ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ СМОЛЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ,
НАУКЕ И ДЕЛАМ МОЛОДЕЖИ
Сафоновский филиал областного государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения
«Смоленская академия профессионального образования»
(Сафоновский филиал ОГБПОУ СмолАПО)
Цикловая комиссия общеобразовательных дисциплин
Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку
«Сборник текстов и заданий для самостоятельной работы студентов
1-2 курсов специальности
09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы»
Сафоново
2015
| Рассмотрено на заседании цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин Протокол № от «__»___________201_ г. Председатель ЦК_________/___________/
Составитель ________ /преподаватель Сафоновского филиала ОГБПОУ СмолАПО/
Рецензент__________ (И.В. Кладко) /преподаватель Сафоновского филиала ОГБПОУ СмолАПО/
Рецензент:_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
| | ОДОБРЕНО | | Методическим советом | | Протокол № ___ | | от «____»____________ 201 г. |
. |
Пояснительная записка
Основной целью учебного пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению профильно-ориентированной литературы с разными задачами, развитие навыков говорения по профессиональной тематике, формирование коммуникативных умений в пределах изучаемой темы, навыков перевода как вида речевой деятельности, а также обучение работе с текстом как видом письменного высказывания.
Учебно-методическое пособие содержит профессионально ориентированные тексты. Материал заимствован из учебников и первоисточников на английском языке. Отбор учебного материала определила ориентация на будущую специальность студентов. Работа с текстами предусматривает овладение определенными лексическими и практическими навыками, а также развитие умений и навыков в различных видах речевой деятельности. Каждый текст сопровождается лексико-грамматическими упражнениями к нему, которые предлагают возможности для практики, позволяют студентам приобрести необходимый профильный лексический минимум, способствующий практическому овладению языком на основе прочитанного текста. Учебный материал расположен по возрастающей степени сложности.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-2 курса специальности 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы. Данное пособие может использоваться как для аудиторной, так и внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов.
Содержание
Unit 1 “The first calculating devices”………………………………………….5-7
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Text 1……………………………………………………………………………………………5-6
Tasks…………………………………………………………………………………………….6-7
Unit 2 “The first computers”…………………………………………………8-10
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Text 2……………………………………………………………………………………………8-9
Tasks…………………………………………………………………………………………...9-10
Unit 3 “What is a computer?”……………………………………………….11-13
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………11
Text 3…………………………………………………………………………………………11-12
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….12-13
Unit 4 “Types of computer systems”………………………………………..14-16
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………14
Text 4…………………………………………………………………………………………14-15
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….15-16
Unit 5 “What is hardware?”………………………………………………...17-20
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………17
Text 5…………………………………………………………………………………………17-19
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….19-20
Unit 6 “Input devices: type, click and talk!”……………………………21-23
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………21
Text 6…………………………………………………………………………………………21-22
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….22-23
Unit 7 “Input devices: the eyes of your PC”…………………………….24-26
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………24
Text 7…………………………………………………………………………………………24-25
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….25-26
Unit 8 “Output devices: printers”…………………………………………..27-29
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………27
Text 8…………………………………………………………………………………………27-28
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….28-29
Unit 9 “Output devices: display screens”…………………………………...30-32
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………30
Text 9…………………………………………………………………………………………30-31
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….31-32
Unit 10 “Types of data”……………………………………………………...33-35
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………33
Text 10………………………………………………………………………………………..33-34
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….34-35
Unit 11 “Types of Software”………………………………………………...36-39
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………36
Text 11………………………………………………………………………………………..36-37
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….37-39
Unit 12 “Operating systems”………………………………………………...40-43
Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………40
Text 12………………………………………………………………………………………..40-41
Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….41-43
Unit 1 The first calculating devices
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
calculating device
multiple
abacus
slide rule
logarithm table
calculus
general-purpose
to cut out the human being altogether
to manipulate
data processing
tabulate the census
means of coding
to punch the holes
punched card
to perform
unit of data
Keyboard terminals
proliferation
2. Read and translate the text. Choose the information in it to give a summary of the text.
Text 1 The first calculating devices
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibniz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.
By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
In the mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the
proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the future.
Tasks
Task 1. Look back in the text and answer the following question:
1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibniz contribute to the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the main idea of Ch.Babbage's machine? 8. How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of coding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical machines called and why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What new had the computers of 1970s?
Task 2. Find the English equivalents in the text.
Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал.
Task 3. Remember the meaning of the given verbs. Use your dictionary.
To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.
Task 4. Translate the following word combinations including:
A: Participle I
Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
B: Participle II
The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.
