История морского флота

HISTORY OF THE NAVY

Выполнил: Шайманов Валерий, ученик 6 класса

Проверил: Измуков Максим Геннадьевич, учитель английского языка МБОУ «Малокармалинская СОШ»

How the first ships appeared!

• Our distant ancestors when traveling, faced with the problem of traveling on water. To do this, they began to use an ordinary tree. Then the man needed to move something, and he tied several trees together. So the first pilot turned out.In the Stone Age, man learned to use a tool, and then with the help of a stone, he began to hollow out a hollow in the tree, so the first boat turned out.Many peoples made boats out of animal skins, tree bark, reeds, and palm leaves.

The first ships!

• The first ships-small wooden vessels of various shapes, moving with the help of oars, appeared long before our era in Egypt, Crete, Ancient Greece and Rome.

The picture shows an Egyptian ship.

• In the 5th century BC, ships with several rows of oars appeared . Ships with two rows of oars were called biremes, and ships with three rows of oars were called triremes. The crew of such a large ship could consist of several hundred people. In the 7th century, a fast rowing and sailing ship-galley was created in Venice. The galley had a length of 40-50 meters, a width of 6 meters, one row of oars, a crew of up to 450 people, developed a speed of 7 knots (13 km/h). In addition to the oars, the galley had two masts with slanting sails.

Sailing ships!

• Sailboat. The deck of the sailboat was made of hard, like stone, wood; the masts towered above the deck by 15-25 m, i.e. had a height of 5-8-storey building.The masts had rungs on which the sails were held. From crossbar to crossbar stretched many ropes, rope ladders.In the period from 1630 to 1850, the most powerful warship was a three-deck wooden sailboat, which had 100 or more guns on board.The crew of an 18th-century warship consisted of approximately 850 officers and sailors.The next stage in the development of shipbuilding, it began in the 19th century, is the construction of ships with iron hulls and engines. The first such ships were steamers, which very quickly replaced sailing ships.

The photo shows a ship-steamer.

How the ship works!

• Why does the ship float? The bilge part of the ship displaces a mass of water equal to its own mass. Trying to return to its place, the displaced water pushes the ship up.

How the design of the ships developed!

• Over the centuries, ships have repeatedly changed the fate of peoples. On them, people went on long voyages in search of new lands, new life, new markets. Simultaneously with the development of merchant ships, warships were also improved, serving to protect trade routes and repel attacks by enemy fleets. Even in our era of space exploration, almost 5,000 years after the first known ships appeared, ships carry the heaviest cargo and create the most comfortable conditions for long journeys.The creators of the ships were constantly looking for ways to improve the design of the ships. During the time that has passed from single-hulled ships to liners with diesel engines, ships have become much safer, more comfortable and faster.

Ship design!

• In the design of a ship, the following are important: the hull of the ship and the material from which it is made; the engine that drives the ship; the control system of the ship that ensures safe navigation, this may include the navigation system. Development of sails, development of sailing vessels. In ancient Egypt, the so-called "round" ships were driven by a single square sail. It was the only type of sail used until the Middle Ages, when merchants adopted the design of the sails used on Chinese junks and Arab dhows. By the 17th century, ships were equipped with multiple masts and multiple sails.The design of the ship's hull. For more than 5,000 years, ship hulls have been built of wood. At first, people hollowed out entire tree trunks. Then wooden boards were used, which were connected with an overlap (clinker), and even later they were connected with an end (caravel). During the Industrial Revolution, iron and steel were used for this purpose. Today, ships are built from strong metal alloys and fiberglass. Navigation devices of the ship. The first navigational instruments determined the course and position of a ship north or south of the equator by measuring the angle between the Sun or stars and the ship. Examples of such devices are the astrolabe and the sextant. Currently, electronic devices, computers and satellite technologies are used for this purpose. The driving force of the ship.In the 19th century, the use of steam power freed ships from dependence on wind, tides, and currents. The first ships to appear were those with side paddle wheels. In the middle of the century, they began to be replaced by more efficient ships with a stern screw. The most modern type of engine is a high-speed water jet propulsion system.

Modern ships!

Modern ships are used in various fields of human activity: in trade, military operations, the movement of people, scientific research, tourism and recreation, rescue operations, fishing, and even agriculture.

Modern ships!

Современный корабль-парусник.

A modern sailing ship.

Современный морской пассажирский корабль.

Modern marine passenger ship.

A modern ship of the navy.

Modern naval ship icebreaker.

Современный корабль военно-морского флота.

Современный морской корабль ледокол.

The Titanic Story

• The RMS Titanic was a British White Star Line steamship, the second of three Olympic-class twin steamers, and the world's largest passenger liner at the time of construction. During her maiden voyage, on the night of April 14, 1912, the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank 2 hours and 40 minutes later. There were 1,316 passengers and 908 crew members on board, a total of 2,224 people, of whom 711 people were saved, 1,513 were killed. This disaster was one of the largest disasters of the last century, which occurred in peacetime. April 15, 2012 marked the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic.

01. Titanic was laid down on March 31, 1909 at the shipyards of the Harland & Wolf Shipbuilding Company in Queens Island (Belfast, Northern Ireland)

02. The customer of the vessel was the company "White Star Line". The shipyard was not cheap, but it performed almost the entire amount of work independently and was famous for its excellent quality.

03. Screw shafts

04. Fragment of steam engines. The Titanic was equipped with two four-cylinder steam engines powered by external propellers, and a steam turbine driving the middle propeller. The rated power of this power plant was 50,000 hp, but could be developed and the power of 55,000 hp At full speed, "Titanic" could go at a speed of 24-25 knots.

05. The dimensions of the parts are impressive.

• 06.

07. Steam engines.

09. The main screw (in the center) is five meters high!

11. The liner had 4 pipes, the diameter of each of which was 7.3 m, the height-18.5 m. The first three removed the smoke from the boiler furnaces, the fourth, located above the turbine compartment, served as an exhaust fan, and a chimney for the ship's kitchens was connected to it. The fourth tube was purely a cosmetic bag to make the ship look more powerful.

2. Titanic boilers. The engine room had 29 boilers and 159 coal-fired furnaces.

13. In formal compliance with the current requirements of the British Merchant Shipping Code, the steamer had 20 lifeboats, which were enough to board 1,178 people, that is, for 50 % of the people. There were 65 people in one boat.

15. The Titanic was launched on May 31, 1911.

16. In Belfast.

17. The Titanic leaves Belfast on 2 April 1912

18. The Titanic sets out on its first and last voyage from Southampton.