File for universities' students

What is the general aim of warming up activities?

To help learners learn better

To create expectations about language

To give learners a reason to read, write, listen and speak

To interest or intrigue learners in a topic

What is the listening aim of the following activity? Listen to the story about Michael's big surprise. Write down what Michael's big surprise is.

Listening for the main idea

Listening for specific information

Listening to check for mistakes

Listening to check if your answers are right or wrong

What is the listening aim of the following activity? Listen to the sequence of sounds on the cassette. Make a list of the things you heard, e.g. a baby crying, a door closing.

Listening to take notes

Listening for re-order a jumbled dialogue

Listening to check for mistakes

Listening to check if your answers are right or wrong

Complete the following statement: In a good speaking class ... should include interesting discussion topics.

Activities

Learners

teachers

atmosphere

What kind of speaking activity is being described? Learners do not know the answers, so it makes communication more real. Learners can work in pairs or groups and therefore speak more English.

An information gap activity

A role play

A debate

Acting out a dialogue

What type of activity is "Find someone who..." activity?

An information gap activity

A dialogue

A role play

A questionnaire

What is a characteristic of "making inferences" reading technique?

"Reading between lines", the reader understands what is meant but not stated in a passage

Making guesses about the meaning of words by looking at the surrounding words

Reading a passage quickly to find specific information

Information from the text is transferred into another form of related text or drawing

What is another name for the "scrambled stories" reading technique?

Jigsaw reading

Skimming

Scanning

Paraphrasing

Complete the following statement: Reading carefully for complete, detailed comprehension (e.g. main ideas, details, vocabulary) is ....

Intensive reading

Extensive reading

Skimming

Scanning

What is the aim of the following writing activity? Write a paragraph that describes teenagers from different countries. Your description may appear in a magazine for teenagers.

To describe people

To persuade

To obtain information

To explain

What kind of test technique is it? Words are omitted from a passage at regular intervals (e.g. every seventh word). Usually the first two or three lines are given with no gaps.

Cloze

Multiple choice

Gap filling and completion

Question and asnwers

Which of the following testing techniques does not directly assess writing or speaking abilities: only listening or reading

True/False statements

Questions and answers

Gap filling and completion

Cloze

Which of the following techniques tests oral fluency in "long turns". It also tests overall knowledge of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.

Monologue

Essay

Translation

Rewriting

What does "heterogeneity" of the test mean?

There are questions for both low-level and high-level students

The test should be quite do-able: not too difficult, with no trick questions

The test should be motivating for students

The test items should really test what they are meant to

What kind of test can be defined as "valid"?

The one which actually tests what it is designed or intended to

The one which produces consistent results when administered on different occasions

The one which has a positive effect on teaching and learning

The one which tests the overall language proficiency of testees

Which aspect of word meaning can be defined as "connotation"?

The meaning of a word is defined based on the associations or feelings it evokes

The meaning of a word is primarily what it refers to in real world

The meaning of several words are the same or almost the same

The meaning of several words are opposite

Which aspect of word meaning can be defined as "denotation"?

The meaning of a word is primarily what it refers to in real world

The meaning of a word is defined based on the associations or feelings it evokes

The meaning of several words are the same or almost the same

The meaning of several words are opposite

It is useful for a learner to know that a certain word is very common or relatively rare, or is more suitable for a formal than informal discourse. This aspect of meaning can be defined as...

Appropriateness

Denotation

Connotation

Synonym

Words or expressions in the learners' mother tongue that are (more or less) equivalent in meaning to the item being taught is ...

Translation

Superordinates

Co-ordinates

Synonyms

Items that serve as specific examples of a general concept are ... . For example, dog, lion, mouse are animal

Hyponyms

Synonyms

Antonyms

Tramslations

What kind of vocabulary testing technique is this: The teacher dictates the mother tongue equivalents of the words from Example 6, the students write them down.

Dictation-translation

Writing sentences

Dictation

Gap-filling

What kind of vocabulary testing technique is this: Spelling and pronunciation of the items are not tested, but most other aspects are. This is a bit boring to do, and difficult to mark objectively, but does check the testee's knowledge fairly well.

Writing sentences

Odd one out

Dictation

Gap-filling

Which aspect of meaning does the following statement describe: Kid means the same as "child", and guy means "man", but both are used almost exclusively in informal, spoken speech.

Appropriateness

Denotation

Connotation

Synonym

Find the answer which lists the parts of a sentence

Subject, verb, object, complement, adverbial

Nouns, verbs, adjectives

Prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs, determiners, prepositions

Learners are provided with a visual or situational cue, and invited to compose their own responses; they are directed to use the structure. e.g. a picture showing a number of people doing different things is shown to the class; they describe it using the appropriate tense. What kind of grammar practice is it?

Structure-based free sentence composition

Meaningful drills

Controlled drills

Guided, meaningful practice

Learners from sentences of their own according to a set pattern, but exactly what vocabulary they use is up to them. e.g. Practising conditional clauses, learners are given the cue "If I had a million dollars", and suggest, in speech or writing, what they would do. What kind of grammar practice is it?

Guided, meaningful practice

Structure-based free sentence composition

Controlled drills

Guided, meaningful practice

What is the function of the following sentence: I don't think that's a very good idea

Disagreeing

Speculating

Suggesting

Apologizing

What is the function of the following sentence: He might be able to, I'm not sure.

Speculating

Clarifying

Suggesting

Apologizing

What is the function of the following sentence: It's a beautiful place with a big river.

Describing

Wishing

Speculating

Apologizing

Which of the following is a specific feature of a fluency activity?

Tasks often simulate real-life situations

The texts are usually composed of separate items: sentences or words

Performance is assessed on how few mistakes are made

Tasks do not usually simulate real-life situations

Which of the following activities helps students to practise speaking in long turns?

Telling stories

Information gap activity

Role play

Simulations

Which of the following instructions describes reading for specific information?

Read the poster to find the dates of Annie's, Sam's and Julie's birthdays

Read the text. Decide which is the best heading for it.

Read the article to find out exactly how the machine works

Finish reading the story at home

Which of the following instructions describes reading for detail?