Unit 2 The first computers
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
analog computer
digital computer
to aim guns
to figure out
at a fast rate
memory / storage
to store data and instructions
stored program computer
binary code
condition
vacuum tube
to amplify
to perform computations
2. Read and translate the text. Give the summary obit.
Text 2 The first computers
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes. Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the questions about the text.
1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann's contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What does binary code earn? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?
Task 2. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in
the text.
Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды.
Происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления.
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct words.
1. The first digital computer could a lot of mathematical problems at a fast________. 2. Vannevar Bush built the first _________ computer in 1930. 3. Babbage's analytical engine was designed to _____________ data. 4. J. von Neumann invented a machine that was able to ____________ not only data but also _______________ . 5. Neumann _______ the idea of storing data in a __________. 6. Computers use two conditions for ___________ symbols. 7. The invention of ___________ made computers possible to control and ___________ electronic signals. 8. Due to ___________ computers could perform ___________ much faster.
Task 4. Translate the following sentences and word combinations into Russian including:
A: The infinitive in function of adverbial modifiers.
1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computational time. 4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.
B: The infinitive in function of attributes
The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors; operations to be performed.
Unit 3 What is a computer?
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
device
intelligence
hardware
software
processing
procedures
perform
manner
various
purpose
to convert
data
to store
digital
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 3 What is a computer?
Computer is a device for processing information. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements:
a) Hardware
b) Software
c) Procedures
d) Data/information
Software are the programs that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what to do. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.
Computers
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program (a set of instructions) and then carry out this program by calculating numerical information. The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.
Personal computers
Personal computers also called microcomputers or home computer. The most compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on build-in batteries. Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for example) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music. Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information. Personal computers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics: the integrated circuit, or IC, which was developed in 1959 and the microprocessor that first appeared in 1971. The IC permitted the miniaturization of computer-memory circuits, and the microprocessor reduced the size of a computer’s CPU to the size of a single silicon chip. Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system was designed and developed in 1974.
In 1981, IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every business. The PC’s use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardization of the industry.
In the mid – 1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.
Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX, OS/2 an Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the user to select icons – graphic symbols of computer functions – from a display screen instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their personal computers.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1) What does the term “computer” describe?
2) Is computer intelligent?
3) What are four components of computer system?
4) What is software?
5) What’s the difference between the hardware and software?
6) In what way terms “data” and “information” differ?
7) How does computer convert data into information?
Task 2. Find Russian equivalents for the following words:
Computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphone, printer, modem, Internet.
Task 3. Here are some sentences. Are they true or false? Correct the false
sentences:
1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to aselectronic device.
2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.
3) There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data.
4) Without software instructions hardware doesn’t know what to do.
5) The software is the most important component because it is made by people.
6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.
Unit 4 Types of computer systems
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
mainframe
process
store
simultaneous process
server
network
desktop PC
monitor
keyboard
laptop
memory capacity
portable
touchpad
sensitive
USB (Universal Serial Bus) port
memory card
battery pack
electrical outlet
tablet PC
editable text
voice recognition
personal digital assistant
access the Internet
wearable computer
wireless modem
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 4 From mainframes to wearable computers
A mainframe is the most powerful type of computer. It can process and store large amounts of data. It supports multiple users at the same rime and can support more simultaneous processes than a PC. The central system is a large server connected to hundreds of terminals over a network. Mainframes are used for large-scale computing purposes in banks, big companies and universities.
A desktop PC lias its own processing unit (or CPU), monitor and keyboard. Ir is used as a personal computer in the home or as a workstation tor group work. Typical examples arc the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh. It’s designed to be placed on your desk. Some models have a vertical case called a tower.
A laptop (also called a notebook PC) is a lightweight computer that you can transport easily. It can work as fast as a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity, and disk drives, but it is portable and has a smaller screen. Modern notebooks have a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) screen that produces very sharp images. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into rhe keyboard - a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen. They offer a lot of connectivity options: USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports for connecting peripherals, slots for memory cards, etc. They come with battery packs, which let you use the computer when there arc no electrical outlets available.
A tablet PC looks like a book, with an LCD screen on which you can write using a special digital pen. You can fold and rotate the screen ISO degrees. Your handwriting can be recognized and converted into editable text. You can also type at the detached keyboard or use voice recognition. It’s mobile and versatile.
A personal digital assistant or PDA is a tiny computer which can be held in one hand. The term PDA refers to a wide variety of handheld devices, palmtops and pocket PCs. For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus - a special pen used with a touch screen to select items, draw pictures, etc. Some models incorporate handwriting recognition, which enables a PDA to recognize characters written by hand. Some PDAs recognize spoken words by using voice recognition software. They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. They also let you access the Internet via wireless technology, without cables.
