Методические указания 1 курс 6 часть ТОР (2023 год)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

И ОХРАНЫ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЖИВОТНОГО МИРА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

(ГБПОУ НО «КБЛК»)

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (Английский язык)»

для студентов I курса

Тема 14 Обучение в колледже

Тема 15 Научно-технический прогресс

для специальности 23.02.07 «Техническое обслуживание

и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей»

Составили:

преподаватели

иностранного языка

Воронина М.В.,

Булкина Т.А.

Красные Баки

2023 год

Lesson 1

Studying at college

№1. Translate the words:

a hostel, professional training, graduates, picturesque, outstanding people, well-designed, multimedia projection units, an Assembly hall, a canteen, sports facilities, nonresident students, training practice, workshop, hardworking, experienced.

№2. Read and translate the text:

After finishing secondary school young people can continue their education at different kinds of technical schools or colleges. Professional training makes it easier to get a higher education. The classrooms in our college are comfortable and well-designed. They are equipped with computers and multimedia projection units. There are laboratories for studying physics, chemistry and biology. In our college there are 5 computer classrooms where students learn to use the Internet to create their first computer programs and projects in different subjects. There is a large and light hall, a sport gym, a training room with sport heavy equipment on the ground floor. On the second floor there is a library with a reading room.

Not far from the college it is a hostel. It is a very comfortable and cosy four-storied building for the students. Opposite the college it is a club with a large Assembly hall for concerts and a canteen where students have a lunch. Today the college provides training in such specialties and professions as a specialist of a car mechanic, forestry and forest park management, a hospitality specialist and a hunting specialist. Training practice takes place in the workshops. There are all kinds of tools and machines in the workshops.

Our students are hardworking. They always take part in different educational programs, quizzes and competitions and therefore achieve good results. Many of them get a scholarship. Experienced teachers help to create a friendly atmosphere for learning. They prepare students for entering the best universities of our country. Studying at the college is a hard work but a real pleasure.

№3. Find the Russian equivalent from the column B to the English words from the column A:

A	B
1) to use	a) цель
2) to find	b) стараться изо всех сил
3) to get	c) мастерская
4) a device	d) ремонтировать
5) to become	e) разный, различный
6) equipment	f) использовать, пользоваться
7) difficult	g) проходить практику
8) aim	h) находить
9) to have practical training	i) прибор, устройство
10) a workshop	j) сложный
11) different	k) оборудование
12) to repair	l) становиться
13) to do one’s best	m) получать

№4. Answer the questions:

1. Where do you study?

2. How old is our college?

3. When was it founded?

4. Is your college old or modern?

5. How many professions are there in the college? What are they?

6. What profession do you study at?

7. Where does training practice take place?

8. What are you going to be?

9. Do you like to study at our college?

№5. Study the material «General questions»

Вопросительные предложения необходимы для получения нужной информации, которая может касаться как самого предмета или действия, так и дополнительных деталей об этом предмете (его характеристика) или действии (время, место, способ его совершения). Именно для всех этих целей существуют следующие 5 типов вопросов в английском языке:

General Question (Общий вопрос)

Special Question (Специальный вопрос)

Who Question (Вопрос к подлежащему)

Alternative question (Альтернативный вопрос)

Tag Question (Разделительный вопрос)

Общий вопрос в английском языке строится с помощью вспомогательного глагола, который может меняться в зависимости от времени и числа. Строятся общие вопросы в английском языке по следующей схеме:

Present Simple: We read a text every lesson. – Do we read a text every lesson?

She gets up early every day. – Does she get up early every day?

He is a student. – Is he a student?

They have a house. – Have they a house?

Kate can write in English. – Can Kate write in English?

Past Simple: Ben wrote an essay yesterday. – Did Ben write an essay yesterday?

They were in Moscow last year. – Were they in Moscow last year?

We had a dog two years ago. – Had we a dog two years ago?

Future Simple: We shall go to Paris next summer. – Shall we go to Paris next summer?

She will read the book tomorrow. – Will she read the book tomorrow?

Present Progressive: I am sleeping right now. – Am I sleeping right now?

He is listening to music now. – Is he listening to music now?

They are playing tennis now. – Are they playing tennis now?

Past Progressive: She was cooking dinner. - Was she cooking dinner?

