Учебное пособие по правилам употребления страдательного залога в Английском языке

КОМИТЕТ ПО НАУКЕ И ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЕ

Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Невский машиностроительный техникум»

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по правилам употребления страдательного залога в Английском языке

студентов по дисциплине ОУД.02 Иностранный язык (Английский)

Специальность: 23.02.02 Автомобиле- и тракторостроение

(базовая подготовка)

Квалификация выпускника – техник

Форма обучения – __ очная ___

Санкт-Петербург, 2016 г.

Разработаны на основании ФГОС СПО по специальности 23.02.02 Автомобиле- и тракторостроение .

Организация-разработчик: СПб ГБОУ СПО «Невский машиностроительный техникум»

Автор-разработчик: Шихова Е.В., преподаватель английского языка

Содержание

I.Введение……………………………………………..……………....стр. 4

II. Методические указания для выполнения самостоятельной работы.

1.Чтение и перевод текстов профессиональной направленности…стр. 6

2. Работа с грамматическим материалом (грамматические и лексико-грамматические упражнения) ……………………………………………..стр. 8

3. Подготовка презентаций………………………………………… стр. 10

4. Проектные виды самостоятельной работы…………….………. стр. 11

5. Глоссарий………….………………………………………….…… стр. 12

III. Заключение………………………………………………….…… стр. 13

Введение

Данное учебное пособие адресовано студентам средних специальных учебных заведений, изучающих английский язык и желающих разобраться в теме Passive Voice (страдательный залог).

Учебное пособие включает теоретический материал по рассматриваемой теме, различные грамматические задания с примерами выполнения и ответы для самопроверки.

Поскольку задания разнообразны по структурному оформлению и имеют разную степень трудности, их можно использовать выборочно, соответственно уровню языковой компетенции студентов¹ в зависимости от поставленной цели в изучении грамматики языка на данном этапе, а также для внеаудиторного (самостоятельного) вида подготовки.

Цель данного учебного пособия – развить умения и навыки выполнения тестов определенной тематики; способствовать развитию умения воспринимать и оценивать информацию, а также выражать (в устной или письменной форме) собственные суждения в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice).

Пособие составлено по следующему принципу: теоретическая часть, посвященная Passive Voice (страдательному залогу) во всех используемых временах и видовременных формах; практическая часть с различными видами заданий и тестов по выбранной грамматической теме; ответы для самостоятельной проверки.

1. Что такое Passive Voice и как его формировать?

Страдательный залог показывает, что действие глагола-сказуемого направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.

Affirmative Form (Утвердительная форма)

Object + to be +past participle (verb3 / ed (правильный глагол))

Negative Form (Отрицательная форма)

Object + to be + not+ past participle (verb3/ ed (правильный глагол))

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Question Form (Вопросительная форма)

To be + Object + past participle (verb3/ ed (правильный глагол))?

Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки первого вспомогательного глагола перед подлежащим.

Вопросительно-отрицательная форма

В вопросительно-отрицательной форме вспомогательный глагол to be или первый вспомогательный глагол в сложной форме ставится перед подлежащим, а отрицание not после подлежащего.

To be + Object + not+ past participle (verb3/ ed (правильный глагол))?

Is the text not written? Текст не написан?/Разве текст не написан?

1. Способы перевода сказуемого в страдательном залоге

А. 1) Страдательный залог при переводе на русский язык может быть передан:

а) кратким страдательным причастием прошедшего времени с суффиксом -н или -т (с вспомогательным глаголом быть или без него), т. е. русским страдательным залогом;

б) глаголом на -ся в соответствующем времени, лице и числе;

в) глаголом действительного залога в соответствующем времени, 3-м лице мн. числа, являющимся частью неопределенно-личного предложения:

The experiments were made last year.

а) Опыты (были) проведены в прошлом году.

б) Опыты проводились в прошлом году

в) Опыты проводили в прошлом году.

2) Предложения с сочетаниями «модальный глагол + инфинитив страдательного залога» рекомендуется переводить со словами можно, нужно, следует и др.:

The problem must be solved.

