RELATIVE CLAUSE
ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
Relative Clause – это придаточное предложение, которое является частью сложного предложения и начинается с относительных местоимений (relative pronouns) или относительных наречий (relative adverbs).
Who /that кто, который - употребляется по отношению к людям:
The girl who/that lives next door to Jan is my cousin
Which/that который - употребляется по отношению к вещам, предметам:
The shop which/that has just opened is lovely
Whose чей - употребляется по отношению к людям, животным или предметам, что бы обозначить принадлежность:
She's the girl whose father is a doctor
Who, which/that могут быть опущены, если они являются дополнением в определительном придаточном предложении:
You meet a woman. She’s my aunt Mary = The woman (who) you met is my aunt Mary
Who, which/that не могут быть опущены, если они являются подлежащим в определительном придаточном предложении:
A girl lives next door. She’s a famous actress = The girl who lives next door is a famouse actress
Where где, куда - употребляется по отношению к местам:
Moscow, where I was born, is a beautiful city
When когда - употребляется по отношению ко времени:
October 31st, when Halloween takes place, is my birthday
Why зачем, почему - употребляется по отношению к причинам:
Bad mark was the reason why I was sad
YOUR TASK
I. Fill in the gaps:
I don’t agree with people __________ say that all modern music is rubbish.
That’s the music __________ I like best of all.
The shop __________ I bought this CD is next to the post office.
The man __________ party I went to is a composer.
I’ve broken the vase __________ you presented me.
I like the song __________ Jane sang yesterday.
This is the boy __________ bicycle Tom borrowed.
Here is the man __________ has lost his dog.
He showed me his new car, __________ is very modern and expensive.
Let us meet in the park __________ we got acquainted.
November 5th, _____________ Bonfire Night takes place, is also my birthday.
I like parties _____________ have a theme.
Mehmet_____________ is Muslim, celebrates Ramadan.
Moscow _____________ Maslenitsa is held every year, is a huge city.
Jane, _____________ lives in the flat above, is a dancer.
Jane is the person_____________ I think throws the best parties.
October 31st , _____________ Halloween takes place, is also my birthday.
We like festivals _____________ celebrate a cultural tradition.
Bunol_____________ La Tomatina is held every year, is a small town in Valencia.
The festival_____________ I like the most is Christmas.
Katie_____________ brother is an actor, is getting married next week.
Maria, _____________ favourite food is cake, really loves birthday parties.
She missed the bus _____________ was going to take her to university.
This is the engineer _____________ has designed the new engine.
Give me the book _____________ is behind you.
II. Join the sentences:
Не is the man. He lives next door.
This is the picture. You presented to me last month.
These are the gloves. I found them on the train.
I met two actors. We watched them on TV show last night.
This is the house. My father built it many years ago.
The person got a reward. He took the lost wallet to the police station.
Where is the letter? I put it in the table.
This is the picture. I bought it on holidays.
That is the book. The woman gave it to you.
This is the house. I was born here.
Martha has invited me to her sweet sixteen party. She lives next door.
This is the central market square of the town. The parade is taking place here.
31st October is my favourite day of the year. Halloween takes place then.
Lucy Scott works at the local gift shop. Her son is my age.
Sarah loves Christmas. She is six years old.
Halloween is a great festival. Children always dress up as ghosts or witches.
Carnival is a popular festival. It is celebrated in many countries.
Mark lives next door. He is a clown.
Bonfire Night is an important festival in England. It is celebrated on November 5th.
This is Norway. In this country you can see fjords.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ЦЕЛИ
Clauses of Purpose — это придаточные предложения, объясняющие, зачем или с какой целью что-либо делается. Они обычно начинаются с выражений и союзов:
To + глагол (инфинитив) - обозначает действие, которое происходит для достижения чего-то.
I study hard to pass the exam.
In order to + глагол - более формальный вариант того же, что и "to".
She left early in order to catch the train.
So that + предложение - используется, когда нужно объяснить цель в более развернутой форме; часто с модальными глаголами.
He explained everything clearly so that we wouldn’t get confused.
With a view to + глагол / существительное - подчеркивает, что действие делается с определенной целью. Обычно используется герундий (-ing).
She is saving money with a view to buying a house.
They organized the event with a view to promoting their products.
For + существительное / герундий (-ing) - используется для обозначения цели или назначения.
This gift is for you.
They built a school for teaching children.
So as not to + глагол (инфинитив) - используется, чтобы выразить, что человек делает что-то, чтобы избежать чего-то нежелательного.
She spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
He left early so as not to miss the bus.
YOUR TASK
I. Fill in the gaps with to + verb, in order to, или so that:
She took a cooking class _______ improve her culinary skills.
