Урок №
Предмет английский язык
Дата проведения 06.04.2020 Преподаватель Аташева З.М.
Группа № 2-5
Тема урока: «Культурные и национальные традиции стран изучаемого языка»
Тип урока: комбинированный
I. Изучите лекционный материал по теме «Страдательный залог» (Passive Voice)
В страдательном залоге подлежащим является лицо или предмет, подвергающиеся воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета. Другими словами, исполнитель и получатель действия меняются местами, хотя исполнитель действия может и не указываться.
Предложения страдательного залога в английском языке образуются следующим образом:
получатель действия + be + причастие прошедшего времени
Например:
The students are taught. Студентам преподают.
The dishes are washed. Посуду моют.
Страдательный залог употребляется:
1. Главным образом в тех случаях, когда исполнитель действия не упоминается в предложении; он либо неизвестен, либо говорящий не считает нужным сообщить о нем.
Например:
Is English spoken in many countries? На английском говорят во многих странах?
That book was written a few years ago. Эта книга была написана несколько лет назад.
2. Когда исполнитель действия, хотя и упоминается в предложении, но не стоит в центре внимания говорящего; существительное или местоимение, выражающее данное исполнителя действия, вводится предлогом by. Обратите внимание, что в действительном залоге исполнитель действия являлся подлежащим, в страдательном же залоге он становится дополнением.
Например:
The students are taught by the professor. Студентам преподает профессор.
The dishes are washed by John. Посуду моет Джон.
Также в предложении страдательного залога может употребляться другое дополнение, присоединяемое предлогом with, и описывающее, посредством чего совершается действие, например:
The dishes are washed with a bar of soap. Посуда моется куском мыла.
В английском языке сфера употребления глаголов в страдательном залоге значительно шире, чем в русском. Так, любой глагол, принимающий прямое или косвенное дополнение, может употребляться в страдательном залоге.
Например:
I gave him a book. (Я дал ему книгу.)
A book was given to him. (Книга была отдана ему.) = He was given a book. (Ему была дана книга.)
They showed me a beautiful picture. (Они показали мне красивую картину.)
A beautiful picture was shown to me. (Красивая картина была показана мне.) =
I was shown a beautiful picture. (Мне была показана красивая картина.)
В английском языке в страдательном залоге могут употребляться глаголы, принимающие предложное дополнение (например: to attend to, to send for, и др.). Предложенное дополнение используется в качестве подлежащего страдательного оборота, а предлог стоит непосредственно после глагола.
Например:
She went after him. – He was gone after.
Она пошла за ним. – За ним пошли.
Способы перевода страдательного залога на русский язык
Существует три способа перевода страдательного залога на русский язык:
1. При помощи глагола "быть" + краткая форма причастия, например:
Were his books translated into Russian?
Были ли его книги переведены на русский язык?
2. Глаголами, оканчивающимися на –ся, например:
Letters are delivered by mailmen.
Письма доставляются почтальонами.
3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом (этот способ перевода возможен в тех случаях, когда в английском предложении не упоминается исполнитель действия), например:
They were taught French last year.
Их учили французскому языку в прошлом году.
Примеры действительного и страдательного залога
В нижеследующей таблице приведены примеры действительного и страдательного залога во всех возможных временах. Обратите внимание, что страдательный залог не используется во временах Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous и Future Continuous.
|
| Действительный залог | Страдательный залог |
| Present Simple | Once a week, Tom cleans the house. | Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom. |
| Present Continuous | Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. | Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah. |
| Past Simple | Sam repaired the car. | The car was repaired by Sam. |
| Past Continuous | The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. | The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. |
| Present Perfect | Many tourists have visited that castle. | That castle has been visited by many tourists. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Recently, John has been doing the work. |
|
| Past Perfect | George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. | Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. |
|
| Future Simple
will | Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. | The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. |
| Future Simple
be going to | Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. | A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. |
| Future Continuous | At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. |
|
| Future Perfect | They will have completed the project before the deadline. | The project will have been completed before the deadline. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. |
|
| Used To | Jerry used to pay the bills. | The bills used to be paid by Jerry. |
| Would Always | My mother would always make the pies. | The pies would always be made by my mother. |
| Future in the Past | I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. | I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. |
III.Выполните упражнения по теме «Страдательный залог»
1. Перепишите предложения из активного залога в пассивный
Nobody has used this room for ages.