We were writing the letter. – Were we writing the letter?

Present Perfect: You have seen Jenny today. - Have you seen Jenny today?

He has sent a message already. - Has he sent a message already?

Past Perfect: We had washed the plates. – Had we washed the plates?

№6. Make up general questions in Present Simple:

1. Experienced teachers help to create a friendly atmosphere for learning.

2. There is a large and light hall on the ground floor.

3. His brother has 6 lessons every day.

4. She knows many English words.

5. There are many chairs in the classroom.

6. I am a first-year student of the college now.

7. Sam and Sue have got a bike.

8. The film is boring.

9. Her friend lives in London.

10. Our students are hardworking.

№7. Make up general questions in Past Simple:

1. I went to the cinema yesterday.

2. We were at the hotel yesterday.

3. Helen had a busy day yesterday

4. The ice-cream was too expensive.

5. They lived in China in 1985 year.

6. There were men in the room waiting for you.

№8. Make up general questions in Future Simple:

1. There will be a music festival next month.

2. My friend will start college next year.

3. Larry and Tom will go to the skating-rink in an hour.

4. We shall travel to other countries in future.

5. Mark will go to the swimming-pool next Tuesday.

6. We shall have the History exam in three days.

№9. Make up general questions in Progressive Tense:

1. I'm working hard on my English to get into college.

2. Mike and Fred were repairing the car at 2 p.m. yesterday.

3. We are doing homework now.

4. Helen was carrying heavy bags when Mark saw her.

5. Kevin is sending letters at this moment.

№10. Make up general questions in Perfect Tense:

1. John has lost his key.

2. Your mum had visited many countries.

3. I have seen Peter since Saturday.

4. Kate and Fred had done their homework.

5. They have ever watched this film.

Lesson 2

Features of training by profession or specialty

№1. Read and translate the text:

Every year the number of cars produced is growing, they are becoming more and more affordable, and we can say with confidence: "A car is not a luxury, but just a means of transportation." Therefore, more and more specialists are needed to ensure the smooth operation of our vehicles. That is why the specialty "Maintenance and repair of engines, systems and assemblies of cars" can be called one of the most promising today. The production of automobiles and the complication of mechanisms contributed to the emergence of narrower specialties. Now specialists in this industry are among the most sought after and highly paid. And in many ways, this specialty is very popular among young people who prefer to have a stable job and confidence in the future.

The specialty " Maintenance and repair of engines, systems and assemblies of cars" at Krasnobakovskiy College makes it possible to obtain a specialist qualification, which allows you to work in many areas. Students gain knowledge and skills in the field of organization of production works, maintenance, operation, repair of cars, study the features and basics of body repair, engine repair, chassis, management of a division of the organization, etc.

To be successful as a vehicle maintenance and repair technician, students must have the following professionally important qualities: discipline and responsibility; the ability to plan one's activities; attention to detail; good vision and eye (linear and volumetric); fine muscle and auditory sensitivity; mobility, coordination and accuracy of movements of the hands and fingers; consistency, associativity and objectivity of thinking; well-developed mnemonic abilities.

№2. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false once:

1. Specialists’ task is to organize activities aimed at destroying the forest fund

2. The rules of forest use are regulated by state laws.

3. The demand for the profession of a specialist in forestry and forestry is low.

4. Forest park zones and protected natural areas are of great importance.

5. Our country has some of the smallest forest territories in the world.

№3. Make up general questions:

1. College trains specialists of forestry and forest park management of our country.

2. These specialists are responsible for the development and maintenance of forests.

3. Russia has some of the largest forest territories in the world.

4. Specialists organize the protection and use of forest funds.

№4. Study the material «Alternative questions»:

Альтернативный вопрос в английском языке подразумевает выбор между двумя или более вариантами, в него всегда входит союз or (или). Чтобы построить альтернативный вопрос, надо добавить в общий вопрос слово or и ещё один вариант к подлежащему (или к сказуемому, дополнению, обстоятельству), чтобы получился выбор.

Is he a pupil or a student? - He is a student.

Have you got a cat or a dog? – I have got a cat.

Do they go to Paris or London? – They go to London.

Does she like pears or apples? – She likes apples.

Did they or we learn English? – We learnt English.

Shall I read or listen a book? – I shall listen a book.

Can you open a window or a door? – I can open a door.