A wearable computer runs on batteries and is worn on the user’s body, e.g. on a belt, backpack or vest; it is designed for mobile or hands-free operation. Some devices are equipped with a wireless modem, a small keyboard and a screen; others are voice-activated and can access email or voice mail.
Tasks
Task 1. Look at the descriptions. Which type of computer do they refer to?
1) a hand-held computer which can be used as a telephone, a web explorer and a personal organizer;
2) a typical computer found ill many businesses and popular for home use;
3) a large computer used for intensive data processing and often linked to many terminals;
4) a small computer that fits into items of clothing;
5) a portable computer that can be closed up like a briefcase, but it can be as powerful as a desktop PC;
6) a full-function PC though it only weighs 1.2 kg - you can go to a meeting and write your notes on it, like a paper notepad; its screen mode can be changed from portrait to landscape.
Task 2. Look at the computer advertisement and answer the questions.
Toshiba Satellite
- Intel Centrino processor
- 1,024 MB RAM, 100 GB hard disk drive
- DVD SuperMulti (+/-R double layer) drive
- 15.4" widescreen TFT active-matrix LCD display
- 85-key keyboard and touchpad
- 2 memory slots, 1 PC Card or PCMCIA slot
- Wireless communications: Wi-Fi compliancy and Bluetooth
- 4 USB ports for connecting peripherals: digital camera, MP3 player, modem, etc.
- 6-cell rechargeable Lithium-ion battery pack.
1. What type of computer is advertised?
2. What kind of screen does it have?
3. Which pointing device replaces rhe mouse?
4. What type of ports does it have for connecting cameras and music players?
5. What sort of power supply does it use?
Task 3. Read this interview with Adam Hawkins, an IT manager, and complete it with words from the PDA section of text 4.
Interviewer: What are the basic features of a PDA?
Adam: Well, a typical PDA is a (1)_______________ device that runs on batteries and combines computing, phone and Net capabilities.
Interviewer: And how do you enter information?
Adam: For input, you use a (2)__________________ or pen to write and make
selections on a (3)_________________; they also have buttons for launching programs. Some models have a small keyboard. They may have a (4)___________________system that reacts to the user’s voice.
Interviewer: Do they need special software?
Adam: Yes, most of them run on Windows Mobile. Palmtops supported by Palm
Inc. use Palm OS. Pen-based systems include (5) ____________________so you write on the screen and the computer recognizes your handwriting and inserts the appropriate letters.
Interviewer: What sort of things can you do with a PDA?
Adam: You can store personal information, take notes, draw diagrams and make
calculations. Many PDAs can access the Net via (6)____________________technology.
Task 4. Answer the questions.
1. Write down two benefits and two limitations of PDAs.
2. Explain how laptops can be beneficial to business people.
3. Write three examples of how tablet PCs can be used in the classroom.
Unit 5 What is hardware?
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
input hardware
to convert
suitable
mouse
to roll
to reach
cursor
processing hardware
execution
to direct
central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor
brain
to interpret
RAM
ROM
storage hardware
to retrieve
hard disk
CD-ROM
CD-ROM drives
digitized
graphics
temporary
output hardware
purpose
to connect
to provide
to affect
amount
2. Read and translate the text. Give the summary of the text using the professional vocabulary:
Text 5 What is hardware?
Webster’s dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware – the devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
1) input hardware
2) processing hardware
3) storage hardware
4) output hardware
Input hardware
Input hardware collects data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a handheld device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moved across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer.
Processing hardware
Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing. Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. These are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs.
ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-Rom. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. Floppy disk (diskette) – a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. These are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25’ and 3.5’. 3.5’ disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) is a compact disk on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CDROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CDROM drives can provide nowadays.
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provided the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy of softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data of graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware – an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1) What is the Webster’s dictionary definition of the hardware?
2) What groups of hardware exist?
3) What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?
4) What is the mouse designed for?
5) What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
6) What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?
7) What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?
Task 2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:
1) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.
2) Scanner is used to input graphics only.
3) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.
4) User is unable to change the convents of ROM.
5) Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.
6) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.
7) The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.
Task 3. Match the given words with their definitions from the text :
1) CPU
2) ROM
3) Floppy-disk
4) CD-ROM
5) Printer
6) Modem
7) Hard disk
8) Keyboard
Task 4. Choose the words mean “Hardware”:
1) program
2) mouse
3) CPU
4) printer
5) modem
6) instruction
7) cursor or the pointer
8) keyboard
9) symbol
Task 5. Read and translate the text:
Windows 98
Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It’s very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them. Windows 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files.