We will give you the keys tomorrow.
Someone is interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment.
By the time I arrived, someone had already opened all your letters.
We usually talk briefly about the problems of the family at dinner time.
2. Выберите правильный вариант
1. This theatre … (build) over 100 years ago.
a. had been built b. has been built c. was built
2. Is your car still for sale? — No. It … already (sell).
a. has been sold b. had been sold c. was sold
3. Sometimes mistakes … (make).
a. are made b. are being made. c. have been made
4. For the past few days I (work) in Jack’s office, as my own … (decorate).
a. have been working/ is being decorated b. worked/ decorated
c. am worked/ is being decorated.
5. While my friend … (talk) to me, his wallet .. (steal).
a. was being talked/ was being stolen b. was talking/ was stolen c. talked/stole
6. Where is your friend Bob? — - I don’t know. He … (not/ seen) resently.
a. hasn’t seen b. didn’t see c. hasn’t been seen
7. If someone … (report) you to the police, you … (make) to pay a big fine.
a. reports/ will be made b. will report/ will make c. is reported/ will be made
8. Professor … ( give) another lecture at the same time next week.
a. will have been given b. will be given c. will give
9. Look at the dust in here! It … (look) as if this room (not/clean) … for a month.
a. is looked/ hasn’t cleaned b. looks/ hasn’t been cleaned c. has looked/ isn’t cleaned
10. The door … (open) and a young lady … (come in). It should be admitted that the door … (open) by herself
a. opened/ came in/ was opened b. was opened/ came in/ was opened
c. opened/ came in/ opened
III.Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы по тексту
Christmas.
Christmas is Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. For millions of Christians throughout the world it is the happiest and the busiest time of the year. No one knows the exact date of Christ's birth but most Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25. The word Christmas comes from Christes masse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ.
People of different countries celebrate Christmas in various ways. People in the United States and Canada decorate their homes with Christmas trees, wreaths and ornaments. City streets are filled with coloured lights; the sound of bells and Christmas carols can be heard everywhere.
Children write letters to Santa Claus and tell him what presents they would like to get. Many department stores hire people to wear a Santa Claus costume and listen to children's requests. People send Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many companies give presents to their employees.
A Christmas tree is one of the main symbols of Christmas in most homes. Relatives and friends may join in trimming the tree with lights, tinsel, and colourful ornaments. Presents are placed under the tree. On Christmas Eve or Christmas morning, families open their presents.
Many children believe that Santa Claus arrives on Christmas Eve in a sleigh pulled by a reindeer and brings presents. Some children hang up stockings so Santa Claus can fill them with candy, fruit and other small gifts.
In many parts of the United States and Canada groups of people walk from house to house and sing Christmas carols. Some people give singers money or small gifts or invite them for a warm drink.
Many people attend church services on Christmas Eve or Christmas morning. They listen to readings from Bible and singing Christmas carols.
A traditional Christmas dinner consists of stuffed turkey, ь mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce and a variety of other dishes. Some families have ham or roast goose instead of turkey. Pumpkin pie, plum pudding, and fruitcake are favourite desserts.
Questions:
1. What does Christmas celebrate?
2. Where does the name «Christmas» come from?
3. How do people in the US and Canada celebrate Christmas?
4. What do the children do on Christmas?
5. What is the main symbol of Christmas?
6. What does a traditional Christmas dinner consist of?
Vocabulary:
Christmas — Рождество
Christian — христианский
exact — точный
mass — месса
Christmas tree — рождественская елка
wreath — венок
ornament — украшение
bell — колокольчик
carol — рождественский гимн
request — просьба
employee — служащий
to trim — украшать
tinsel — мишура
Christmas Eve — сочельник
sleigh — сани
reindeer — северный олень
stockings — чулки
gift — подарок
church service — церковная служба
stuffed turkey — фаршированная индейка
mashed potatoes — картофельное пюре
cranberry sauce — клюквенный соус
ham — ветчина
raust goose— жареный гусь
pumpkin pie — тыквенный пирог
plum — сливовый
Готовые задания отправить на электронную почту zayka.atasheva@mail.ru
38 758
652 