Эту проблему нужно решить.

3) Страдательный оборот с подлежащим it переводится неопределенно-личным предложением:

It was thought... — Думали, полагали...

It is known... — Известно...

4) При переводе английских предложений с глаголом в форме страдательного залога часто используется обратный порядок слов (русское предложение начинается со сказуемого):

New technique has been developed. Была разработана новая методика.

Б. 1) В английском языке формой выражения лица или предмета, производящего действие, является косвенное дополнение с предлогом by.

На русский язык такие дополнения могут быть переведены:

а) существительным в творительном падеже при сохранении формы страдательного залога сказуемого,

б) существительным в именительном падеже или местоимением; при этом английский страдательный залог передается действительным залогом:

Imperfections in polymer structure can be revealed with an electron microscope - Дефекты структуры полимера можно обнаружить с помощью электронного микроскопа (электронным микроскопом).

An interesting phenomenon was registered by dr. N. - Доктор N. отметил интересное явление.

2. Особенности перевода подлежащего при сказуемом в страдательном залоге

В ряде случаев при сказуемом в страдательном залоге подлежащее английского предложения переводится прямым или косвенным дополнением и ставится соответственно в форме винительного или дательного падежа:

Не was given a book. Ему дали книгу.

При следующих глаголах, употребленных в форме страдательного залога, подлежащее английского предложения следует переводить существительным в косвенном падеже:

ask спрашивать

assist помогать, содействовать

avoid избегать

discuss обсуждать

forbid запрещать что-либо

give давать; приводить к

help помогать; содействовать

inform сообщать; уведомлять

neglect пренебрегать

order приказывать; заказывать

precede предшествовать; предпосылать

promise обещать

refuse отказывать

show показывать

1. When should we use the Passive? (Употребление страдательного залога)

1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence (когда необходимо сместить фокус в предложении, подчеркнуть объект):

   • The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. – Мона Лиза была нарисована Леонардо да Винчи.

2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general' (когда действующее лицо неизвестно):

   • He was arrested (obvious agent, the police) – Его арестовали.

   • My bike has been stolen (субъект неизвестен). – Мой велосипед украли

   • The road is being repaired (субъект неважен) – Дорогу ремонтируют.

3. In factual or scientific writing (при написании научных статей):

   • The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer – Химикат помещается в пробирку, а результаты заносятся в компьютер.

В конструкциях с формальным подлежащим it, когда глаголы в страдательном залоге обозначают умственное или физическое восприятие, предложение, приказ, решение и т. д. (с такими глаголами, как to say — говорить, to announce — объявить, to explain — объяснять, to think — думать, to know — знать, to believe — верить, to demand — требовать, to decide — решать, to agree — соглашаться и др.). За этой конструкцией (в страдательном залоге) следует придаточное предложение с союзом that.

It is said that she turned the job down - Говорят, что она отказалась от работы.

She is expected to win - Ожидают, что она выиграет.

Radio is known to have been invented by Popov - Известно, что радио было изобретено Поповым. (Радио изобрёл Попов.)

1. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing) (в официальных документах):

   • The brochure will be finished next month – брошюра будет закончена в следующем месяце.

2. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style (для того чтобы выделить новую информацию):

   • Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell – в классе регулярно используются три книги. Книги написаны Доктором Бэллом.

3. When the subject is very long (когда подлежащее слишком длинное):

   • I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (Уместнее чем: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')

1. Verbs with two objects (Глаголы с двумя объектами)

С помощью некоторых глаголов, действие которых направлено на два разных объекта, можно образовать два разных предложения, как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге.

Например, глагол Give:

• Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.

Можно выбрать любой из двух объектов «me» или «the book» для того чтобы образовать страдательный залог.

• Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).

Другие глаголы такие как: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

1. Глаголы состояния (Stative Verbs)

Глаголы состояния в страдательном залоге употребляются с предлогом Например:.

I am interested in folk music.

She is married to an American

I’m satisfied with the progress.

Ann was disappointed with her score.