Vocabulary:
expanding windows principle – принцип расширяющихся окон
icon – иконки
represent – представлять
to interact – взаимодействовать
weapon – оружие
recycle bin – корзина
to recover – восстановить
deleted files – удаленные файлы
to crash – зависать, давать сбои
plug-and-play – подключай и работай
upgrade – апгрейд (увеличение возможностей компьютера)
support – поддержка
necessity – необходимость
to move forward – двигаться вперед
shortcut capability – возможность нахождения кратчайшего пути
frequently – часто
Unit 6 Input devices: type, click and talk!
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
input devices
alphanumeric keys
numeric keypad
function keys
cursor keys
insertion point
dedicated keys
to issue commands
select items on the screen
button
scroll wheel
an optical mouse
a cordless (wireless) mouse
infrared signal
click, press and release the button
drag, hold down the button
a list of commands
word processor
email program
launch programs
open, save or print files
search the Web
chat
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 6 Interacting with your computer
Input devices are the pieces of hardware which allow us to enter information into the computer.
The keyboard
A standard PC keyboard has various groups of keys:
- Alphanumeric keys - these represent letters and numbers, arranged as on a typewriter.
- A numeric keypad appears to the right of the main keyboard and contains numeric and editing keys; the Num Lock key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions.
- Function keys appear at the top of the keyboard and can be programmed to do special jobs.
- Cursor keys include “arrow keys” which move the insertion point, and keys such as Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down, which let you move around documents.
- Dedicated keys are used to issue commands or produce alternative characters. For example: Ctrl changes the functions of other keys (e.g. Ctrl + X cuts the selected text). Caps Lock sets the keyboard in “CAPITALS” mode; it only affects letters. Enter (or Return) is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. Backspace deletes the character to the left of your current position.
The mouse
A mouse is a hand-held device that lets you move a pointer (or cursor) and select items on the screen. It has one or more buttons to communicate with the PC. A scroll wheel lets you move through your documents or web pages. The pointer looks like an I-bar, an arrow or a pointing hand.
An optical mouse has an optical sensor instead of a ball underneath.
A cordless (wireless) mouse has no cable; it sends data via infrared signals or radio waves. Mouse actions:
- to click, press and release the left button.
- to double-click, press and release the left button twice.
- to drag, hold down the button, move the pointer to a new place and then release the burton.
- to right-click, press and release the right button; this action displays a list of commands.
Voice input
Today you can also interact with your computer by voice with a voice-recognition system that converts voice into text, so you can dictate text directly onto your word processor or email program. You can also control your PC with voice commands; this means you can launch programs, open, save or print files. Some systems let you search the Web or chat using your voice instead of the keyboard.
Tasks
Task 1. Which input device would you use for these tasks?
1) to play computer games;
2) to copy images from paper into a computer;
3) to read price labels in a shop;
4) to select text and click on links on web pages;
5) to enter drawings and sketches into a computer;
6) to input voice commands and dictate text;
7) to draw pictures or select menu options directly on the screen to take and store pictures and then download them to a computer.
Task 2. Complete each sentence by choosing from the following devices: touch screen, trackball, touchpad, webcam.
1. A ______________is a stationary device that works like a mouse turned upside down. You roll the ball with your hand to move the pointer on the screen.
2. Interactive _________________ are used in museums, information centres and Internet kiosks.You use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.
3. A _______________ is used to send live video images via the Internet.
4. A _______________ is found on notebook PCs. You use it by pressing the sensitive pad with a finger.
Task 3. Complete these sentences with the correct “mouse action”.
1) To start a program or open a document you _________________ on its icon - that is, you rapidly press and release the mouse button twice.
2) If you want to select a menu option, you just _______________ on the left button.
3) If you want to find the commands for a particular text, image, etc., you have to __________________ on it.
4) If you want to move an object, press the button and ________________ the object to the desired location.
Task 4. Make a list of the things you can do with a voice-recognition system.
Unit 7 Input devices: the eyes of your PC
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
to capture
to copy images
convert into electronic codes
flatbed
photocopier
film scanner
hand-held scanner
pen scanner
barcode scanner
to give a unique identification number
to measure
Optical Character Recognition software
to scan
digital camera
to store as digital data
storage device
flash memory card
view or print the images
digital video (DV) camera
manipulate video images
video editing software
cut, paste, add effects
export the result
display on a screen
create a DVD
put movie on the Web
webcam
record photos and video onto hard disk
FireWire port
microphone
earpiece
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 7 Input devices: the eyes of your PC
Scanners
Input devices such as scanners and cameras allow you to capture and copy images into a computer. A scanner is a peripheral that reads images and converts them into electronic codes which can be understood by a computer. There are different types.
- A flatbed is built like a photocopier and is for use on a desktop; it can capture text, colour images and even small 3D objects.
- A film scanner is used to scan film negatives or 35 mm slides - pictures on photographic film, mounted in a frame.