Read the article to find out exactly how the machine works

Read the text. Decide which is the best heading for it.

Read the poster to find the dates of Annie's, Sam's and Julie's birthdays

Finish reading the story at home

Which of the following instructions describes reading for gist?

Read the text. Decide which is the best heading for it.

Read the article to find out exactly how the machine works

Read the poster to find the dates of Annie's, Sam's and Julie's birthdays

Finish reading the story at home

Which of the following instructions describes intensive reading?

Find all the words in the story about pets

Read the text. Decide which is the best heading for it.

Read the poster to find the dates of Annie's, Sam's and Julie's birthdays

Finish reading the story at home

Which of the following instructions describes extensive reading?

Finish reading the story at home

Read the text. Decide which is the best heading for it.

Read the poster to find the dates of Annie's, Sam's and Julie's birthdays

Find all the words in the story about pets

Brainstorming, planning (organizing ideas), editing and proofreading are the stages of ...

Writing

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Find the correct writing subskill for the following instruction: Put your hand in the air and write d-o-g with your finger.

Forming letters

Using the appropriate layout

Linking

Planning

Find the correct writing subskill for the following instruction: This letter has no commas or full stops. Put them in the correct places.

Punctuating correctly

Using the appropriate layout

Linking

Forming letters

Find the correct writing subskill for the following instruction: Check your work for language mistakes after you have finished writing

Proof-reading

Using the appropriate layout

Linking

Planning

What type of language syllabus is being described: These syllabuses take the real-life contexts of language uses as their basis: sections would be headed by names of situations or locations such as "Eating a meal" or "In the street"

Situational

Functional

Lexical

Grammatical

What kind of reference resource does the teacher describe: I want my learners to read English definitions of English words

A monolingual dictionary

A poster or a picture

Video equipment

A bilingual dictionary

What kind of resource does the teacher describe: It is an excellent source of authentic spoken language material; it is also attractive and motivating. It is flexible: you can start and stop it, run forward or back.

Video equipment

A poster or a picture

An overhead projector

A bilingual dictionary

Which of the following is an advantage of teaching literature?

It provides examples of different styles of writing, and representations od various authentic uses of language

The target-language culture on which the literature is based is alien to learners

Students of science and technology may find literature irrelevant to their needs

Many literary textx are long and time-consuming to teach

Which of the following is a disadvantage of teaching literature?

We can use simplified versions but these are a poor representation of the original

It raises awareness of different human situations and conflicts

It involves emotion as well as intellect, which adds to motivation

It is a good basis for vocabulary expansion

Learners may be activated in a way that encourages their own initiative; or they may only be required to do as they are told. Which way of varying a lesson is it?

Active-passive

Stirr-settle

Mode and skill

Organization

The learners may work on their own at individualized tasks; or in pairs or groups; or as a full class in interaction with the teacher. Which way of varying a lesson is it?

Organization

Tempo

Mode and skill

Topic

Activities may be brisk and fast-moving (such as guessing games) or slow and reflective such reading literature and responding in writing. Which way of varying a lesson is it?

Tempo

Organization

Mode and skill

Active-passive

Activities may be seen as easy and non-demanding; or difficult, requiring concentration and effort. Which way of varying a lesson is it?

Difficulty

Stir-settle

Mode and skill

Tempo

Some activities enliven and excite learners (e.g. activities that involve physical movement); others, like dications, have the effect of calming them down. Which way of varying a lesson is it?

Stir-settle

Active-passive

Mode and skill

Tempo

What kind of interaction pattern is it: The students debate or do a language task as a class; the teacher may intervene occasionally, to stimulate participation or to monitor?

Full-class interaction

Choral responses

Individual work

Group work

What kind of interaction pattern is it: Students work in small groups on tasks that entail interaction: conveying information, for example, or group-decision-making?

Group work

Choral responses

Individual work

Full-class interaction

What kind of interaction pattern is it: There are a number of possible "right" answers, so that more students answer each cue ?

Open-ended teacher questioning

Student initiates, teacher answers

Individual work

Collaboration

What kind of interaction pattern is it: Only one "right" response gets approved. Sometimes cynically called "Guess what the teacher want you to say" game ?

Closed-ended teacher questioning

Collaboration

Individual work

Choral reponses

What kind of interaction pattern is it: The teacher gives a model which is repeated by all the class in chorus; or gives a cue which is responded to in chorus ?

Choral responses

Collaboration

Individual work

Student initiates, teacher answers

What kind of interaction pattern is it: This may involve some kind of silent student response, such as writing from dictation, but there is no initiative on the part of the student?

Teacher talk

Collaboration

Individual work

Self-access

What kind of interaction pattern is it: Students choose their own tasks, and work autonomously?

Self access

Teacher talk

Individual work

Collaboration

What kind of is it? Teacher gives a subjective estimate of the learner's overall performance.

Teacher's assessment

Continuous assessment

Self-assessment

Portfolio

What kind of is it? The final grade is some kind of combination of the grades the learner received for various assignments during the course

Continuous assessment

Teacher's assessment

Self-assessment

Portfolio

What kind of is it? The learners themselves evaluate their own performance, using clear criteria and weighting systems agreed on beforehand

Self-assessment

Teacher's assessment

Portfolio

Continuous assessment

What kind of is it? The learner gathers a collection of assignments and projects done over a long period into a file; and this portfolio provides the basis for evaluation.

Porfolio

Teacher's assessment

Self-assessment

Continuous assessment

Complete the following statement: ... is a state in which both teacher and learners accept and consistently observe a set of rules about behaviour in the classroom whose function is to facilitate smooth and efficient teaching and learning in a lesson.

Classroom discipline

Assessment

Lesson observation

Teaching skills

What is "intrinsic motivation"?

The urge to engage in the learning activity for its own sake

Motivation that is derived from external incentives

The overak orientation of the learner towards learning of the foreign language

The way the learner approaches the specific task in hand

What is "extrinsic motivation"?

Motivation that is derived from external incentives

The urge to engage in the learning activity for its own sake

The overak orientation of the learner towards learning of the foreign language

The way the learner approaches the specific task in hand

Which approach can be applied to real beginners who prefer a structural approach and like to have a clear focus on new language?