Глаголы в алфавитном порядке:

1. Таблица времён страдательного залога:

Страдательный залог создается при помощи постановки глагола «to be» в нужное время и прибавления к нему «past participle». Для правильных глаголов, «past participle» получается путем добавления к основе глагола окончания 'ed'. Поэтому ‘play’ становится ‘played’. Для неправильных глаголов необходимо использовать 3 форму глагола.

1. Forming Simple Present Passive

Affirmative Form (Утвердительная форма)

Object + am / is / are +past participle (verb3 / ed (правильный глагол))

Negative Form (Отрицательная форма)

Object + am / is / are + not+ past participle (verb3/ ed (правильный глагол))

Question Form (Вопросительная форма)

Am / Is / Are + Object + past participle (verb3/ ed (правильный глагол))?

Что-то совершается кем-то регулярно / каждый день/ ожидаемо...

Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.

Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.

Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.

Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.

Active : Who sells umbrellas?

Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?

Active: My mother doesn't paint the walls.

Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

Упражнения.

Поставьте следующие предложения в страдательный залог.

1. Many people read this writer's articles.

2. Jackie milks the cows every morning.

3. Benny never understands the new teacher.

4. Everybody loves chocolate.

5. Kids always eat candies.

6. The American people elect the members of Congress.

7. The mechanic checks the brakes regularly

8. This writer's articles are read by many people

Иногда страдательный залог в английском языке образуется с помощью глагола get:

• Be careful with the glass. It might get broken.

• Peter got hurt in a crash.

Перед субъектом действия в страдательном залоге ВСЕГДА ставится by:

• She is attacked by a dangerous dog.

• The money is stolen by her husband.

We can use the indirect object as the subject of a passive verb:

We can use phrasal verbs in the passive:

John has been asked to make a speech at the meeting.

You are supposed to wear a uniform.

The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.

1. Present Simple Passive. Exercises.

Упражнение 1. Fill in the verb is or are.

1. Grammar rules ... always learnt by heart.

2. Rare animals ... protected in many countries.

3. This scarf ... made by my granny.

4. Animals in the reserve ... fed two times a day.

5. The same shirts ... worn by all the members of our team.

6. New Belarussian books ... shown in our library

7. Many Belarussian towns ... described in this book.

8. Dinner ... always cooked by my mother.

9. This place ... crowded on Sunday.

10. Our village ... surrounded with a forest.

Упражнение 2. Write true sentences in Passive Voice. Use the words in table.

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Elementary

A:

B:

Упражнение 3 . Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences.

1. I ... (like / am liked) this place.

2. What books by Charles Dickens ... (translated / are translated) into Belarussian?

3. Who ... (protects / is protected) animals?

4. This city ... (is visited / visited) by many people.

5. Who ... (gives / is given) bad marks in your class?

6. Our house ... (made /is made) of wood.

7. Our holiday ... (is begun / begins) next week.

8. Pupils ... (are given / give) textbooks by the teacher.

9. The holiday ... (celebrated / is celebrated) every year.

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Pre-Intermediate.

Упражнение 4. Fill in the gaps using the Present Simple Passive Voice form of the verb in brackets.

A)

Mushroom and Ham Salad

First, 5 mushrooms … (1 – cut) into small pieces and …(2 — mix) with two cut spring onions. Then, 100 g cooked ham …(3— cut) into fine cubes. Now, mushrooms, onions and ham … (4 — mix) in a bowl. Finally, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice … (5 — mix) with 1 tablespoon of soy sauce and the mixture… (6 — add) to the salad mixture. Enjoy your salad!

B)

The news reporter and a camera operator _______ (1 – send) to investigate a news story. People_____ (2 – interview) by a reporter and the interviews ______ (3 – film) by a camera operator. The film ____ (4 – take) back to the TV studio, and the best parts of the film _______ (5 – choose) by the news editor. Finally, the news report ______ (6 – send) to televisions in people's homes and the news _____ (7 – watch) by people all over the country.