- A hand-held scanner is small and T-shaped, ideal to capture small pictures and logos.
- A pen scanner looks like a pen; you can scan text, figures, barcodes and handwritten numbers.
Barcode scanners read barcodes on the products sold in shops and send the price to the computer in the cash register. Barcodes consist of a series of black and white stripes used to give products a unique identification number.
The resolution of a scanner is measured in dpi or dots per inch. For example, a 1,200 dpi scanner gives clearer, more detailed images than a 300 dpi scanner.
Most scanners come with Optical Character Recognition software. OCR allows you to scan pages of text and save them into your word processor; they can then be edited.
Digital cameras
A digital camera doesn’t use film. Photos are stored as digital data (bits made up of 1s and 0s), usually on a tiny storage device known as a flash memory card. You can connect the camera or memory card to a PC and then alter the images using a program like Adobe Photoshop, or you can view the images on a TV set. Many printers have a special socket so that you can print images directly from a memory card or camera.
Digital video cameras and webcams
A digital video (DV) camera records moving images and converts them into digital data that can be processed by a PC. You can manipulate video images with video editing software. You can cut, paste, add effects, etc. You can store or export the result, display it on a screen or create a DVD, email or put your movie on the Web.
Webcams (short for Web cameras) let you send and receive live video pictures through the Internet. They are primarily used for video conferences - video calls - but they can be used to record photos and video onto your hard disk. The resolution of webcams is expressed in megapixels (million pixels). Webcams connect to the PC via a USB (universal serial bus) or FireWire port; they display video at 24 to 30 frames (pictures) per second. Some include a headset with a microphone and earpiece.
Tasks
Task 1. Complete these sentences with the correct words.
1) Scanners and cameras are __________________devices used to transfer images into a format that can be understood by computers.
2) A __________________ lets you copy photos and printed documents into your PC.
3) It has become one of life’s most familiar sounds - the beep of the supermarket till whenever a ______________________ is scanned.
4) If you need to scan 35mm _________________ you should go for a dedicated 35mm film scanner which concentrates all its dots into a tiny area.
5) This scanner has a resolution of 300 x 600 _____________________.
6) A ___________________ scanner is small enough to hold in your hand.
7) A _________________ scanner is used to capture lines of text, barcodes and numbers.
8) Most digital cameras use flash ___________________cards to store photos.
9) ___________________scanners have a flat surface and take at least A4-sized documents.
10) To scan photographic negatives or slides you will need a _______________ scanner.
Task 2. Decide if these sentences are True or False. If they are false, correct them.
1) The details detected by a scanner are not determined by its resolution.
2) A barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading barcode labels printed on products.
3) Scanners cannot handle optical character recognition.
4) A digital camera uses a light sensitive film instead of a memory card for storing the images.
5) A digital video (DV) camera is used to take still photographs.
6) Video editing software allows you to manipulate video clips on the computer.
Task 3. Complete this advertisement with words from the webcam section.
Having (1)_________________with friends and family has never been easier or more enjoyable. You get the highest-quality audio and video, no matter which chatting solution you use. With the WebCam Live! Ultra, its CCD image sensor with 640 x 480 (VGA) resolution produces rich, vibrant colours. Combined with its (2) __________________ 2.0 Hi-Speed connection, the result is top-quality, full-motion video at 30 (3)____________________ per second for all your web conversations, even in dimly-lit rooms. The WebCam Live! Ultra lets you do more. Let your voice be heard clearer than ever before with the included (4)_________________ , unlike the built-in microphones in most other (5)_________________. Take still pictures at up to 1.3 (6)___________________ resolution (interpolated), and enjoy the many great features that accompany the bundled award-winning WebCam Center software, such as motion detection, remote security monitoring, timelapse video capture and much more.
Unit 8 Output devices: printers
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
printout or hard copy
printer driver
print spooler
output quality
print server
dot-matrix printer
print head
tiny pins
ink-jet (bubble-jet) printer
cartridge
laser printer
page description language or PDL
professional imagesetter
plotter
computer-aided design
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 8 Output devices: printers
A printer is a device that prints your texts or graphics on paper. The output on paper or acetate sheets is called printout or hard copy. A program in your computer, called the printer driver, converts data into a form that your printer can understand. A print spooler stores files to be printed when the printer is ready. It lets you change the order of documents in the queue and cancel specific print jobs. The output quality, or resolution, is measured in dpi or dots per inch. The speed of your printer is measured in pages per minute (ppm). In a network, users can share a printer connected to a print server, a computer that stores the files waiting to be printed.
Types of printers
A dot-matrix printer uses a group, or matrix, of pins to create precise dots. A print head containing tiny pins strikes an inked ribbon to make letters and graphics. This impact printing technology allows shops, for example, to print multi-part forms such as receipts and invoices, so it’s useful when self-copying paper is needed. It has two important disadvantages: noise and a relatively low resolution (from 72 to 180 dpi).