Presentation, Practice and Production

Task-based Learning

Test-Teach-Test

Situational Language Teaching

Which approach can be applied to those learners who just want to communicate, using all the language they know to convey meaning?

Task-based Learning

Presentation, Practice and Production

Test-teach-test

Situational Language Teaching

Which approach can be applied to learners who like to study grammar and lexical patterns and check what they already know?

Test-teach-test

Presentation, Practice and Production

Task-based Learning

Situational Language Teaching

Which approach can be applied to learners at a higher level who enjoy doing exercises on language but have already studied the structures?

Test-teach-test

Presentation, Practice and Production

Task-based Learning

Situational Language Teaching

Which approach can be applied to learners who enjoy doing extended pieces of work such as project work?

Task-based Learning

Presentation, Practice and Production

Test-teach-test

Situational Language Teaching

Which approach can be applied to learners who are not confident about experimenting with language or those who have little exposure to English?

Presentation, Practice and Production

Task-based Learning

Test-teach-test

Situational Language Teaching

Which solution can be applied to the following problem with a course book: The listening practice in the course book is too easy for me?

Tell students about internet sites where they can hear ungraded, authentic language

Give students practice in class with similar task types

Train students to work with key words and to deduce meaning from context

Use repetition drills for practice in listening to and producing structures

What is ESP?

ESP is a term that refers to teaching or studying English for a particular career

ESP is a quick and economical use of the English language to pursue a course of academic study

ESP concentrates more on language in context than on teaching grammar and language structures

ESP defines it as goal oriented language learning

How can you describe ESP in relation to ELT?

ESP as a type of English Language Teaching (ELT)

ESP as a major part of communicative language teaching in general

ESP is a process not a product

ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner's reason for learning

What are the characteristics of ESP?

ESP designed to meet the specific needs of the learner; related in content to particular disciplines or occupations; centred on language specific to those disciplines or occupations; in contrast to General English.

makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.

ESP is centred on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.

All answers are correct

Reasons for the Evolution of ESP?

the demands of a brave new world, a revolution in linguistics and a new focus on the learner.

ESP is still a prominent part of EFL

“learning-centred” perspectives on ESP

Designing specific courses to better meet these individual needs

What types of ESP do you know?

English for Science and Technology (EST),English for Business and Economics (EBE), English for Social Studies.

English for educational PURPOSES

English for Science and Technology

English for Occupational PURPOSES

When was the ESP concept appeared?

From the early 1960s

From the early 1970s

From the early 1980s

From the early 1990s

Which stages of the developmental phases are termed ‘language centred’ and which are ‘learner-centred?’

They are broken down into three categories: necessities, lacks and wants.

Learning needs, referring to numerous factors

Socio-cultural background, learning background

Age,gender, background knowledge of specialized contents

How to Train ESP Teachers?

All answers are correct

Special approach to the training of the teachers who are supposed to teach English through content

Teachers should be provided with the necessary knowledge and tools to deal with students’ special field of study

Develop the essential skills in understanding, using,and/or presenting authentic information in their profession

Ways of Equipping ESP Teachers are..

Pre-service/In-service training, Collaborative work (Team teaching)

Development of integrated or complementary lessons, materials, or curricula

Classroom observation, reflection, and feedback

Analysis of texts, materials, and curriculum

Give short definitions of the following: curriculum

It involves consideration of philosophical, social and administrative factors which contribute to the planning of an educational programme

Summary of the content to which learners will be exposed

Classroom observation, reflection, and feedback

Analysis of texts, materials, and curriculum

Give short definitions of the following: Syllabus

Refers to the “Content” or “subject matter” of a particular individual subject

"Syllabus design" is just one phase in a system of interrelated curriculum development activities

Classroom observation, reflection, and feedback

Analysis of texts, materials, and curriculum

Give short definitions of the following: Curriculum Design

More general as it includes all processes in which the designers should look into the needs of the learners, develop aims, determine an appropriate syllabus, and evaluate it.

"Syllabus design" is just one phase in a system of interrelated curriculum development activities

Classroom observation, reflection, and feedback

Analysis of texts, materials, and curriculum

What is the internal syllabus?

… syllabus exemplifies external specifications of the future learning,

….. syllabus shows internal constructs developed by the learner

….Language items are presented more than once

….syllabuses have greater pedagogical and psychological Advantages

What is the external syllabus?

….. syllabus shows internal constructs developed by the learner

… syllabus exemplifies external specifications of the future learning,

….Language items are presented more than once

….syllabuses have greater pedagogical and psychological Advantages

What do you understand by the term “communicative competence?”

a person’s knowledge and ability to use all the semiotic systems available to him as a member of a given socio-cultural community

Language Variation and Register analysis

Functional/Notional Grammar

Discourse (Rhetorical) Analysis

What do you understand by behaviourism as a theory of learning?

focuses on objectively observable behaviours and discounts any independent activities of the mind

Occurs when a natural reflex responds to a stimulus

Functional/Notional Grammar

Contrast to constructivism

What is the sociolinguistic model?

Can be used to specify valid ‘target situations, target communicative competence

Occurs when a natural reflex responds to a stimulus

Explain why you think that needs analysis should be an on-going thing

Describe the principle that should guide the teacher in analyzing learner’s needs

What is the systemic approach?

Fills the gaps in the sociolinguistic model in terms of flexibility and shows a distinct concern for learners.

Occurs when a natural reflex responds to a stimulus

Explain why you think that needs analysis should be an on-going thing

Describe the principle that should guide the teacher in analyzing learner’s needs

What is the task based approaches?

Supports using tasks and activities to encourage learners to utilize the language communicatively so as to achieve a purpose

Occurs when a natural reflex responds to a stimulus

Explain why you think that needs analysis should be an on-going thing

Describe the principle that should guide the teacher in analyzing learner’s needs

Steps in ESP courseDesign?

Needs Analysis,Formulation of Goals and Objectives,SyllabusDesign,Implementation, (Methodology),Evaluation

Needs Analysis, Evaluation, ,Syllabus Design,Implementation, (Methodology), Formulation of Goals and Objectives

Evaluation,Formulation of Goals and Objectives,SyllabusDesign,Implementation, (Methodology), Needs Analysis

Syllabus Design,Implementation, (Methodology),Evaluation,Formulation of Goals and Objectives, Needs Analysis

What is Structural Approach?