№5. Translate the sentences:

1. Он вчера ходил в школу или в кино?

2. Ты видишь мою маму или бабушку?

3. Она спит или нет?

4. Они могут говорить по-немецки или по-французски?

5. Соня приедет в понедельник или пятницу?

6. Он живет в доме или квартире?

7. Аэропорт большой или маленький?

8. Сколько человек в твоей семье – три или четыре?

9. В этом классе находятся студенты или учителя?

10. Ты на ужин ешь мясо или рыбу каждый день?

№6. Answer the questions:

1. Are there two or four teachers in this class?

2. Does your father work in the evening or in the daytime?

3. Which city do you like - Paris or London?

4. Is he good at Science or Mathematics?

5. Is your friend’s job interesting or not?

6. Does Sam drink much milk or water?

7. Is it good for her health or for skin?

8. Is parrot green or yellow?

9. Has John lost or found his key?

№7. Make up alternative questions to the bold words:

1. He is going to read at the weekend. (to ride a bike)

2. I would like a cup of tea. (some juice)

3. His hobby is to ride a horse. (to play football)

4. Jim loves Kelly. (Jane)

5. The water is boiling. (not boil)

6. Kate spoke in a very low (loud)

7. Anne has been teaching us for 5 years. (6 years)

8. The girl is from London. (Paris)

9. We have talked about Rita’s boyfriend for a long time. (Sue)

10. She must look after the baby because her parents are going out tonight. (grandmother)

№8. Make up alternative questions using the information in the sentences:

1. Mike is in the swimming pool (in the kindergarten).

2. Jane has gone to the swimming pool (to the library).

3. He has got a new computer game (a new book).

4. It’s cold (hot).

5. My brother has been to Spain (to Italy).

6. Mr. White is visiting Spain (Germany).

7. Jack has written the exercise (the story).

8. Students are writing the exercise (the translation).

9. My mother has gone to school (to work).

10. Children are at school (at the sportsground).

№9. Continue the alternative questions:

1. Is it raining or …?

2. Will Ann be at home at 11 o’clock or …?

3. Do you work here or …?

4. Can they come tomorrow or …?

5. Has John bought a car or …?

6. Did you come here on bicycle or …?

7. Shall I answer this question or …?

8. Do the children or…wake up at seven o’clock?

9. Are you speaking English or …?

10. Was Tom or …responsible for this work?

№10. Make up as many alternative questions as you can to the sentence:

The students play basketball in the gym every Saturday at 5 p.m.

Lesson 3

Achievements of science

№1. Read the text and translate it:

The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the Universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researches investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unity facts. Scientific theories consist of general principals or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social and technical sciences. As science, knowledge grew and became more complicated. Many new fields of science appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields became less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our life. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the Universe.

№2. Find in the text the English for:

большая область знаний, иметь дело с, отношения между, большое множество, и происхождение Вселенной, решать проблемы, граница между, различать, близко взаимосвязаны, оказывать влияние, сформировать взгляд на.

№3. Find in the text the synonyms for: 

learn, a large number of, look for, decide, difficult problems, try, scientific research, major groups, various.

№4. Match the names with their discoveries and inventions.

1. Gallileo Gallilei	a) paper
2. Isaak Newton	b) thermometer and microscope
3. Alexander Bell	c) low of universal gravity
4. Alexander Popov	d) diesel engine
5. John Logie Baird	e) telephone
6. Rudolf Diesel	f) table of chemical elements
7. Dmitry Mendeleev	g) radio
8. Tsai Lun	h) television
9. Nicolas Cugnot	i) automobile
10. Thomas Edison	j) light bulb

№5.  Ask general and alternative questions to the following sentences:

1. The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”.

2. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts.

3. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural.

4. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts

5. Science has great influence on our life.

№6. Scientific disciplines. They are particular branches of scientific knowledge.

1. Geography 2. History 3. Astronomy 4. Biology 5. Ecology 6. Maths 7. Physics 8. Chemistry 9. Economics 10. Botany

a. the scientific study of the universe and of objects that exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets, and stars. b. the scientific study of the natural processes of living things. c. the scientific study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them. d. the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other. e. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react or combine. f. the scientific study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. g. the scientific study of the system by which a country’s wealth is made and used. h. the scientific study of plants. i. the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. j. the scientific study of past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country, or subject

№7. Study the material «Wh-questions»

Специальный вопрос (special question, wh-question) — это вопрос для выяснения конкретной информации. Например: Where do you study? When is he getting up? 