An ink-jet (also called bubble-jet) printer generates an image by spraying tiny, precise drops of ink onto the paper. The resolution ranges from 300 to 1,200 dpi, suitable for small quantities or home use.
A standard ink-jet has a three-colour cartridge, plus a black cartridge. Professional ink-jets have five-colour cartridges, plus black; some can print in wide format, ranging from 60 cm up to 5 metres (e.g. for printing advertising graphics). Some ink-jet based printers can perform more than one task. They are called multi-function printers because they can work as a scanner, a fax and a photocopier as well as a printer. Some units accept memory cards and print photos directly from a camera.
A laser printer uses a laser beam to fix the ink to the paper. A laser works like a photocopier; a powder called toner is attracted to paper by an electrostatic charge and then fused on by a hot roller. Laser printers are fast and produce a high resolution of 1,200 to 2,400 dpi, so they are ideal for businesses and for proofing professional graphics work. Lasers use a page description language or PDL which describes how to print the text and draw the images on the page. The best-known languages are Adobe PostScript and HP Printer Control Language.
A professional imagesetter is a typesetting printer that generates very high-resolution output (over 3,540 dpi) on paper or microfilm. It's used for high-quality publications.
A plotter is a special type of printer which uses ink and fine pens held in a carriage to draw detailed designs on paper. It's used in computer-aided design, maps, 3-D technical illustrations, etc.
Tasks
Task 1. Complete these sentences with words from the text.
1) The differences in ___________________are noticeable: the more dots per inch, the clearer the image.
2) A print resolution of between 600 ______________ and 2,400_____________________ ensured that even text as small as 2 pt was legible.
3) Passengers with an electronic ticket will need a ______________________ of ticket confirmation or a boarding pass to be admitted to secured gate areas.
4) The key advance of recent years is printing speed: the latest generation of ink-jets prints black-and-white text at 15_________________ (___________________).
5) With appropriate software, you can view the images on a computer, manipulate them, or send them to a ____________________ and produce excellent quality colour copies.
6) A______________________is a dedicated computer that connects a printer to a
network. It enables users to share printing resources.
7) A____________________is a utility that organizes and arranges any documents
waiting ro be printed.
8) In computers, a_________________ is a program installed to control a particular type of printer.
Task 2. Choose the most appropriate type of printer for these situations from the text.
1) a home user who wants to print text documents and family photographs;
2) business people who need to print in large quantities at high quality in an office;
3) engineers who want to make detailed line drawings;
4) professional typesetters in desktop publishing (e.g. to publish catalogues and magazines);
5) a company that wants to print carbon copies of bills and receipts.
Task 3. Find terms in the text which correspond to these definitions.
1) a container that holds the ink in an ink-jet printer;
2) powdered ink used in laser printers;
3) small needles that press on the inked ribbon to make the characters on paper;
4) printer technology that produces text and pictures by hammering pins against a ribbon and the paper;
5) a language that tells a printer how to print a document;
6) a peripheral which combines a printer, a fax machine and photocopying and scanning capability into one device.
Task 4. Describe the characteristics of the printer that you have or would like to have at home or at work. Give details about: type of printer, speed, resolution, ink cartridges, price and customer support.
Unit 9 Output devices: display screens
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
screen of a computer
visual display unit
video card
CRT or an LCD screen
electron gun
active-matrix LCDs
transistor switch
screen size
sharpness of images
brightness
colour depth
refresh rate
flicker
2. Read and translate the text.
Text 9 Output devices: display screens
CRTs and LCDs
The screen of a computer is often known as the monitor, or VDU (visual display unit). Inside the computer, there is a video card which processes images and sends signals to the monitor. When choosing a monitor, you have to take into account a few basics.
- Type of display - the choice is between a CRT or an LCD screen.
The Cathode Ray Tube of a monitor is similar to a traditional TV set. It has three electron guns (one for each primary colour: red, green and blue) that strike the inside of the screen, which is coated with substances called phosphors, which glow and create colours. CRTs are cheap, but they are heavy, can flicker and emit radiation.
A Liquid Crystal Display is made from flat plates with a liquid crystal solution between them. The crystals block the light in different quantities to create the image. Active-matrix LCDs use TFT (thin film transistor) technology, in which each pixel has its own transistor switch. They offer better quality and take up less space, so they are replacing CRTs.
- Screen size - the viewing area is measured diagonally: in other words, a 17" screen measures 17 inches from the top left corner ro the bottom right.