The learner is expected to master each structural step and add it to grammar collection,as such the focus is on the outcomes or the product.

The principal organizing characteristic is a list of situations which reflects the way language is used in everyday life i.e. outside the classroom, the fundamental unit of organization is a non-linguistic category, namely the situation

Language should be classified in terms of what people wanted to do with it –function – or in terms of what meaning people wanted to put across – notions- rather than in terms of grammatical items.

Focus on flexibility and spiral method of language sequencing leading to the recycling of language, seems relevant for learners who lack exposure to the target language beyond the classroom

What is The Proportional Approach?

Focus on flexibility and spiral method of language sequencing leading to the recycling of language, seems relevant for learners who lack exposure to the target language beyond the classroom.

The principal organizing characteristic is a list of situations which reflects the way language is used in everyday life i.e. outside the classroom, the fundamental unit of organization is a non-linguistic category, namely the situation

Language should be classified in terms of what people wanted to do with it –function – or in terms of what meaning people wanted to put across – notions- rather than in terms of grammatical items.

The learner is expected to master each structural step and add it to grammar collection,as such the focus is on the outcomes or the product

What is the Notional/Functional Approach?

Language should be classified in terms of what people wanted to do with it –function – or in terms of what meaning people wanted to put across – notions- rather than in terms of grammatical items.

The principal organizing characteristic is a list of situations which reflects the way language is used in everyday life i.e. outside the classroom, the fundamental unit of organization is a non-linguistic category, namely the situation

Focus on flexibility and spiral method of language sequencing leading to the recycling of language, seems relevant for learners who lack exposure to the target language beyond the classroom.

The learner is expected to master each structural step and add it to grammar collection,as such the focus is on the outcomes or the product

What is the Situational Approach?

The principal organizing characteristic is a list of situations which reflects the way language is used in everyday life i.e. outside the classroom, the fundamental unit of organization is a non-linguistic category, namely the situation.

Language should be classified in terms of what people wanted to do with it –function – or in terms of what meaning people wanted to put across – notions- rather than in terms of grammatical items

Focus on flexibility and spiral method of language sequencing leading to the recycling of language, seems relevant for learners who lack exposure to the target language beyond the classroom.

The learner is expected to master each structural step and add it to grammar collection,as such the focus is on the outcomes or the product

A Material Design Model’s steps..?

Input,Language,Content,Task

Task ,Input,Language,Content

Language,Content,Task, Input

Content,Input,Language, Task

What is Authentic Text/Material?

Authentic texts as materials which are designed for native speakers; they are real text; designed, not for language students, but for the speakers of the language

Those which were not created or edited expressly for language learners.

Important principles of communicative language teaching

The idea should be using literary texts as one kind among other texts.

What is andragogy?

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with adults.

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with teens.

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with infants.

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with disabilities.

WARM-UP activity is…

An activity used to orient learners to a new topic or area of focus in a lesson.

The way that a person thinks and feels about somebody, something; the way that a person behaves towards somebody, something that shows how he, she thinks

Typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with disabilities.

Values are…

the guiding principles (often moral or ethical in nature) that govern behaviour; they are typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom.

the way that a person thinks and feels about somebody, something; the way that a person behaves towards somebody, something that shows how he, she thinks and feels. In a classroom this may show itself in a teacher’s attitude to learners or in a learner’s attitude to a foreign language and the culture associated with it

the study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with disabilities

the convictions that a teacher has about teaching or a learner about learning. When beliefs become dogma, they may inhibit professional development in a teacher or successful learning in a learner

Attitudesare…

the way that a person thinks and feels about somebody, something; the way that a person behaves towards somebody, something that shows how he, she thinks and feels. In a classroom this may show itself in a teacher’s attitude to learners or in a learner’s attitude to a foreign language and the culture associated with it

the guiding principles (often moral or ethical in nature) that govern behaviour; they are typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom.

the study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with disabilities

the convictions that a teacher has about teaching or a learner about learning. When beliefs become dogma, they may inhibit professional development in a teacher or successful learning in a learner

Beliefsare…

the convictions that a teacher has about teaching or a learner about learning. When beliefs become dogma, they may inhibit professional development in a teacher or successful learning in a learner

the guiding principles (often moral or ethical in nature) that govern behaviour; they are typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom.

the study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with disabilities

the way that a person thinks and feels about somebody, something; the way that a person behaves towards somebody, something that shows how he, she thinks and feels. In a classroom this may show itself in a teacher’s attitude to learners or in a learner’s attitude to a foreign language and the culture associated with it

To what extent did the following help or hinder your success?

Motivation

Hard work

Attitude

Anxiety

Grammar-Translation Method…

memorizing grammar rules, and memorizing nativelanguage equivalents of target language vocabulary,class work is highly structured, with the teacher controlling all activities

a method that taught learners directly (without translation) a series of connected sentences that are easy to perform.

With the aid of gesticulation,by attentive listening the beginner comes to associate certain acts and objects with certain combinations of sound, and fi nally reaches the point of reproducing the foreign words and phrases

The Method allows students to perceive meaning directly through the target language because no translation is allowed

Guine and the Series Method…

a method that taught learners directly (without translation) a series of connected sentences that are easy to perform.

memorizing grammar rules, and memorizing nativelanguage equivalents of target language vocabulary,class work is highly structured, with the teacher controlling all activities

With the aid of gesticulation,by attentive listening the beginner comes to associate certain acts and objects with certain combinations of sound, and fi nally reaches the point of reproducing the foreign words and phrases

The Method allows students to perceive meaning directly through the target language because no translation is allowed

Natural Method…

With the aid of gesticulation,by attentive listening the beginner comes to associate certain acts and objects with certain combinations of sound, and fi nally reaches the point of reproducing the foreign words and phrases

memorizing grammar rules, and memorizing nativelanguage equivalents of target language vocabulary,class work is highly structured, with the teacher controlling all activities

a method that taught learners directly (without translation) a series of connected sentences that are easy to perform.