Отличительной чертой специальных вопросов в английском является обязательное наличие вопросительных слов:

What? - что?, Where? - где?, When? - когда?, Why? - почему?, Who? - кто?,

Which? - который?, Whose? - чей?, Whom? - кого?, How? - как?

Структура специальных вопросов практически такая же, как у общих. Отличается она лишь тем, что в начале предложения нужно добавить вопросительное местоимение или словосочетание. Общая схема построения специального вопроса в английском: Вопросительное слово + вспомогательный глагол + подлежащее + сказуемое + остальные члены предложения.

Вопрос к подлежащему (who/what question) — задается, чтобы узнать, кто или что выполняет определенное действие. В них также используются вопросительные местоимения, но только два: «who» («кто») и «what» («что»). Порядок слов совпадает с утвердительными конструкциями. Например: Who studied at college? What is on the table?

Example: Specialists organize the protection and use of forest funds. - Who organizes the protection and use of forest funds? – What do specialists do? -

John can catch a taxi for me now.  – Who can catch a taxi for me? – What can John do for me? – When can John catch a taxi for me?

№8. Подберите вопросительное слово, подходящее по смыслу:

1. … were you born?

2. … pens did you buy?

3. … time is it?

4. … are you from?

5. … do you like the white T-shirt, not the red one?

№9. Задайте специальный вопрос с использованием вопросительного слова, указанного в скобках:

1. Fred usually drives carefully. (who)

2. This computer game has four levels. (how many)

3. They danced till the morning. (how long)

4. I am in his house now. (whose)

5. I will become a millionaire. (in what way)

№10. Поставить вопросы к выделенным словам

1. The movie is 3 hours long.

2. We play tennis on Tuesdays and Fridays.

3. My new car costs a fortune!

4. There are six boys in our class.

5. Her kitchen is 8 square metres.

6. That box is 10 kg.

7. The concert will begin in a few minutes.

8. I need some milk for the cake.

9. They went to Scotland by train.

10. I have known Jill for five years.

Lesson 4

Industry exhibitions

№1. Read, translate the text and answer the questions:

There are two types of fairs and exhibitions: specialized, showing of one or several industries, and general, covering many different fields. A fair or an exhibition is always an event which attract serious businessman and the general public. At many exhibitions there are stands and stalls selling all kinds of goods. The businessman can get acquainted of the new goods, establish business contacts, sign a contract for the purchase. The themes and mottoes of the exhibitions are different but the keynote remains: it is peace and progress all over the world through trade and cooperation.

Very many national and international specialized exhibitions are held every year in different countries of our world. From year to year the number of companies and countries participating in such exhibitions is growing. The scope of exhibitions is also getting larger. The present exhibitions include a wide range of showpieces showing the important achievements in different fields of science, industry and agriculture of different countries.

1. What role do the specialized exhibitions play?

2. What can you see on the specialized exhibitions?

№2. Read the dialogue and answer the questions:

- The exhibition will open in three months. It’s time to start a pre-exhibition publicity campaign, isn’t it?

- Placing advertisement in the press?

- Not only that. We want to advertise on the radio, television and hoardings.

- That may be very expensive.

- We are sure the expense will be worth it.

- I’ll do all arrangements, buy space in business publications and time on radio and television. We can begin distributing advertising literature.

- We’ve prepared colourful advertising literature for the exhibition.

- Good. I hope we haven’t forgotten anything?

- Oh, yes, another thing. Would you arrange for photographers and journalists to take pictures and give a good write-up of the exhibition?

- OK. Good-bye.

1. In what way did the Organizing Committee want pre-exhibition publicity campaign to be arranged?

2. Do businessmen object spending money on advertising?

3. What kind of proposals did the Organizing Committee come up with?

4. Why did the representatives of the Organizing Committee decide to invite photographers and journalists?

№3. Make up 3 general questions, 3 alternative questions and 3 special questions to the text “Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851”

The Great Exhibition of 1851was held in London inside an enormous structure of iron and glass known as the Crystal Palace. In five months, from May to October 1851, six million visitors thronged the gigantic trade show, marveling over the latest technology as well as displays of artifacts from around the world.

