Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык Сварочное производство 4 курс

Автономное учреждение

профессионального образования

Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры

«СУРГУТСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

Заместитель директора по УР

/Шарапова Г. Н./

« » 20 г.

Методические рекомендации

по выполнению практических работ

по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык

Для студентов очной формы обучения

Специальность:

22.02.06 Сварочное производство

Наименование профиля: технический

Сургут, 2016

Методические указания по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов IV курса по специальности: 22.02.06 Сварочное производство

Составитель: А.М. Фахрутдинова, преподаватель

Методические указания по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов IV курса по специальности: 2322.02.06 Сварочное производство очной формы обучения и преподавателей профессиональных учебных заведений, соответствует действующей программе и содержит методические рекомендации и систему заданий для аудиторных практических работ.

Рекомендовано к печати методическим объединением «Иностранный язык»

Протокол № __ от «__» __________2016г.

Рекомендовано к печати Методическим советом Сургутского политехнического колледжа

Протокол № __ от «__» __________2016г.

Содержание

1. Пояснительная записка…………………………………………...…..4

2. Практическая работа №1……………………………………………..6

3. Практическая работа №2………………………………………….….7

4. Практическая работа №3……………………………………………..8

5. Практическая работа №4………………………………………….…10

6. Практическая работа №5………………………………………….…11

7. Практическая работа №6………………………………………….…13

8. Практическая работа №7……………………………………….……14

9. Практическая работа №8……………………………………….……16

10. Практическая работа №9……………………………………...……18

11. Практическая работа №10…………………………………….……19

12. Практическая работа №11……………………………………….…21

13. Практическая работа №12……………………………………….…22

14. Практическая работа №13……………………………………….…24

15 Практическая работа №14………………………………………..…25

16. Практическая работа №15…………………………………….……26

17. Практическая работа №16…………………………………….……26

18. Практическая работа №17…………………………………….……27

19. Практическая работа №18…………………………………….……28

20. Практическая работа №19…………………………………….……30

21. Литература………………………………………………...…………32

Пояснительная записка

Данное учебное пособие представляет собой практикум для развития навыков профессионально ориентированного речевого общения и предназначено для студентов IV курса обучающихся по специальности 22.02.06 Сварочное производство.

Предлагаемый курс построен по тематическому принципу, включает 19 разделов и призван развивать у студентов профессионально-ориентированную грамматическую и коммуникативную компетенцию, обеспечить совершенствование навыков правильного грамматического оформления речи.

В данном пособии отражен коммуникативный подход в обучении. Для успешного овладения иностранным языком обучаемые должны знать не только языковые формы (т.е. грамматику, лексику и произношение), но также иметь представление о том, как их использовать для целей реальной коммуникации. Представленный учебный материал знакомит обучаемых с функциональным аспектом изучаемого языка и предлагает соответствующую систему упражнений. В данном пособии показаны основные приемы коммуникативно - ориентированного подхода к обучению иностранного языка.

Каждый раздел (Unit) включает в себя тексты для ознакомительного, изучающего и просмотрового чтения, которые содержат актуальную информацию из аутентичных источников. Тексты сопровождаются подробным словарем, а также значительным количеством иллюстраций, что привлекает внимание студентов и облегчает понимание представленного им материала.

Целью учебного пособия является развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков устной речи в деловой и общепрофессиональной коммуникации, формирование профессионально ориентированной лингвистической компетентности студентов. Формальные аспекты языка: грамматика, лексика и фонетика представлены в коммуникативном контексте так, что обучаемым сразу становится понятно их использование в речи. Кроме того, обучаемым предлагаются приближенные к реальной жизни задания, в ходе выполнения которых систематически развиваются иноязычные речевые умения. Такой поход предполагает создание на занятиях атмосферы доверия и сотрудничества, когда обучаемые вовлечены в процесс обучения.

Учебное пособие может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории, так и для самостоятельной работы.

При составлении данного пособия был соблюден общедидактичексий принцип «от простого к сложному», то есть отбор материала по уровню сложности, что позволяет определить последовательность введения нового материала и его количество, а также темп его изучения.

Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом по иностранным языкам и квалификационными требованиями к содержанию и уровню профессиональной подготовки студентов вузов.

Практическая работа №1

Виды сварочных аппаратов в мире

Welder machines come in all shapes and sizes from the small home workshop welder to industrial welding machines used for car manufacture and specialized industries.

Mig welding machines

Regarded as the most versatile and the most common welding machine in home workshops and industry. Can be used for welding several different metals including mild steel, stainless steel and aluminium. Top models include Miller, Lincoln and Hobart.

Tig welding machines

More specialized than MIG welders TIG machines are used for precision work and can weld more types of metal than any other process. Metals suitable to TIG weld are stainless steel, mild steel, aluminum, copper, bronze, brass, gold, magnesium, chromoly, and nickel alloys.

Tig welding gives pure clean welds without splatter, sparks and smoke fumes. Ideal for welding metal artwork, aluminum cycle and motorcycle frames plus clean stainless welding for applications such as food processing equipment.

Arc Welders. Basic weld machine that have been around for many years. Can be purchased for very little money these days and in the right curcumstances can be very useful. Ideal for repair work where a mig welder is not suited to such as on site and field work where portability is needed and also where welding gasses can be blown away due to wind.