The Method allows students to perceive meaning directly through the target language because no translation is allowed

Direct Method…

The Method allows students to perceive meaning directly through the target language because no translation is allowed

Memorizing grammar rules, and memorizing nativelanguage equivalents of target language vocabulary,class work is highly structured, with the teacher controlling all activities

A method that taught learners directly (without translation) a series of connected sentences that are easy to perform.

With the aid of gesticulation,by attentive listening the beginner comes to associate certain acts and objects with certain combinations of sound, and fi nally reaches the point of reproducing the foreign words and phrases

What are the Factors Affecting Pronunciation Learning?

Native Language,Age,Exposure,Innate phonetic ability,Motivation and concern for good pronunciation

Age,Native Language, Exposure,Innate phonetic ability,Motivation and concern for good pronunciation

Exposure,Innate phonetic ability,NativeLanguage,Age, Motivation and concern for good pronunciation .

Motivation and concern for good pronunciation ,Native Language,Age,Exposure,Innate phonetic ability,

How to Teach Pronunciation?

To determine the cases where conscious manipulation of the speech organs is required, and the cases where simple imitation can or must be used,to decide on type of exercises and the techniques for using them.

developing students’ ability to distinguish sounds, stress and intonation

The teacher pronounces English phrases with a rising or falling tone and asks pupils to raise their hands when they hear a rising tone

Motivation and concern for good pronunciation ,Native Language,Age,Exposure,Innate phonetic ability

Which is more important: the acquisition of grammar or acquisition of vocabulary?

Both acquisition of grammar or acquisition of vocabul

acquisition of vocabulary

acquisition of grammar

Innate phonetic ability

The meaning of Co-operative learning also (collaborative learning)

An approach to teaching and learning in which classrooms are organized so that students work together in small co-operative teams. Such an approach to learning is said to increase students’ learning since a) it is less threatening for many students, b) it increases the amount of student participation in the classroom, c) it reduces the need for competitiveness, and d) it reduces the teacher’s dominance in the classroom

Techniques or procedures which a teacher uses to get learners to actively produce a response.

To make a learning process possible or easier; to work with a group in order to help them to articulate ideas

The ideas or content which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or text.

Fluency ( fluency developing activities) is…

In second and foreign language teaching, fluency describes a level of proficiency in communication, which includes: i. the ability to produce written and/or spoken language with ease and without significant hesitation; ii. the ability to speak with a good but not necessarily perfect command of intonation,vocabulary, and grammar.

Techniques or procedures which a teacher uses to get learners to actively produce a response.

To make a learning process possible or easier; to work with a group in order to help them to articulate ideas

The ideas or content which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or text.

What does Information gap activity mean?

An activity in which a pair or two groups of students hold different information, or where one partner knows something that the other doesn’t. This gives a real purpose to a communication activity.

Techniques or procedures which a teacher uses to get learners to actively produce a response.

The ideas or content which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or text

To make a learning process possible or easier; to work with a group in order to help them to articulate ideas .

Role play…

Classroom activities in which students take the roles of different participants in a situation and act out what might typically happen in that situation. For example, to practise how to express complaints and apologies in a foreign language, students might have to role-play a situation in which a customer in a shop returns a faulty article to a salesperson

Techniques or procedures which a teacher uses to get learners to actively produce a response.

the processes by which people learn or acquire a second or foreign language. These processes are often investigated with the expectation that information about them may be useful in language teaching.

Correction by a learner of her/his own mistakes – usually possible only in the case of post-systematicerrors.

What is the role of Study skills?

Abilities, techniques, and strategies which are used when reading, writing, or listening for study PURPOSES 2005. For example, study skills needed by university students studying from English-language textbooks include: adjusting reading speeds according to the type of material being read, using the dictionary, guessing word meanings from context, interpreting graphs, diagrams, and symbols, note-taking and summarising.

Correction by a learner of her/his own mistakes – usually possible only in the case of post-systematic errors.

the processes by which people learn or acquire a second or foreign language. These processes are often investigated with the expectation that information about them may be useful in language teaching.

Classroom activities in which students take the roles of different participants in a situation and act out what might typically happen in that situation. For example, to practise how to express complaints and apologies in a foreign language, students might have to role-play a situation in which a customer in a shop returns a faulty article to a salesperson

What is teacher education?

Teacher training deals with basic teaching skills and techniques, typically for novice teachers in a pre-service programme. These skills include such dimensions of teaching as preparing lesson plans, classroom management, teaching the four skills (i.e. reading, writing, listening, speaking), techniques for presenting and practicing new teaching items, correcting errors

the guiding principles (often moral or ethical in nature) that govern behaviour; they are typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom.

the processes by which people learn or acquire a second or foreign language. These processes are often investigated with the expectation that information about them may be useful in language teaching.

to practise how to express complaints and apologies in a foreign language, students might have to role-play a situation in which a customer in a shop returns a faulty article to a salesperson

Learning style is…

The particular way in which a learner learns. Visual learners, for example, will be helped by pictures, graphics or by seeing a word written down. Auditory learners take in new information best by listening. Kinaesthetic learners benefit from physical involvement in the process of learning

the guiding principles (often moral or ethical in nature) that govern behaviour; they are typically rooted in tradition, religion or in individual or shared philosophy and in education they help to inform decisions at all levels, from national policy right through to the classroom.

the processes by which people learn or acquire a second or foreign language. These processes are often investigated with the expectation that information about them may be useful in language teaching.

The language used to analyse or describe a language. For example, the sentence: In English, the phoneme /b/ is a voiced bilabial stop is in meta-language. It explains that the b-sound in English is made with vibration of the vocal chords and with the two lips stopping the airstream from the lungs

The phrase of Language awareness means

In ELT, this is an approach to language which takes account of social dimensions of language use as well as encouraging to think about language systems, discourse and communication. It involves exploring authentic language through questions and tasks as well as questioning traditional views of grammar and lexis.