The stunning display of inventions, works of art, and objects collected in distant lands was something of a precursor of a World's Fair. In fact, some newspapers referred to it as such. And it had a definite purpose: the rulers of Britain intended to show the world that technology was bringing uplifting changes to society and Britain was leading the race into the future.

The idea of the Great Exhibition originated with Henry Cole, an artist, and inventor. But the man who ensured the event happened in spectacular fashion was Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria.

Albert recognized the value of organizing a massive trade show that would place Britain at the forefront of technology by displaying its latest inventions, everything from massive steam engines to the latest cameras. Other nations were invited to participate, and the official name of the show was The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.

№4. Study the material «Tag-questions»

В разговорной речи нам иногда приходится переспрашивать собеседника, уточнять информацию или выражать сомнение. Когда мы знаем, о чем речь, но нам необходимо подтверждение, мы используем форму разделительного вопроса в английском языке (tags questions).

Разделительные вопросы имеют несколько названий. Вы можете встретить следующие варианты названия этого типа вопросов:

Разделительный вопрос – Disjunctive question;

Вопрос с хвостиком – Tag question или Tail question

Разделительный вопрос называется так, потому что состоит из двух частей, разделенных запятой: основной части и «хвостика». Если первая часть утвердительная, то хвостик будет содержать отрицание. Если же первая часть содержит отрицание, то хвостик, наоборот, будет утвердительным.

«Хвостик» в таких вопросах состоит из двух частей: вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола или глагола to be (зависит от того, что было использовано в первой части); действующего лица, используемого в основной части, выраженного местоимением.

Mike is a student, isn’t he?

Nancy hasn’t a car, has she?

There are many books in library. aren’t there?

We study at college, don’t we? (Present Simple, вспомогательный глагол – do)

Ben lives in Semyenov, doesn’t he? (Present Simple, вспомогательный глагол – does)

They are reading a book now, aren’t they?

Kate and Fred haven’t bought a flat, have they?

№5. Continue Tag-question in the Present:

1. He should go, …?

2. It is the most interesting book, …?

3. Ben and Helen can’t see him, …?

4. There are no toy shops in this street, …?

5. The cats are lazy, … ?

6. The apple was tastier than the banana, …?

7. Your friends can’t come on Sunday, …?

8. We can speak English, …?

9. They can’t go now, …?

10. You are not silly, … ?

№6. Continue Tag-question in the Past:

1. Bill was in the country, … ?

2. Helen went to the country, … ?

3. His father didn’t go to the country, … ?

4. Mary wasn’t in the country, … ?

5. His parents were on holiday, … ?

6. Her friends spent a month in the country, … ?

7. Her grandparents didn’t like to live in the village, …?

8. It was cold yesterday, …?

9. The boys could play the game, … ?

10. The students met Mr Smith on Sunday, …?

№7. Make up Tag-questions:

1. You are busy now.

2. Sally hasn’t had lunch. 

3. There aren’t many people in the library now.

4. He couldn’t go there.

5. You haven’t heard from him for a long time.

6. She knows you.  

7. Sam will be back early today.

8. Granny spent a lot of time on it.

9. There is no chair in the room.

10. Alan was looking for a new job.

№8. Add tags to make Tag-questions:

1. Tigers are dangerous animals, 2. They have a wonderful garden, 3. He bought an expensive TV-set, 4. You have a terrible toothache, 5. She has read an interesting book, 6. We gave all possible answers, 7. I asked a foolish question, 8. It will be a useful exercise, 9. His speech was boring,

didn't I? haven't you? aren't they? haven't they? hasn't she? didn't we? didn't he? wasn't it? won't it?

Lesson 5

Technologies in professional activity

№1. Read and translate the text „The early days of the automobile”:

O ne of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met the great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876. He introduced the four-stroke cycle of operations.

In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tires, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines. The motor-cycles steadily increased in popularity as engines and tires became more reliable and roads improved. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine-cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.

From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.