C)

My motherland is the Republic of Belarus. My country (1 – situate) in the centre of Europe. It (2 – make up) of six regions: Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk and Mogilev. Belarus (3 – not wash) by any seas or oceans, so it (4 – not separate) from other countries by seas and oceans. Belarus (5 – border) by five countries.

Belarus is mostly flat (плоская). Some uplands can (6 – find) near Minsk and in some districts of Mogilev and Grodno regions. Most of Belarus (7 – cover) by forests. It is a beautiful country with a lot of lakes.

Упражнение 5. Put the passive sentences in order.

1. in a lot of schools / are / used / Computers

2. of plastic / made / are / CDs

3. seen / The information / on a screen/can be

4. are / very quickly / The answers / calculated

5. played / The game / is / on a computer

6. with a modem / are / sent / E-mails

7. is / on a disk / Information / stored

8. sent / Text messages / are / using mobile phones

9. to get information / used / is / The Internet

Упражнение 6. Respond to the situations with a negative sentence using the words and word combinations in brackets.

Example:

Cars are made at this factory, (bicycles)

— But bicycles are not made at this factory.

1. Bread is sold in this shop, (milk)

2. Our house is built of wood, (their house)

3. My books are kept on the shelf. exercise-books )

4. My younger sister is usually given fruit and milk for supper, (my elder brother)

5. Apples are grown in Belarus, (oranges)

6. Glass is made of sand, (paper)

7. My dresses are made by my mother, (jackets)

8. Films are watched by many people, (sports programmes)

9. This apple-tree is planted by me. (that cherry-tree)

10. All the words are always learnt by the pupils. (rules)

Упражнение 7. Answer the questions in Simple Present Passive.

Example:

 Is football played in the yard?

— Yes, it is. It’s sometimes played in the yard.

— No, it isn’t. It’s usually played in the field.

Is it played by boys or by girls?

— It’s played by boys as a rule.

1. Are you always given good marks?

2. Is your friend also given good marks?

3. Is your homework always done in time?

4. Are you often given money by your parents?

5. Is chess played by two or three people?

6. Are you often punished at home?

7. Are trees planted in summer or in autumn?

8. Are you shown pictures at your English lessons?

9. Are your exercise-books collected at the beginning or at the end of the lesson?

Упражнение 8. Ask for more information about the sentences using the words in brackets.

Example:

 The children are left after the lessons.(why,how often)

— Why are the children left after the lessons?

—How often are the children left after the lessons?

1. The game is won by our school team, (what game)

2. The map is brought from England, (when)

3. My books are not kept on the shelf, (why)

4. School meetings are held every month, (where)

5. The glass is filled with something, (what)

6. Hockey is usually played by boys, (when)

7. Oranges are not grown in Belarus, (why)

8. The dinner is not yet served, (why)

9. New rules are explained at the lesson, (by whom)

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Level – Intermediate.

Упражнение 9. Answer the questions using the words in brackets. 

1. Do many tourists come to Britain? (is visited )

2. Where is the ‘garden of England? (is situated)

3. Does it snow in the mountains of Wales? (are covered with)

4. What language do people in Scotland speak? (is spoken)

5. Are there many seas around the country? (is surrounded by / is washed by)

6. Do they make world-famous crafts and clothes in Scotland? (are made)

7. Do many people know about the beautiful mountains and lakes of Wales? (are known all over the world)

8. Why is the green colour a symbol of Northern Ireland? (is covered)

Упражнение 10. Make up questions in Simple Present Passive.

Упражнение 11. Change the verbs from Active into Passive.

Example:

 The teacher helps the pupils.

— The pupils are helped by the teacher.

 They grow rice in India.

— Rice is grown in India.

1. I take books at the library.

2. Boys play football.

3. We clean our classroom after the lessons.

4. The postman brings newspapers every day.

5. They show American films every Sunday on TV.

6. We keep the dog in the yard. .

7. We give milk to our cat every day.

8. We usually pick apples in September.

9. He shows me his stamps each time when I come to his place.

10. They use disks for storing information.

11. They discover new planets every day.

12. People give presents at Christmas.

13. They speak Spanish in Peru.

14. They tidy the classroom every day.

Упражнение 12. Change the sentences from Active into Passive. Then make questions about these sentences.