A term used to describe the state of a learner’s language – somewhere between being a complete beginner and native speaker standard

A type of co-operative activity in which each member of a group has a piece of information needed to complete a group task

The language used to analyse or describe a language. For example, the sentence: In English, the phoneme /b/ is a voiced bilabial stop is in meta-language. It explains that the b-sound in English is made with vibration of the vocal chords and with the two lips stopping the airstream from the lungs

What is the autonomous learning?

The process of learning without being controlled by anyone else.

A term used to describe the state of a learner’s language – somewhere between being a complete beginner and native speaker standard

A type of co-operative activity in which each member of a group has a piece of information needed to complete a group task

The language used to analyse or describe a language. For example, the sentence: In English, the phoneme /b/ is a voiced bilabial stop is in meta-language. It explains that the b-sound in English is made with vibration of the vocal chords and with the two lips stopping the airstream from the lungs

Authentic text is…

Texts which are taken from newspapers, magazines, etc., and tapes of natural speech taken from ordinary radio or television programmes,when a teacher prepares texts or tapes for use in the classroom, he/she often has to use simplified texts as opposed to authentic texts.

The degree to which language teaching materials have the qualities of natural speech or writing

A task which replicates or resembles a real-life task, e.g. scanning an article for particular nformation; this may be contrasted with a task which is specifically designed for, and only relevant in, the classroom.

The study and practice of teaching methods appropriate to working with adults.

What is the main points of Teacher’s Voice and Body Language?

One of the fi rst requirements of good teaching is good voice projection.Let your body posture exhibit an air of confidence,your face should reflect optimism, brightness, and warmth,use facial and hand gestures to enhance meanings of words,make frequent eye contact with all students in the class

“bury yourself” in your notes and plans

A task which replicates or resembles a real-life task, e.g. scanning an article for particular nformation; this may be contrasted with a task which is specifically designed for, and only relevant in, the classroom.

Keep as natural aflow of your language as possible.

What is the main points of Planning Principles?

The two principles behind good lesson planning are VARIETY and FLEXIBILITY

Varity of activities

The task fulfillment

Just flexibility

What teachers should know before they start planning their classes?

The language for the level, The skills for the level, The learning aids available for the level, Stages and techniques in teaching, A repertoire of activities, Classroom management skills

Varity of activities, The task fulfillment

The task fulfillment,Just flexibility

The Shape of the Lesson

The process оutlining for a lesson plan

Date, class, Subject of the lesson, Objectives, Aids/materials.

Objectives, Aids/materials, Date, class, Subject of the lesson.

Subject of the lesson, Objectives, Date, class, Aids/materials.

Aids/materials ,Date, class, Subject of the lesson, Objectives.

A group activity in which learners come up with ideas themselves on a topic without teacher intervention is..

Brainstorm

buzz groups

case study

classroom management

The main feature of Language awareness

An approach to language which takes account of social dimensions of language use as well as encouraging to think about language systems, discourse and communication. It involves exploring authentic language through questions and tasks as well as questioning traditional views of grammar and lexis.

Sometimes speaking and writing are called the active/productive skills and reading and listening, the passive/receptive skills

the mode or manner in which language is used. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are generally called the four language skills

An activity used to orient learners to a new topic or area of focus in a lesson (cf warm- up)

Language skills are the skills…

the mode or manner in which language is used. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are generally called the four language skills. Sometimes speaking and writing are called the active/productive skills and reading and listening, the passive/receptive skills. Often the skills are divided into subskills, such as discriminating sounds in connected speech, or understanding relations within a sentence.

Sometimes speaking and writing are called the active/productive skills and reading and listening, the passive/receptive skills

An approach to language which takes account of social dimensions of language use as well as encouraging to think about language systems, discourse and communication. It involves exploring authentic language through questions and tasks as well as questioning traditional views of grammar and lexis

The particular way in which a learner learns. Visual learners, for example, will be helped by pictures, graphics or by seeing a word written down. Auditory learners take in new information best by listening

What is Multiple-choice?

In testing or teaching: a device in which the learner is presented with a question along with four or five possible answers from which one must be selected. Usually the first part of a multiple-choice item will be a question or incomplete sentence

Objectives are statements of what is to be achieved in a course or lesson

Someone who watches a class, either for learning, training or research PURPOSES 2005. The teacher who is observed is often referred to as the observee

a learning activity which involves learners working together in pairs

Peer observation is…

Observation of a teacher or trainee by a colleague of equal status

Correction of a learner’s mistakes by fellow learners

a collection of work, materials that a learner or course participant collects and puts together in a file, usually for assessment.

a learning activity which involves learners working together in pairs

Pairwork is..

a learning activity which involves learners working together in pairs

Correction of a learner’s mistakes by fellow learners

a collection of work, materials that a learner or course participant collects and puts together in a file, usually for assessment.

Observation of a teacher or trainee by a colleague of equal status

Peer correction is..

Correction of a learner’s mistakes by fellow learners

a learning activity which involves learners working together in pairs

a collection of work, materials that a learner or course participant collects and puts together in a file, usually for assessment.

Observation of a teacher or trainee by a colleague of equal status

Portfoliois..

A collection of work, materials that a learner or course participant collects and puts together in a file, usually for assessment.

A learning activity which involves learners working together in pairs

Correction of a learner’s mistakes by fellow learners

Observation of a teacher or trainee by a colleague of equal status 2

Characteristics of intensive reading

Careful reading to obtain detailed understanding of a text (contrast with extensive reading)

Integrated skills activities bring together different language skills

Correction of a learner’s mistakes by fellow learners

Language which learners experience in a lesson from which they can learn. It can also refer to

The process of fossilization/fossilized is..

A process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language

The stage of a lesson in which the teacher does not intervene or attempt to control learner production

The communicative purpose of a structure on a particular occasion – what the speaker is trying to do through language

Free practice is sometimes called production

What is extensive reading?

Reading a long text, such as a book, or reading a variety of texts, generally for pleasure, for overall understanding and not for detailed understanding

The stage of a lesson in which the teacher does not intervene or attempt to control learner production

The communicative purpose of a structure on a particular occasion – what the speaker is trying to do through language

A process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language

Deductive learning is the learning ..?

