opinion (think, say, believe,…)

Example:

• People believe that he stole the bag

• It is believed that he stole the bag
• He is believed to have stolen the bag

Passive Voice

3, Notes

• Omit: by them, by me, by someone…
• Subject is a thing  replace “by” = “with”, “in”, “at”

Smoke filled the room.

 The room was filled with smoke.

Passive Voice

3, Notes

• If the verb has 2 objects  choose either of them

I’m writing her a letter.

• She is being written a letter.
• A letter is being written to her.

Passive Voice

• The verb ‘need’:

- Active: need to do st

- Passive: need doing st

• - Active: need to do st - Passive: need doing st

Outline

1, Passive voice

2, Gerund and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives

1, Gerunds

• After prepositions
• After some verbs (Flash, p.42)

Gerunds and Infinitives

2, Infinitives

• After almost all adj (except for ‘worth’ and ‘busy’)
• After pronouns
• After some verbs (Flash, p.43)

Gerunds and Infinitives

3, Gerunds or Infinitives

• Remember, forget, regret

+ Gerund: past

+ Infinitive: future

Example:

I remember locking the door.

Remember to lock the door.

Gerunds and Infinitives

3, Gerunds or Infinitives

• Stop

+ Gerund: stop sth they are doing

+ Infinitive: stop to do sth else

Gerunds and Infinitives

3, Gerunds or Infinitives

• Verbs of perception (see, hear…)

+ Gerund: part of the action

+ Infinitive: the whole action