- Resolution - the clarity of the image depends on the number of pixels (short for picture elements) contained on a display, horizontally and vertically. A typical resolution is 1,024 x 768. The sharpness of images is affected by dot pitch, the distance between the pixels on the screen, so a dot pitch of 0.28 mm or less will produce a sharp image.
- Brightness - the luminance of images is measured in ed/m2 (candela per square metre).
- Colour depth - the number of colours a monitor can display. For example, a VGA monitor produces 256 colours, enough for home use; a SuperVGA can produce up to 16.7 million colours, so is ideal for photographic work and video games.
- Refresh rate - the number of times that the image is drawn each second. If a monitor has a refresh rate of 75 Hertz (Hz), it means that the screen is scanned 75 times per second. If this rate is low, you will notice a flicker, which can cause eye fatigue.
Tasks
Task 1. Correct these false statements.
1) The images shown on a monitor are not generated by the video card.
2) All visible colours can be made from mixing the three primary colours of red, yellow and blue.
3) Typical CRT-based displays occupy less space than LCD displays.
4) Active-matrix LCDs do not use a technology called thin film transistor or TFT.
5) The size of the screen is measured horizontally.
Task 2. Match each term with the correct definition.
1) phosphors
2) LCD screen
3) pixel
4) dot pitch
5) refresh rate
a) the frequency at which a monitor renews its image, measured in Hz;
b) a flat-panel display which works by emitting light through a special liquid;
с) the space between a display’s pixels;
d) the smallest element in a displayed image;
e) materials that emit light and produce colours when they are activated by an electron beam.
Task 3. Complete the technical specifications of this monitor with words from the text.
| The new Paintview XT-85 combines a television and a computer 1)_________________ in one display. |
| Type of display | Flat panel LCD |
| 2)________________________ | 19 inches |
| 3) Display _______________________ | 1,280 x 1,024 pixels |
| Dot pitch | 0,294 mm |
| 4) ___________________________ | 16.7 million colours |
| Contrast ratio | 1,000:1 |
| 5) ___________________________ | 450 cd/m2 |
| Built-in TV tuner | Yes |
| Audio | Two 3-watt speakers and a 5-watt subwoofer; headphone jack |
| The Picture-in-Picture function allows you to watch more than one program at the same time and lets you adjust the size of each window. |
Unit 10 Types of data
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
data
to divide
to compute
computation
arithmetic operation
logical operation
addition
subtraction
false
to benefit
equal
to determine
to compare
comparison
value
tool
microwave oven
embedded
accept
flexible
advent
to expand
sequence
increase
decimal point
save
2. Read and translate the texts:
Text 10 Types of data
A. Much of the processing computers can be divided into two general types of operation. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematic procedures. Early computers performed mostly arithmetic operations, which gave the false impression that only engineers and scientists could benefit from computers. Of equal importance is the computer's ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, or equal to the
other. This is called a logical operation. The comparison may take place between numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. The processing of the computer is based on the computer’s ability to perform logical and arithmetic operations. Instructions must be given to the computer to tell it how to process the data it receives and the format needed for output and storage. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or built-in computers. An embedded computer can accept data to use several options in it’s program, but the program itself cannot be changed. This makes these devices flexible and convenient but not the embedded computers itself.
B. With the advent of new computer applications and hardware, the definition of data has expanded to include many types. Numeric data consists of numbers and decimal points, as well as the plus (+) and minus (-) signs. Both arithmetic operations and logical operations are performed on numeric data. This means that numbers can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other. Text, or textual data, can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters. Sometimes textual data is known as alphanumeric data. Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up audio-visual data. The computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice. It can also accept audio information as an input. Data can also take form of drawings and video sequences. Physical data is captured from the environment. For example, light, temperature and pressure are all types of physical data. In many large buildings, computer systems process several kinds of physical data to regulate operations. Computers can set off security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data. These applications increase people's safety and save the time and money.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1) In what two major parts could be computer operations divided?
2) What are arithmetic operations?
3) What are logical operations?
4) Can computer compare two graphical objects?
5) What makes computer so different from other tools?
6) What is embedded computer? What modern devices have embedded computers?
7) How many are types of data?
8) What is physical data?
Task 2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:
1)Arithmetic operations are operations with numbers - subtraction and division.
2) Early computers gave false impression about their capabilities.
3) Logical operations are computer's ability to com-pare two values.
4) The major difference between the computer and tools lies in the flexibility of the program.
5) Embedded computers are found only in typewriters and ovens.
6) Microwave oven's program is flexible and could be changed because of the embedded computer.
7) Numeric data consist of numbers, decimal points and the (+) and (-) signs.
8) Computer can accept human speech as an audio-visual input data.