№2. Write true or false for each of the sentences below, according to the information given. Correct false sentences:

1. The steam engine was invented in 1765 by James Watt.

2. After the abolition of the Red Flag Act motoring started in Great Britain.

3. A procession of motor - cars which took place in 1896 showed how reliable the new cars were.

4. The first cheap motor - car became very popular due to Henry Ford.

5. Buses were appeared in London in 1920.

6. Many inventors from different countries contributed to the creation of a car.

7. At the end of the 19^th century there were no repair or filling stations to serve cars.

8. With the invention of the steam engine the problem of engine efficiency was solved.

№3. Translate the words:

vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven engine, wheels, passengers, motor cars, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.

№4. Read about automobiles. Choose the right ending of the sentences:

1. The progress of motor – cars	a) came into use
2. Many of the cars broke for the transmissions	b) could quickly be started and stopped.
3. Multi-cylinder engines	c) were very small, two-seated cars with no roof.
4. The most famous of these acts	d) met the great opposition in Great Britain.
5. Cugnot built a steam-driven engine which	e) was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine.
6. There was a great need for the engine that	f) was the Red Flag Act of 1865.
7. The problem of a more efficient engine	g) still unreliable and constantly gave trouble.
8. The cars of that time	h) ran at maximum speed of four miles

№5. Write 4 forms of the verbs:

Example: give – gave – given – giving – давать;

increase – increased – increased – increasing

use, drive, build, construct, have, become, suggest, run, be, carry, make, break.

№6. Open the brackets using Passive Voice. Translate the sentences:

1. Photographs of his cars … (to use) for films and advertisements.

2. The first self-propelled vehicle … (to construct) by the French military engineer Cugnot.

3. Constant efforts … (to make) to standardize common components.

4. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power … (to suggest) by Isaac Newton.

5. The first practical internal combustion engine … (to introduce) in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto.

№7. Translate into English:

1) Подача пара продолжалась всего 15 минут, и карете приходилось останавливаться каждые 100 ярдов, чтобы выпустить больше пара.

2) В 1825 году была построена паровая машина в Великобритании.

3) Эта проблема была решена с изобретением двигателя внутреннего сгорания.

4) Паровой двигатель был изобретен в 1765 году Джеймсом Уаттом.

5) До 1860 года большинство дорожных транспортных средств приводилось в действие паровыми двигателями.

№8. Write out 10 plural nouns, translate them

Example: attempts – попытки

№9. Write the dates in words and write the facts of the dates:

1896, 1763, 1908, 1825, 1924, 1865, 1960. 1876

Lesson 6

Modern computer technologies in industry

№1. Read and translate the text:

Computers have changed everyone’s life. Several years ago, people haven’t even known anything about these electronic devices, whereas nowadays even a small child can operate this machine. Almost all modern technologies depend on computers which are used for data storage: files, secret information, and else. Computers of different types and sizes are used by modern society.

Many people find computers dangerous. Some parents worry about computer games because they think their children won’t be able to communicate with real people in the real world. On the other hand, computers are very fast, and they seldom make mistakes. They save lots of time, and, besides, all the necessary information can be found on Internet. So, instead of going to the library or other institutions, we can simply use the World Wide Web.

Computers have an effect on almost everything you do. When you buy groceries at a supermarket, a computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present a total. Barcoding items (clothes, food and books) require a computer to generate the barcode label and maintain the inventory. Most television advertisements and many films use graphics produced by a computer. In hospitals, besides terminals connected to the hospital’s main computer allow doctors to type in orders for blood test and to schedule operations. Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money. In libraries and bookshops, computers can help you to find the book you want as quickly as possible. Computers have become the most useful tool in everyone’s homes nowadays, and they have certainly changed our life for the better.

№2. Answer the questions:

1. What has changed people’s life?

2. Why do all modern technologies depend on computers?

3. Why do many people find computers dangerous?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of computers?

5. Do you use computer in your life?

6. For what do you use computer?

7. Can computer be dangerous?

№3. Translate into English:

1. Сейчас даже ребенок может работать на этой машине.

2. Многие люди считают компьютеры опасными.

3. С другой стороны.

4. Компьютеры работают быстро.

5. Вместо того чтобы идти в библиотеку.

6. Компьютеры стали самым полезным инструментом в каждом доме.

7. Изменять нашу жизнь к лучшему.