Example:

I keep my pet in the house.

— My pet is kept in the house.

— Where is your pet kept?

1. We always write new words into our exercise books.

2. Exercises follow every text.

3. The pupils use the school library.

4. Not all pupils wear the school uniform.

5. The teacher gives us all the text-books.

6. My mother washes my clothes.

Упражнение 13 .Write questions to the sentences

1. The park is situated in the centre of the city, (what, where)

2. The statue is made by a famous sculptor, (disjunctive)

3. Demonstrations are held in this square, (what, where)

4. The square is planned round the monument. (general)

5. The obelisk is decorated with figures, (how)

6. The tent is put up on a rock, (alternative)

Упражнение 14. Change the sentences from Active into Passive.

1. Do they sell shoes in this shop?

2. Do they bring tea from India?

3. Do they teach English at your school?

4. Do they make bicycles at this factory?

5. Do they pay him a lot of money?

6. Where do they sell bananas?

Упражнение 15. Translate into English.

1. Слова написаны на доске.

2. Эта книга продается во всех магазинах

3. Ему часто отправляют письма?

4. Когда приносят газеты?

5. Этот парк всегда показывают туристам.

6. Завтрак не дают в нашей школе.

7. Эти тексты не учат наизусть.

Упражнение 16. The Passive: Verbs with Two Objects

1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.

a:____________________________________________________________

b:____________________________________________________________

2. I lent a pencil to Graham.

a:____________________________________________________________

b:____________________________________________________________

3. Fiona told the truth to Julian.

a:____________________________________________________________

b:____________________________________________________________

4. They offered the job to Simon.

a:____________________________________________________________

b:____________________________________________________________

5. The boss showed the new computer to Anna.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

6. Julie taught the grammar to the students.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

7. I sent the email to John.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

8. Lucy threw the ball to the child.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

9. Sophia sold the car to a doctor.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

10. I asked the question to David.

a:________________________________________________________________

b:________________________________________________________________

Ответы:

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Elementary

Упражнение 1.

1 are, 2 are, 3 is, 4 are, 5 are, 6 are, 7 are, 8 is, 9 is, 10 is

Упражнение 2.

A)

1. BMW cars are made in Germany.

2. CDs are sold in music shops.

3. Tea is grown in India.

4. Modems are used to access the Internet.

5. Cricket is played in England.

6. TV pictures are sent via satellite.

B)

The house is built of stone

The children are not allowed to ride a motor-bike.

We are given text-books at school

The letter is written in English

The newspapers are brought in the morning

Dinner is cooked by my mother

The picture is painted by my friend.

The classroom is cleaned every day.

I am invited to the concert

Potatoes are grown in many countries.

Упражнение 3.

1 like, 2 are translated, 3 protects, 4 is visited, 5 is given, 6 is made, 7 begins, 8 are given, 9 is celebrated

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Pre-Intermediate

Упражнение 4.

А) 1 are cut, 2 are mixed, 3 is cut,4 are mixed, 5 are mixed, 6 is added

1. B) 1 are sent, 2 are interviewed, 3 are filmed, 4 is taken, 5 are chosen, 6 is sent, 7 is watched

2. c) 1 is situated, 2 is made up, 3 isn’t washed, 4 isn’t separated, 5 is bordered, 6 be found, 7 is covered.

Упражнение 5.

1. Computers are used in a lot of schools.

2. CDs are made of plastic.

3. The information can be seen on the screen.

4. The answers are calculated very quickly.

5. The game is played on a computer

6. E-mails are sent with a modem.

7. Information is stored on a disk.

8. Text messages are sent using mobile phones

9. The Internet is used to get information.

Упражнение 6.