Task 3. Match the given words with their definitions using the vocabulary:
1) Software
2) Arithmetic operation
3) Logical operation
4) Numeric data
5) Textual data
6) Physical data
7) Audio-visual data
Task 4. Fill in the gaps using the words below:
1) ... are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.
2) The computers ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other is called a ...
1) New tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or ... computers
2) An ... can accept data to use several options in it's program, but the program itself cannot be changed.
3) ... can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.
4) ... can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters.
5) Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up... which is captured from the environment.
a) logical operation
b) text, or textual data
c) audio-visual data
d) physical data
e) arithmetic operations
f) built-in
g) numbers
Unit 11 Types of Software
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
to direct
to conduct
to complete
equipment
internal
to require
control
specific
general-purpose
aid
regard
regardless
memory capacity
to install
to transfer
to provide with
to secure
security
to develop
developer
to check
attach
Web-browser
peripheral
to boot
to handle
gimmick
Read and translate the text:
Text 11 Types of Software
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software - programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires
specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computer’s memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work.
System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly go along with your
device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to «understand» the newly attached part.
Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1) What is software?
2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?
3) What is system software for?
4) What is an operating system — system or application software?
5) What is a «driver»?
6) What is application software?
7) What are application software for?
8) What is the tendency in application software market in recent years?
9) What is the application of the communication software?
Task 2. Choose the words mean “Software”
1) Program
2) Mouse
3) CPU
4) Word processor
5) Modem
6) Web-browser
7) Operating system
8) Scanner
9) Developer
10) Equipment
Task 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:
1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.
2) System software controls internal computer activities.
3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.
4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for system software.
5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppydisk driving.
6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.
7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources.
8) Communication software is of great need now because of the new advances in communication technologies.
9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.
10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network.
Task 4. Find the equivalents in the text:
1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.
2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).
3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.
4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы.
5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.
6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.
7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировало к производству многих соответствующих программных продуктов всё возрастающее число компаний-разработчиков.
Task 5. Give the definitions using the vocabulary:
1) Software
2) Driver
3) Application software
4) Operating system
5) Communication software
6) Computer
7) Peripheral device
8) Operating system
Unit 12 Operating systems
Organizing vocabulary:
1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.
complex
to consume
consumer
to realize
smart
decade
version
to enhance
top
on top of DOS
compatible
with a click of a mouse
access
to allow
multiple users
simultaneously
to desire
to ship
2. Read and translate the text:
Text 12 Operating systems
When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time consuming. Programmers soon realized it-would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for « Microsoft DOS ». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible.
Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.
Tasks
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?
2) Why first programs were «complex» and «time-consuming»?
3) What are the basic functions of operating system?
4) What does DOS abbreviation means?
5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system?
For what purpose? Was the new operational system successful?
6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?
7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible?
What are the basic requirements for NT?
8) Who is the developer of OS/2?
9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?
10 )What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?
Task 2. Fill in the gaps using the words below:
1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user
interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.
2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system
3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to
access the system
4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced
version of the popular
Microsoft Windows programs.
5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it
very quickly.
a) UNIX
b)DOS
c)NT
d) OS/2
e) Windows 95
Task 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:
1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.
2) The operational system control and manage the use of the hardware and the memory usage.
3) There are no commands available in operating systems, only word processors.
4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.
5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory.
6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft.
7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users-simultaneously
8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.
Task 4. Find the equivalents in the text:
1) Современные операционные системы контролируют использование системного оборудования, например, принтера и мыши.
2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные системы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд.
3) OS/2 — DOS совместимая операционная система, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи графического интерфейса пользователя.
4) Дополнительные программы для работы с устройствами системного оборудования были очень сложны и поглощали много времени.
5) Операционная система также позволяет запускать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор.
6) DOS — наиболее распространенная операционная система для персонального компьютера.
Используемые источники
1. Santiago Remacha Esteras «Professional English in use for computers and the Internet». – Издательство Кембриджского университета (Cambridge University Press), 2007. – 117 с.
2. Гольцова Е.В. «Английский язык для пользователей ПК и программистов. Самоучитель». – СПб.: КОРОНА принт, 2002. – 408 с.
3. Агабекян И. П. «Английский язык: Учебник». – Ростов на Дону.: Феникс, 2008. – 318 с.
4. Восковская А.С., Карпова Т.А. «Английский язык» - Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2012 г.
5. Голубев А.П., Коржавый А.П., Смирнова И.Б. Английский язык для технических специальностей = English for Technical Colleges: учебник для студ. учреждений сред. проф. образования.— М., 2014.
6. Агабекян И. П. «Английский для технических вузов». - Ростов-на-Дону, 2009 г.
7. Бонами Д. «Английский язык для будущих инженеров».- М., АСТ «Астрель», 2009 г.
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