№4. Choose the right variant. Write and translate the sentences:

1. Several years ago, people haven’t even known anything about …

a) computers

b) printers

c) modern technologies

2. With the help of computer, people can …

a) only communicate

b) use it for data storage: files, secret information, and else

c) do nothing

3. Many people find computers …

a) dangerous

b) important

c) useless

4. Computers are very …

a) good

b) clever

c) fast

5, Instead of going to the library, we can …

a) seat at home

b) use the Internet

c) watch TV

6. Computers have changed our life …

a) for the worse

b) for nothing

c) for the better

№5. Match the word with its translation:

1. to change a. зависеть от

2. device b. современное общество

3. to depend on c. электронное устройство

4. dangerous d. экономить

5. to make mistakes e. изменять

6. to worry f. хранение информации

7. to save g. беспокоиться

8. real world h. устройство

9. electronic device i. машина

10. machine j. общаться

11. data storage k. реальный мир

12. modern society l. опасный

13. to communicate m. делать ошибки

№6. Study the material “Prepositions”

Предлоги в английском языке являются служебной частью речи. Они отражают временные, пространственные, причинные или иные виды отношений между двумя значимыми словами. 

В английском языке выделяют 4 большие группы предлогов:

1. Предлоги места. Они обозначают положение и нахождение предмета/человека в пространстве. Обычно такие предлоги отвечают на вопрос «где?»: above – выше; below – ниже; before - перед, у; behind - за, позади; under - под (чем-то); between – между; among – среди; near, by, beside - около, возле, у; outside - снаружи, за; in front of – перед; opposite – напротив; at – в; in – в; on – на.

2. Предлоги направления. Они используются, чтобы показать направление движения какого-либо предмета или человека. Основные предлоги этой группы: across - через (с одной стороны на другую); along – вдоль; round - вокруг; away from - от, прочь от; back to - обратно к; down - вниз по; into - внутрь, в; out of – из; over - по, над; past – мимо; through - сквозь, через; to – к; towards - по направлению к; up – вверх.

3. Предлоги времени. Они нужны нам, чтобы указать время, когда что-то произошло/происходит/будет происходить. В английском языке есть следующие предлоги времени: at – в; in – в; on – в; from .. to - с какого-то времени до; for - в течение какого-то времени; over - за, в течение; since - с тех пор, от какого-то времени; during - в течение; (un)till - до тех пор; before – до; after – после; by - к какому-то моменту; within - не позднее, чем; в течение; up to – до.

4. Предлоги причины. Они нужны нам, чтобы сказать, почему или для чего произошло какое-либо действие. Основные предлоги причины и цели в английском языке: because of – потому что; in accordance with – согласно, в соответствии с; on account of – вследствие, из-за; thanks to – благодаря; from – от; of – от, из-за; for – для, из-за; through – благодаря, из-за; due to – из-за.

№7. Choose the right preposition and translate the sentences:

1. The clock hangs on the wall, … the table. (above/under/on)

2. He has played Hamlet … the stage many times. (on/in/next to)

3. The bank is … the post-office and the beauty salon. (behind/at/between)

4. The ball has rolled … the bed. (on/under/above)

5. Bob and Jane were sitting in the café … each other. (between/behind/in front of)

6. The gym is … my college. (next to/on/between)

7. The monument is … the right. (in/at/on)

8. The office address is … the top of the page. (in/at/above)

9. He spends all his life … work. (in/at/on)

10. The kettle is boiling … the kitchen. (in/at/on)

№8. Choose the right preposition and translate the sentences:

1. The spider is crawling ... (along/past) the floor.

2. It’s so hot in here. Let me get ... (into/out of) the room.

3. Put your laptop ... (toward/onto) the table.

4. You should walk ... (around/through) the corner and you’ll see the pharmacy.

5. My ball rolled ... (up/down) the hill and fell into the lake.

6. The lorry is moving ... (onto/along) the road.

7. The plane is going ... (through/onto) the clouds.

8. Sammy is trying to throw his cap ... (past/onto) the garage roof.

9. Nick and Dave jumped ... (into/down) the swimming pool.

10. The horse jumped ... (over/across) the barrier.

№9. Insert the prepositions: on, in, at

1. Where were you … September 22^nd?

2. Mike is taking his driving test … five o’clock.

3. Liz is coming … three days.

4. She rests … weekends but works hard from Monday till Friday.

5. Good bye! See you … Monday.

6. It's nice to be here … such a lovely day.

7. My father is a doctor. He often comes home late … night.

8. She came to London … the end of August … 1972.

9. The leaves on the trees turn brown … autumn.

10. The English examination is … July.

№10. Translate the sentences using prepositions of cause and purpose:

1. Все, кроме Джимми, могут идти домой.

