Фразовые глаголы «Мир вокруг нас» (статья)

Фразовые глаголы «Мир вокруг нас»

статья

Направление «Лингвистика» (английский язык)

Звонкова Татьяна Юрьевна учатель английского языка 1 категории 10 А класса

МБОУ «СШ № 2»

г. Смоленск

2022 г.

Content

1. Introduction................................................................................ p. 2-3

2. Chapter 1.................................................................................... p. 4-9

3. Chapter 2................................................................................ p. 10-20

4. Conclusion................................................................................... p. 21

5. Resources.....................................................................................p. 22

Introduction

The usage of phrasal verbs is very popular in the English language, and native English speakers are found to use phrasal verbs on a daily basis and cannot do without phrasal verbs in everyday situations. Phrasal verbs are extremely important in English verbal communication; therefore English native speakers use phrasal verbs when they communicate spontaneously and daily. In linguistic studies, it is said that phrasal verbs add flavor to communication and speech. Not only are phrasal verbs widespread in informal speech, but also common in formal language, and official writing. They are the integral part of the language of the newspapers and magazines. It is worth noting that phrasal verbs are a vital part of English language vocabulary and is a basic part of this language's history, heritage and culture. Thus, learning to use phrasal verbs is necessary in order to achieve native-like English language communication. Recognizing the meaning of phrasal verbs which are commonly-used in the English language as well as being capable of using phrasal verbs should be regarded an essential part. In the Modern English language the number of the Phrasal verbs grows. It is the evidence of many books and dictionaries devoted to Phrasal verbs and their applications. Together with the growth in number, the frequency of the usage also grows. This means that the phrasal verbs carry out their necessary function because of greater conciseness and significance at the same time. There are more than 5 000 different phrasal verbs used in English (McCarthy & O'Dell, 2004). In the Modern English language the number of the phrasal verbs grows. It is the evidence of many books and dictionaries devoted to phrasal verbs and their applications. Together with the growth in number, the frequency of the usage also grows. This means that the Phrasal verbs carry out their necessary function because of greater conciseness and significance at the same time.

We would like to underline that phrasal verbs were not investigated until the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, although they have been part of the English language for centuries, their history is still a controversial subject. Rolando Bachelor says it is "impossible to write an exhaustive and definitive history of phrasal verbs." The term itself, "phrasal verb," was first seen in print in 1925 when Logan Pearsall Smith used it in Words and Idioms [3]; it was supposedly suggested to him by Editor Henry Bradley. In nineteenth century lexicographer Samuel Johnson noted phrasal verbs "with great care" in his Dictionary of the English Language [1, p. 6].

The aim of our research is to analyze 9 thematic groups of phrasal verbs (Nature/Weather/Places/Transport/The news/Secrets and lies/Rules and laws/Technology/Food and drink) which we united under the title The world around us. The research work consists of two chapters. Chapter one contains the theoretical basis and general notions of the work. In this chapter we tried to give a definition of phrasal verb, to analyze it and to give a classification of phrasal verbs. Chapter two contains of aforementioned 9 thematic groups of phrasal verbs, the description of their meaning and examples of their usage in the English language.

Chapter 1.

1.1 Common features about phrasal verbs

Before proceeding to the description of the phrasal verbs, it is necessary to give the definition. Dictionary of Cambridge defines a phrasal verb as “a combination of a verb and an adverb or a verb and a preposition, or both, in which the combination has a meaning different from the meaning of the words considered separately” [5]. In other words, a phrasal verb is a combination of a "simple" verb (consisting of one word). (for example: come, put, go) and a postposition (for example: in, off, up), representing semantic and syntactic uniform unit. For example: come in - to enter give up - to cease the phrasal verb can be replaced by a "simple" verb. It characterizes a phrasal verb as semantic unity. But this criterion is not common for all phrasal verbs since the equivalent of many phrasal verbs is a word-combination: break down - stop functioning, make up - apply cosmetics, take off - of a plane - leave the ground.

The next peculiarity is idiomatic. The idiom is a combination of two or more words, whose value does not coincide with the value of its components. Many phrasal verbs have the value which is impossible to deduce from the values of its components. For example: bring up – educate, give up - stop doing, using; go off - explode; come by - obtain.

It is difficult to define the meaning of an idiomatic verb. So for example the verbs fall down and pull off, on the one hand, don't possess any idiomatic value: fall down - to fall, pull off - to remove. But these verbs have also the following dictionary values: fall down - 1) to admire (to someone in power), 2) to fail - unsuccessfully to terminate, pull off - to achieve despite difficulties. Sometimes the value of a verb can be deduced from its components.