They moved abroad _______ find better work opportunities.
I left early _______ avoid the traffic jam.
He studies hard _______ pass his exams.
We bought new furniture _______ decorate the house.
She wore sunglasses _______ protect her eyes from the sun.
The company is investing in new technology _______ increase productivity.
He practiced speaking English _______ communicate better during his trip.
She stayed late _______ finish her project.
They hired more staff _______ serve more customers.
II. Translate the sentences:
Она занимается спортом, чтобы быть здоровой.
Мы купили этот тренажер для похудения.
Он повторял слова вслух, чтобы лучше запомнить их.
Они установили новую систему безопасности, чтобы защитить свои данные.
Она пошла в магазин до закрытия, чтобы купить продукты.
CLAUSES OF RESULT
ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТА
Clauses of result – это придаточные предложения, которые показывают, какой результат вызвало действие в главном предложении.
Чтобы показать результат, обычно используют слова и конструкции:
so + прилагательное/наречие + that + предложение
She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
such + (a/an) + существительное + that + предложение
It was such a difficult task that nobody could do it.
too + прилагательное/наречие + to + глагол
He was too busy to help us.
enough + существительное/прилагательное/наречие + to + глагол
She is old enough to vote.
YOUR TASK
Fill in so, such, too, enough:
It was __________ cold __________ we stayed indoors all day.
He is __________ young __________ to drive a car.
They had __________ many problems __________ they couldn't finish the project.
The movie was __________ interesting __________ I watched it twice.
She spoke __________ softly __________ nobody heard her.
II. Translate the sentences:
Он был так уставшим, что заснул на уроке.
Это была такая хорошая новость, что все были очень рады.
Она слишком занята, чтобы пойти с нами в кино.
Этот тест был достаточно сложным, чтобы никто не набрал 100%.
Это был такой страшный фильм, что дети боялись смотреть его.
CLAUSES OF REASON
ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ПРИЧИНЫ
Clauses of reason – это придаточные предложения, которые обычно стоят после главного предложения, соединенное союзами и конструкциями и объясняют, почему что-то произошло:
due to + существительное
The delay happened due to heavy traffic.
because of + существительное
The game was canceled because of rain.
because
I stayed home because I was tired.
since
Since it was raining, we stayed inside.
because of the fact that
He stayed home because of the fact that he was ill.
YOUR TASK
I. Match the parts of the sentences:
The factory had to shut down | due to traffic jams |
We missed the meeting | because it rained |
The concert was canceled | because of the fog |
He was late | due to an electricity outage |
They couldn't play football | because of signal problems |
The park is empty | because of the broken leg |
The shop was closed | since he missed the bus |
She missed the appointment | since we lost our way |
The train was delayed | because of an accident |
The road was closed | due to an unsafe working environment |
II. Make up your own sentences:
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TIME CLAUSE
ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ
Time Clauses — это придаточные предложения, которые указывают на время совершения действия в главном предложении.
Для этого используются слова и конструкции:
After – после (того как)
She called me after she arrived home.
As – когда, пока
As I was walking home, it started to rain.
As long as – пока, до тех пор
You can stay as long as you want.
As soon as – как только
I will call you as soon as I arrive.
Just as – в то время как
Just as she was leaving, the phone rang.
Since – с, с тех пор, после того как
Since I moved here, I have made many friends.
Before – до
She had arrived before the meeting started.
By the time – к тому времени
By the time I got there, the movie had already started.
When – когда
When I saw the surprise, I was very happy.
Whenever – когда бы ни
Whenever I see her, we talk for hours.
Once – однажды
She felt better once she took the medicine.
While – пока, в то время как
While I was cooking, he was setting the table.
Until/till – до тех пор
Stay here until I come back.
YOUR TASK
I. Fill in the gaps with when, after, before, as soon as, while, until, since, once, always, as long as:
I will call you __________ I arrive at the station.
She stayed at home __________ it started to rain.
They went for a walk __________ they finished their homework.
__________ I saw him last night, he looked very tired.
He will wait __________ you tell him the news.
__________ she was singing, everyone listened quietly.
We haven't seen her __________ last year.
Please wait here __________ I get back.
I always listen to music __________ I do my homework.
__________ I was young, I used to go camping every summer.
II. Translate the sentences:
Он позвонил, как только увидел сообщение.
Она обычно спит, пока я работаю.
Мы пошли в магазин, после того как он пришёл домой.
Пока мама готовит, я убираю комнату.
Я начал читать книгу, когда мне было скучно.
Он не ездил туда, с тех пор как переехал в другой город.
Мы будем ждать, пока он не придёт.
Она уснула, как только фильм начался.
Я не видел его уже год.
Он тренировался, пока не устал.
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