An approach to language teaching in which learners are taught rules and given specific information about a language

The stage of a lesson in which the teacher does not intervene or attempt to control learner production

The communicative purpose of a structure on a particular occasion – what the speaker is trying to do through language

A process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language

Types of feedback

Feedback from students,Feedback from other teachers,Self-feedback

Overall feedback

Peer feedback

Self-feedback

What is TPR?

Total Physical Response Method

Teacher Practica Research

Total Practice

Technical Practice

What is body language?

One`s appropriate body motions during his or her speech or conversation.

A way of behaving during the talk

A way of thinking during the conversation

A way of approaching to the talk

According to Ned Seeyle`s opinion what is culture?

Culture is a board concept that embraces all aspects of human life,from folktales to carved whales

Culture is art

Culture is politics

Culture is history

What is ethnography?

The study of life and culture of a society or ethnic group,especially by personal observation.

The stufy of the place language

The study of history

The study of a particular palce`s background

A word that results from the addition of an affix to a root, and which has a different meaning from the root, is called …….

derivative

word family

inflexions

word formation

Groups of more than one word, such as, bits and pieces, do up, look for can function as a meaningful unit with a fixed or semi-fixed form and they are known as ……

multi-word units

Phrases

connected words

meaningful units

A lexeme…

is a word or group of words that function as a single meaningful unit

is common in informal language that compounds of verb+adverb(like swung round) or verb+preposition(look after)

especially useful in reducing planning time in rapid speech

shares the same base or root but takes different endings

Phrasal verbs …

are common in informal language that compound of verb+adverb (like swung round) or verb+preposition (look after)

are words or group of words that function as a single meaningful unit

especially useful in reducing planning time in rapid speech

share the same base or root but takes different endings

Word family….

shares the same base or root but takes different endings

is a word or group of words that function as a single meaningful unit

is common in informal language that compounds of verb+adverb(like swung round) or verb+preposition(look after)

especially useful in reducing planning time in rapid speech

……. are words that share a similar meaning

Synonyms

Homonyms

Antonyms

Hyponyms

Words that share the same form but have unrelated meanings are called…..

Homonyms

Antonyms

Hyponyms

Synonyms

At the most basic level of knowing a word involves….

its form and meaning

meaning

suffixes and structure

formation and register

Confusing two words that are similar in form, but guite different in meaning is called….

Malapropism

mental lexicon

Confusion

lexical chunks

Network building serves ……. all labels and packages, and lays the groundwork for a process that continues for as long as we are exposed to new words

to link

ho have

to lose

to do

In what ways is the development of a second language (L2) lexicon any different from the first language(L1)?

By definition

By meaning

By translation

By nothing

False friends are……

words that may appear to be equivalent, but whose meaning do not in fact correspond

share words with similar form

words that language learners have met them, know them by name, understand them but they will never be quite as familiar to them as their mother tongue equivalents

words that have no equivalents in the L1 at all

Acquaintances…….

words that language learners have met them, know them by name, understand them but they will never be quite as familiar to them as their mother tongue equivalents

words that may appear to be equivalent, but whose meaning do not in fact correspond

share words with similar form

words that have no equivalents in the L1 at all

Stranges ….

words that have no equivalents in the L1 at all

words that language learners have met them, know them by name, understand them but they will never be quite as familiar to them as their mother tongue equivalents

words that may appear to be equivalent, but whose meaning do not in fact correspond

share words with similar form

An educated native speaker will probably have a vocabulary of around…..

20 000 words or more accurately 20 000 word families

12 000 words or more accurately 12 000 word families

25 000 words or more accurately 25 000 word families

10 000 words or more accurately 10 000 word families

…….. is the brain’s capacity to hold a limited number of items of information for periods of time up to a few seconds

The short term store (STS)

Working memory

Having memory

The long term memory

The time honoured way of “memorizing” new material through repeated rehearsal of the material while it is still in working memory is

Repetition

spacing

Pacing

Motivation

Generally, mistakes can be categorized into two major types:

form related and meaning related

form related and word related

word related and meaning related

sentence related and meaning related

English words borrowed by other languages can be samples for …..

loan words

false friends

real friends

Cognates

Words that are more and less identical, both in meaning and in form, to L1 equivalents and derive from a common origin are called ….

сognates

false friends

real friends

loan words

In which stage of explaining process the matter explored clearly with words, metaphors, analogies, demonstration, visual matters.

Exposition

Opening

Summary

Closing

In this stage teacher paraphrase the main ideas and emphasize by points,..e.g..using colour or movement so that learners are consciously noticed.

Recap

Opening

Summary

Closing

Start by giving the students a statement of the task and time to do any planning necessary.

This is one of three main sequences of stages in the classroom

This is one of two main sequences of stages in the classroom

This is one of four main sequences of stages in the classroom

This is one of five main sequences of stages in the classroom

While the learner tries out the new understanding, you give guidance and alert them to cues, or ask questions to check that their hypotheses are correct and draw attention to the range and limits of applicability of the new understanding.

This is the second main sequence of stages in the classroom

This is the first main sequence of stages in the classroom

This is the third main sequence of stages in the classroom

This is the sixth main sequence of stages in the classroom

Attempt to teach the learner some of the things he/she apparently can’t do

This is the second stage of Test, Teach, Test, that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the first stage of Test, Teach, Test, that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the third stage of Test, Teach, Test, that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the fourth stage of Test, Teach, Test, that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

Discover what a learner can do in a certain area

This is the first stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the third stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the second stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

Periphery learning

Check to see if learning has in fact taken place

This is the third stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

This is the second stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

Periphery learning

This is the first stage of , that is one of the instructional sequences found in the coursebook.

Introducing the topic, Doing the task, Planning the reporting, Reporting back, Teacher input, Language analysis, Review and practice. These are versions of ….

TBL

PPP

Pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

What is one of the stages of encountering with new material in the classroom by periphery learning is…

unconscious exposure to the material

Opening

Summary

Closing

How do people learn and so how can we teach?

There are four main ways that people can learn and be taught

There are three main ways that people can learn and be taught

There are two main ways that people can learn and be taught

There are five main ways that people can learn and be taught

In this way of learning there is a natural setting for the exposure to the new material and the learner does the noticing, pretty much on their own. What way of learning is being described?