Many linguists consider the ability of phrasal verbs to form the passive voice as one of their basic properties.

For example: Payments are limited to 10 % each month.

This medicine must be measured out exactly.

The next property of a phrasal verb is the possibility to have adverbial postposition before and after a noun used with the given verb. For object the final position bears the big semantic loading, therefore if addition does not bear the new or important information, usually it settles down interposition.

For example: Call him up or call up him (not his sister)

If the object is expressed by several words, it, most likely, will be taking of a final position.

For example: He put on the coat he had bought in London.

If the object is expressed by a pronoun, it always is interposition.

For example: He took his coat and put it on.

1.2. Classification of phrasal verbs

We would like to envisage three well-known classifications of phrasal verbs. Considering the syntactic indivisible combinations of the verb and a postposition with perspective brought by postpositions in their values I.E. Anichkov distinguishes five categories of such combinations:

1) Combinations in which the postposition has specifically spatial meaning,

For example: go in, come out, take away, bring back.

2) Combinations in which the postposition is an abstract derived value, whose contact with the primary meaning is felt

For example: let a person down = fail him; come in = find a place; bring out = expose; pull through = recover; pick up = acquire;

3) A combination in which only the postposition underlines or supports the importance of the verb.

For example: fall down, rise up, turn over, circle round;

4) A combination of values, which don't arise from the values of verbs and postpositions are not felt as emanating from them, and are semantically decomposable.

For example: come about = happen, fall out = quarrel, give up = abandon, drop off = fall asleep; take in = deceive;

5) A combination in which the postposition brings lexically specific hue.

The last bit postposition brings nuance:

a) perfective: eat up = eat the hole; carry out = execute;

b) terminative means not complete action and termination an unfinished action:

leave off work; give up an attempt;

c) inceptive: strike up a tune, light up = begin smoking; break out = to start suddenly (of violent events).

d) durative or longer: go on, talk away, struggle along;

e) interactive, or repeated: write again, write anew [4].

There is also another well-known classification of phrasal verbs. According to it there are four types of phrasal verbs:

1. Transitive phrasal verbs

2. Intransitive phrasal verbs

3. Separable phrasal verbs

4. Non-separable phrasal verbs

1. Transitive phrasal verbs.

A phrasal verb that requires an object in the sentence is called a transitive phrasal verb. Without an object, such sentences with a phrasal verb lose their meaning.

Examples: Elephants feed on plants. By pulling down trees to eat leaves, breaking off branches and pulling up plants, they create clearings in which new vegetation can grow to provide nutrition in the future.

2. Intransitive phrasal verbs.

A phrasal verb which doesn’t require an object in the sentence is called intransitive. Without an object such sentences have a complete sense.

Example: The river is in flood now - it’s hard to believe it completely dried up six months ago.

3. Separable phrasal verbs.

These are phrasal verbs whose parts can be separated and used in different places in the sentence. This type of phrasal verbs can be used in its joined form and separately as well.

Example:

If a cloud or smoke blots out the sun, it covers it and prevents it from being seen.

If a cloud or smoke blots the sun out, it covers it and prevents it from being seen.

4. Non-separable phrasal verbs:

These are phrasal verbs whose parts cannot be used in difference places of the sentence. They generally remain together.

Example: Drivers wishing to access the stadium car park will need to approach it by Grant Lane, which branches off Rampart Street just after the petrol station.

Sometimes it doesn’t matter whether the direct object comes in the middle or at the end of a phrasal verb. Both options are acceptable. Unfortunately, there’s no method for knowing whether or not you have to separate a phrasal verb; you just have to study and practice until it comes naturally.

Phrasal verbs are constructions consisting of a verb and either a preposition, a particle, or both.

1. Prepositional Phrasal Verb

This construction consists of a verb and a preposition: She always wants to spend hours discussing her problems with me and this is keeping me from my studies.

2. Particle Phrasal Verb

This construction consists of a verb and a particle: But now I am sure our son is keeping something to himself.

As we see, a particle phrasal verb can also be interrupted by a noun or a pronoun,

3. Prepositional-Particle Phrasal Verb

This construction consists of a verb, a particle, and a preposition. Examples include “I’m looking forward to a vacation,” She sat in for me during my absence,” and “They’re not willing to put up with it anymore.”

Note that many words serve as both prepositions and particles. As noted above, the phrase “look up” can refer to the act of directing one’s attention upward, but it also has a figurative meaning: When one looks something up — or, to be more formal, conducts research — sight, but not an upward motion of the head, is involved

Importance of the usage of phrasal verbs

There are three good reasons to avoid phrasal verbs and two good reasons to embrace them.