1. But milk is not sold in this shop.

2. But their house is not built of wood.

3. But my exercise-books are not kept on the shelf.

4. But my elder brother is not usually given fruit and milk for supper.

5. But oranges are not grown in Belarus.

6. But paper is not made of sand.

7. But my jackets are not made by my mother.

8. But sports programmes are not watched by many people.

9. But that cherry-tree is not planted by me.

10. But all the rules are not always learnt by the pupils.

Упражнение 7. Your own answers.

Упражнение 8.

1. What game is won by our school team?

2. When is the map brought from England?

3. Why are my books not kept on the shelf?

4. Where are school meetings held every month?

5. What is filled with something?

6. When is hockey usually played by boys?

7. Why are oranges not grown in Belarus?

8. Why is the dinner not served yet?

9. By whom are new rules explained at the lesson?

Упражнения Present Simple Passive для уровня Intermediate

Упражнение 9. Your own answers.

Упражнение 10. Your own answers.

Упражнение 11. Possible answers.

1. Books are taken at the library by me.

2. Football is played by boys.

3. Our classroom is cleaned by us after the lessons.

4. Newspapers are brought by the postman every day.

5. American films are shown every Sunday on TV.

6. The dog is kept keep in the yard. .

7. Our cat is given milk every day.

8. Apples are usually picked in September.

9. His stamps are shown to me by him each time when I come to his place.

10. Disks are used for storing information.

11. New planets are discovered every day.

12. Presents are given at Christmas.

13. Spanish is spoken in Peru.

14. The classroom is tidied every day.

Упражнение 12. Possible answers.

1. New words are always written by us into our exercise books.

Where are the new words written by us?

1. Every text is followed by exercises.

What for is every text followed by exercises?

1. The school library is used by pupils.

By whom is the school library used?

1. The school uniform is not worn by all pupils.

Why isn’t the school uniform worn by all pupils?

1. The text-books are given to us by the teacher.

What is given to us by the teacher?

1. My clothes are washed by my mother.

By whom are my clothes washed?

Упражнение 13. Possible answers.

1. What is situated in the centre of the city?

Where is the park situated?

1. The statue is made by a famous sculptor, isn’t it?

2. What is held in this square?

Where are the demonstrations held?

1. Is the square planned round the monument?

2. How is the obelisk i decorated?

3. Is the tent put up on a rock or in the forest?

Упражнение 14.

1. Are shoes sold in this shop?

2. Is tea brought from India?

3. Is English taught at your school?

4. Are bicycles made at this factory?

5. Is he payed a lot of money?

6. Where are bananas sold?

Упражнение 15.

1. The words are written on the blackboard.

2. This book is sold in many shops.

3. Is he often sent letters?

4. When are the newspapers brought?

5. This park is often shown to the tourists

6. Breakfast is not served in our school.

7. These texts are not learnt by heart.

Упражнение 16.

1. a: Jill was given a bar of chocolate (by John).

b: A bar of chocolate was given to Jill (by John).

2. a: Graham was lent a pencil (by me).

b: A pencil was lent to Graham (by me).

3. a: Julian was told the truth (by Fiona).

b: The truth was told to Julian (by Fiona).

4. a: Simon was offered the job (by them).

b: The job was offered to Simon (by them).

5. a: Anna was shown the new computer (by the boss).

b: The new computer was shown to Anna (by the boss).

6. a: The students were taught the grammar (by Julie).

b: The grammar was taught to the students (by Julie).

7. a: John was sent the email (by me).

b: The email was sent to John (by me).

8. a: The child was thrown the ball (by Lucy).

b: The ball was thrown to the child (by Lucy).

9. a: A doctor was sold the car (by Sophia).

b: The car was sold to a doctor (by Sophia).

10. a: David was asked the question (by me).

b: The question was asked to David (by me).

Упражнения.

Exercise 1. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

1. He left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made in Japan. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26.What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons. 30. This article was being translated when I came.

Exercise 2. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

l.They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9.1 was told to wait for him. 10.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o'clock. 12.Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. She was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read). The pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday; it (find) by the teacher. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children are very excited this morning. They (take) to the circus this afternoon.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что завершена нами. 7. Эти книги уже будут опубликованы к концу года. 8. Наша контрольная работа сейчас проверяется? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Ключи были утеряны вчера. 12. Мальчика возьмут в кино. 13. Вам сказали об этом? 14. Телеграмма уже получена?