Finding out for yourself

Things made plain

Periphery learning

Use and refinement

Things are plain when something is explained successfully. The explanation may be prompted by a question .e.g..What’s voicemail?or it may just happen in a conversation when someone tells us about their job when we hadn’t even asked about it.

Things made plain

Periphery learning

Use and refinement

Finding out for yourself

Whether a learner has or hasn’t prompted the explanation, we could break down the explaining process into following stages….

opening, exposition, recap, question and answer dialogue, summary, closing

opening, exposition, translation, question and answer dialogue, summary, closing

warm up, exposition, recap, question and answer dialogue, summary, closing

opening, marking, recap, question and answer dialogue, summary, closing

In this basic type of encounter with new ideas, there is no conscious attempt by students to notice of learning anything. But after being exposed to new materials, they find that they know it

Periphery learning

Use and refinement

Finding out for yourself

Things made plain

It involes trying out any new understanding in increasing varied contexts to check what has been learned its applicability and whether any fine-tuning of further learning is necessary

Use and refinement

Finding out for yourself

Things made plain

Periphery learning

Students do the listening or reading and work on the allotted tasks that are designed to make the listening or reading easier.

This is in- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is pre- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is post- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is last stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

Students are prepared for reading or listening by getting them interested in a topic, discussing what words may come up, learning a few key words for later or planning how they may tackle a reading or listening task.

This is pre- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is post- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is last stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is in- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

There is evaluation of the work done during the in- stage tasks, discussion of the topic of the text and discussion or practice of the language encountered in the text

This is post- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is last stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is in- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

This is pre- stage of pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

If the “pre-, in-, post- frame is used to give students a chance to practice their reading or listening skills, then it involves…..

Use and refinement way of learning

Finding out for yourself way of learning

Things made plain way of learning

Periphery learning way of learning

This teaching sequence involves setting up a situation, eliciting or modeling some language that fits the situation, having students practice the new language in a controlled way and then encouraging students to use the new language in a freer way either for their own purposes and meanings or in differing, artificially constructed contexts.

PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production)

Pre-, in-, post stages for receptive skills

TBL (Task based learning)

….. are used to find the right words to express idea. They help to learn new words in a specific semantic area by going from the known to the unknown.

Production dictionaries

Standard dictionaries

Picture dictionaries

Specialized dictionaries

Collins COBUILD English dictionary, Cambridge International Dictionary of English, Longman language Activator dictionaries are recommended to…..

intermediate students

beginner students

advanced learners

all level learners

….. stage involves studying the stimulus to see what is in it once it has been totally revealed or pieced together.

Analysis

Personalization

Alteration

Creation

In this stage the students move on from the stimulus, using it as a springboard to new skills or new productions.

Creation

Analysis

Personalization

Alteration

In this stage, students can write or speak about how the stimulus is similar to or different from them, what the stimulus reminds them of, if they have ever…, what they would do if.. etc.

Personalization

Creation

Analysis

Alteration

We can find a correspondence between the text and a title, a visual, another text or some music. What procedure is being described?

Matching

Selection and ranking

Compare and contrast

Reformulation

According to Alan Maley’s suggested procedures that can be applied to short texts, which of them is being described? Rewrite the one line as a newspaper headline, poem, recipe or bible story.

Reformulation

Matching

Selection and ranking

Compare and contrast

Discuss what the text really means. For example: Is the author proud or grumpy? This procedure that can be applied to short texts is…..

Interpretation

Reformulation

Matching

Selection and ranking

According to Alan Maley’s suggested procedures that can be applied to short texts, which of them is being described? We can transfer the massage into pictures, maps, graphs or into a poem, a headline, advertising slogans, etc.

Media transfer

Reduction

Matching

Selection and ranking

According to Alan Maley’s suggested procedures that can be applied to short texts, which of them is being described? When jumbled up, sentences can be surprisingly difficult to put back together.

Reconstruction

Reformulation

Matching

Selection and ranking

There are a lot of important things that can comprise an end of the lesson. One of them is…

reviewing the lesson

opening the lesson

asking question

Interaction

What do students need to learn about words? They should know following:

What a word means? How to say a word? How to write it? Its use in context. Morphology

What a sentence means? How to say a word? How to write it? Its use in context. Morphology

What a word means? How to translate a word? How to write it? Its use in context. Morphology

What a word means? How to say a word? How to write it? Its use in context. Lexicology

When listening, one has to be able to…

recognize sounds, words and phrases

use different parts of the mouth and body from those needed in your own language

recognize different formats, such as, headlines or faxes and different styles and genres

form individual letters, both upper and lower case, space them from left to right in relationship to a line and join them up.

When speaking, one has to be able to…

use different parts of the mouth and body from those needed in your own language

recognize different formats, such as, headlines or faxes and different styles and genres

form individual letters, both upper and lower case, space them from left to right in relationship to a line and join them up.

recognize sounds, words and phrases

When reading, we need to be able to….

recognize different formats, such as, headlines or faxes and different styles and genres

form individual letters, both upper and lower case, space them from left to right in relationship to a line and join them up.

recognize sounds, words and phrases

use different parts of the mouth and body from those needed in your own language

When writing, we need to be able to….

form individual letters, both upper and lower case, space them from left to right in relationship to a line and join them up.

recognize sounds, words and phrases

use different parts of the mouth and body from those needed in your own language

recognize different formats, such as, headlines or faxes and different styles and genres

Skills includes……

listening, reading, talking etc.

a ticket seller and a passenger

getting information, buying a ticket

asking for information

Situation often implies:

roles, relationships, attitudes, tasks, vocabulary, skills, materials, structures, functions

books, relationships, attitudes, tasks, vocabulary, skills, materials, structures, functions

roles, relationships, attitudes, vocabulary, skills, materials, structures, functions

roles, relationships, attitudes, tasks, vocabulary, skills, materials, structures

What kind of types of situation is being given? Polite but perhaps slightly rushed or brisk.

Attitude

Roles

Structure

Materials

Making plans for the next lesson is one of the important things of……

ending the lesson

opening the lesson

conducting the lesson

Selection and ranking