2. Наш рейс не задержали, несмотря на возможный туман.

3. Мы не могли покинуть город из-за сложных обстоятельств.

4. Её настроение меняется в соответствии с погодой.

5. Все пошли в театр за исключением Скотта и Дэна.

6. Она хочет изучать другие языки помимо английского и французского.

Lesson 7

Technical progress

№1. Read and translate the text:

"Automation" is a new word for a new purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly. Recent steps in automation have followed each other with unusual speed. They want to know how this has happened. Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization – transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly. Machines of this kind are automatic in that they do the actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong – when, for instance, tools wear out.

But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

№2. Match the phrases and translate them into Russian:

automatic, transfer, mechanical, machines, equipment, means.

№3. Find equivalents in English in the text:

новая цель, улучшение в управлении, химическая и нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность, готовая продукция, качество продукции.

№4. Answer the following questions:

1. What is automation?

2. What industries have become very nearly automatic?

3. What is the difference between "automation" and "automatic control"?

4. What is the purpose of automatic control?

5. Where are electronic computers employed?

№5. Study the material “If-clause”:

Условное наклонение в английском языке используют, чтобы показать связь между двумя событиями, т.е. обусловленность одного события другим. У условных предложений могут быть значения: предостеречь, объяснить, выразить сожаление или радость.

Условные предложения в английском языке (Conditionals) состоят из двух частей: главное предложение (main clause или result clause); придаточное условия (conditional clause или if clause). Придаточное предложение (if clause) содержит условие. А в главном предложении (main clause) содержится следствие — что произойдет (или произошло бы), если условие будет выполнено.

Conditionals	If-clause	main clause
zero conditional (для констатации общеизвестных истин, научных фактов, правил, законов)	Present Simple If we study hard, Если мы учимся усердно,	Present Simple we always pass our exams. мы всегда сдаём наши экзамены.
1st conditional (для описания вероятных событий в будущем)	Present Simple If I study hard, Если я буду учиться усердно,	will + V1 I will pass my exams. я сдам мои экзамены.
2nd conditional (для маловероятных или нереальных событий в настоящем и будущем)	Past Simple If he studied hard, Если бы он учился усердно,	would + V1 he would pass his exams. он бы сдал его экзамены.
3rd conditional (события, которые могли бы произойти в прошлом, но не произошли)	Past Perfect If they had studied hard, Если бы они учились усердно	would have + V3 they would have passed their exams. они сдали бы экзамены.

№6. Put the verb in the brackets in the correct tense to form Zero Conditional:

1. If you … (to drive) along the river bank it … (to be) twenty miles out of your way.

2. If you … (to take) your mobile phone into class, it … (must) be turned off.

3. We … (not use) calculators when we … (write) tests.

4. If you … (to push) this button, the volume … (to increase).

5. If you … (to close) the door, it … (to lock) automatically.

№7. Put the verb in the brackets in the correct tense to form the First Conditional:

1) If he … (practice) every day, he … (become) a champion.

2) She … (help) us if we … (ask).

3) If they … (have) enough money, they … (open) a restaurant next year.

4) I … (not talk) to you anymore if you … (insult) me.

5) If Bob … (not keep) his word, Anna … (be angry) with him.

№8. Put the verb in the brackets in the correct tense to form the Second Conditional:

1. If you (drive) … more carefully, you (not have) … so many accidents.

2. If he (get up) … earlier, he (get) … to work on time.

3. If we (have) … more time, I (can/tell) …you more about it.

4. If you (sell) … more products, you (have) … more money.

5. His car (be) … a lot safer if he (buy) … some new tyres.

№9. Put the verb in the brackets in the correct tense to form the Third Conditional:

1. If you (ask) … me for the tickets, I (get) … you some.

2. If we (be born) … a year earlier, I (not have) … to do military service.

3. I (not marry) … if I (know) … what was like.

4. If I (go) … to university, I (get) … a better job.

5. If we (get) … to the cinema earlier, we (not miss) … the start of the film. stripper