(Reason to Avoid 1) Phrasal verbs sound informal.

Phrasal verbs tend to derive from our Germanic heritage. As the Germanic elements in our language stem from the language of the common people, phrasal verbs are usually easy on the ear and easily understandable for native English speakers. That's all good. The downsides, however, are that phrasal verbs can seem informal and they eat up your word count. Therefore, in business and academic writing, there is a leaning towards the one-word Latinate verbs, i.e., those which derive from our French heritage. Latinate verbs sound more formal because they stem from the language of our aristocracy.

We'll all get together in the foyer. (okay, if a little informal)

We will congregate in the foyer. (preferable in a formal email)

We've put the meeting off until Tuesday. (okay, if a little informal)

The meeting is postponed until Tuesday. (preferable in a formal email)

(Reason to Avoid 2) Some phrasal verbs eat up your word count unnecessarily.

The merit of Germanic over Latinate words is up for debate, but some phrasal verbs include prepositions or particles that don't add anything. Delete them.

I cannot face up to this problem. (okay)

I cannot face this problem. (better, more succinct)

Try this new garlic dip out. (okay)

Try this new garlic dip. (better, more succinct)

She will not stand for shoddy work. (okay)

She will not stand shoddy work. (better, more succinct)

If the phrasal verb sounds better, go with it.

Even I don't wake up looking like Cindy Crawford. (Model Cindy Crawford)

(It is possible to use wake without up, but it doesn't sound as natural.)

(Reason to Avoid 3) A phrasal verb often sticks a preposition at the end of your sentence.

Yeah, it doesn't matter how many times we're told that it's okay to end a sentence in a preposition. There are still wads of people out there - as evidenced by our poll - who think it isn't okay. So, for now, if you can easily avoid ending a sentence in a preposition, you might as well. For one, it's safer, and, two, it's usually more succinct. Think of it as a game, not a rule.

It is a situation I will not put up with. (okay)

It is a situation I will not tolerate. (safer and more succinct)

Can you sort it out? (okay)

Can you resolve it? (safer and more succinct)

(Reason to Embrace 1) A phrasal verb might better fit your image.

When choosing words for business correspondence, you must consider the character of your business. For example, auditors like KPMG might write "Terms and Conditions of the Contract," while Virgin Media might write "The stuff you need to know." You must know your "writing voice." If you're a formal bunch, you should probably steer clear of phrasal verbs, but if you're a down-with-the-kids outfit, phrasal verbs and other simplistic vocabulary will be a better fit.

We would not expect you to tolerate a second-rate service. (corporate)

Don't put up with bad service. (engaging)

(Reason to Embrace 2) Phrasal verbs are easily understood.

Phrasal verbs are often much clearer than Latinate verbs.

The framework is required to concatenate the disparate elements.

(This might sound business-like, but there's a risk it won't be understood.)

The framework is required to join up each element.

(This is much clearer and safer.)

Often, the clarity and naturalness afforded by a phrasal verb is worth the informal

Chapter 2

Nature

Weather

Places

Transport

The news

Secrets and lies

Rules and laws

Technology

Food and drink

Conclusion

It is not an exaggeration when we say that the items about phrasal verbs are one of the main and important items of theoretical study and practical mastering of the English language. Phrasal verbs take a considerable place in vocabulary verbs of Modern English language and are generally used in idiomatic phrases. Their functioning is heterogeneous with a view to their great variety. The development and supplementation of phrasal verbs system proceeds in two directions: new verbs inclusion and semantic development. In our work we have analyzed 9 groups of phrasal verbs linked by the theme The world around us. It is worth noting that we studied 139 phrasal verbs. It is worth noting that 71, 2 per cent of studied phrasal verbs are non-separable and 28, 8 per cent are separable. 56 per cent of studied phrasal verbs are transitive, it means that they require a direct or indirect object; therefore, 44 per cent of phrasal verbs are intransitive.

As a result, we can make the following conclusion that phrasal verbs are frequently used. Their usage becomes usual phenomena in English grammar as well as mass media. Those phrasal verbs usage in the formal and informal speech allows us to express our thoughts and make our speech more dynamic and diverse.

Resources

1. Johnson S. Dictionary of the English language. London W. Straham. – 1755. 688 p.

2. McCarthy M., O’Dell F. English phrasal verbs in Use. UK Cambridge University Press. – 2017. 190 p.

3. Smith L. Pearsall Words and idioms: studies in the English language. London Constable. – 1928. 299 p.

4. Аничков И.Е. Труды по языкознанию. СПб. Наука. – 1997. 246 с.

5. dictionary. cambridge.org

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