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Он сказал мне, что текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 2. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны одним и тем же художником. 3. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 4. Работа будет закончена в срок. 5. За доктором послали? Сделайте это как можно скорее. У ребенка высокая температура. 6. Эта книга была написана до того, как автор стал знаменитым. 7. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 8. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 9. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 10. Он серьезный человек. На него всегда можно положиться. 11. За старой женщиной ухаживает ее младшая дочь. 12. На вечере нам показали прекрасный фильм. 13. Его ударили мячом. 14. С ним необходимо немедленно поговорить по этому вопросу. 15. Вам зададут несколько вопросов на экзамене. 16. Ей был дан список участников собрания. 17. Речь была заслушана с большим вниманием. 18. Вам объяснят, как добраться до железнодорожного вокзала. 19. Об этой пьесе сейчас много говорят. 20. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

Exercise 6. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на способы передачи английского страдательного залога:

1. The statistical theory has been developed quite recently.

2. The result of the experiment is shown in Fig.

3. Objects with negative stability are called unstable.

4. Thermal and other forms of diffusion were discarded.

5. We shall dwell upon the interphase nucleus which has

been discussed.

Exercise 7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение сочетаний модальных глаголов с инфинитивом страдательного залога:

6. A supply of hydrogen most be kept in darkness.

7. A similar explanation can be offered for the melting

of a solid.

8. Some words may be added about the course of the

reaction.

9. At these frequencies oscillation can be prevented.

Exercise 8. Переведите страдательные обороты в следующих примерах неопределенно-личными предложениями с помощью слов известно, оказывается и т. д.:

10. It was found that the substance was radioactive.

11. It has been shown that a number of species produce

aminoacids.

12. It is assumed that the derivative has a constant value.

13. It was thought that the cells passed two main phases

during their growth.

Exercise 9. Переведите следующие предложения, используя обратный по-рядок слов:

14. Numerous classifications have been used.

15. A more careful approach is needed.

16. Separate coefficients of viscosity are used to establish

stresses.

17. Information on the volume of reservoir is required.

18. The large disagreement between the various published

data is discussed.

Exercise 10. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на кос-венное дополнение с предлогом bу:

19. Solar rays are absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.

20. The increase in nucleic acids in the cell has been

studied by biochemistry.

21. The growth law of population is determined by a

large number of parameters.

22. Cooling is provided by the circulation of water.

23. The typical spontaneous depolarization of these

particles was suggested by Bozler in 1948.

24. It was shown by Reynolds (1894) that the effect of

the flow was negligible.

25. It was suggested by Fobey that some reactions were

of agglutinative character.

Упражнение

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на падеж дополнения:

1. Nobody has been refused a hearing at the conference.

2. The attraction between the molecules is being neglected.

3. The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom was

given the name of «proton».

4. Some pressing problems will be discussed at the

symposium.

5. Recent discoveries have been greatly assisted by the

development of the research technique.

6. Any deduction is usually preceded by a number of

experiments and observations.

7. We were informed that a new idea had been advanced

at the closing session.

8. More recently some of the results were shown in a

simplified form.

Литература

1. Беляева М.А. - Грамматика английского языка

2. Бреус Е.В. - Теория и практика перевода с английского на русский

3. Вейхман Г.А. - Новое в английской грамматике

4. Колпакчи М.А. - Дружеские встречи с английским языком

5. Кутозов Л. - Практическая грамматика английского языка

6. Михельсон Т.Н. Успенская Н.В. - Практический курс грамматики английского языка

7. Парахина А.В. - Английский язык. Учебное пособие

8. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. Рецкер Я. И., 1981

1^ Студенты 1 курса осеннего семестра – Elementary.Студенты 1 курса весеннего семестра – Pre-Intermediate.

Студенты 2 курса – Intermediate.

Студенты 3 и 4 курса – Upper Intermediate.