Spot Welding Machines

Spot Welding is a common resistance welding technique utilized to join 2 to 4 overlapping steel sheets that are anywhere up to 3 mm thick each. In many applications using just 2 overlapping metallic sheets, the sheet thickness could be as much as 6 millimeters. A pair of electrodes are concurrently utilized to secure the metal sheets together and move current throughout the sheets. Some great benefits of the technique consist of effective power use, restricted workpiece deformation, higher manufacturing rates, simple automation, with no necessary filler materials. Spot welding is employed instead of more expensive mechanized fastening, for example riveting and screwing, and when disassembly for maintenance is not needed. Whilst weld strength at each weld spot is significant, the fact that the weld spots don’t form a continuing seam ensures that the general sturdiness is usually considerably less than with welding techniques, making the procedure suited to only specific applications. It’s utilized broadly within the motor vehicle industry where cars can have several thousand spot welds.

Plastic Welding machines

Plastic welding is one of the most innovative and different kinds of processes. It is specially designed for welding plastic materials, which are otherwise difficult to weld using conventional welding processes. For how to weld plastic parts, the films are fused and pressure is applied against them. The technique of plastic welding is diverse in nature, and has many variants with high number of applications for industrial use.

Most commonly there are GMAW, GTAW, or SMAW machines. There are many different types though. There are transformer based machines that can be set up for rig or stick. You can add a wire feeder and have one machine that will do all three. You can buy a generator that is capable of welding. (Miller bobcat is an example) there are smaller inverter type machines like the Miller dynasty or the esab suitcase. Some people could even call an oxy/fuel setup and tanks a “welding machine “

1. Fill in the table:

Type of machine	Advantages	Disadvantages

2. Make 10 questions to the text (2 for each type of question).

Практическая работа №2

Сварочное производство в Америке.

The American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919 as a non-profit organization with a global mission to advance the science, technology and application of welding and allied joining and cutting processes, including brazing, soldering and thermal spraying.

Headquartered in Miami, Florida and led by a volunteer organization of officers and directors, AWS serves over 73,000 members worldwide and is composed of 22 Districts with 250 Sections and student chapters. The Society is dedicated to supporting hundreds of thousands of industry professionals, including: welders, business leaders, sales and service teams, manufacturers, vendors, associations, educational institutions, committee volunteers, and students.

The organization is perhaps best known for its code and certification procedures, which provide industry standards for the welding and joining of metals, plastics and other materials. Through their publications, internet forums, social media, member services, local and national events, educational resources, networking activities, and certification procedures, AWS keeps welding professionals and those interested in materials science up to date with the most current advances and procedures in the industry.

We have over nine decades of experience in the welding industry and more than 70,000 members worldwide. AWS leads the way in support of the welding community; listening to our members and being their voice in the world. We are passionate about continuous learning; offering a variety of technical and education conferences and seminars to help advance careers, incomes and productivity. AWS’s services are supported by a dedicated staff and global industry professionals that represent all facets of welding; from factory floor to high-rise construction; military weaponry to home products.

1. Make 5 questions to the text:

Past Simple Passive (1), Present Simple Active (2), Present Simple Passive (2).

2. Find expressions:

некоммерческая организация; сходные процессы сборки и резки; пайка, наплавка и газотермическое напыление; имеющий штаб-квартиру в; прогресс в науке, технологии и применении сварке; разработчики и производители; материаловедение; по всему миру; сварочное сообщество; увлекаться непрерывным обучением; все аспекты сварки; высотное строительство

3. Translate the passage in written form:

The American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919 as a non-profit organization with a global mission to advance the science, technology and application of welding and allied joining and cutting processes, including brazing, soldering and thermal spraying. The organization is perhaps best known for its code and certification procedures, which provide industry standards for the welding and joining of metals, plastics and other materials.

Практическая работа №3

Сварочное производство в Британии и Канаде

Most of the early developments in iron and steel production originated in Britain, the world’s eighth largest steel-production nation in 1979. The Iron and Steel Act 1967 brought together into public ownership 14 major companies and created the British Steel Corporation (BSC). In recent years BSC has produced about 82 per cent of Britain’s crude steel and is the largest steel undertaking in Western Europe. As a result of the widespread industrial recession, employment in the steel industry has been declining, both in Britain and in other countries.

The remaining (private sector) companies are represented by the British Independent Steel Producers’ Association whose members employ some 60,000 people and account for over a third of the value of the industry’s turnover. The private sector is particularly strong in the manufacture of alloy and stainless steels and of finished products for the engineering industry. The main steel producing areas are Yorkshire and Humberside (32 per cent of crude steel output in 1979), Wales (32 per cent), the Northern region (15 per cent), Scotland (8 per cent) and the West Midlands (5 per cent).

About 75 per cent of British steel producers’ deliveries of finished steel products are used by home industry and the remainder for direct export, the major markets for which are the rest of the European Community and the United States. A large part of the steel used by industry in Britain is also subsequently exported as part of other finished products.

The castings industry plays an important role in meeting the needs of manufacturers for essential components for products sold both in Britain and abroad. Its main customers are the vehicle, mechanical engineering, building and construction industries. The British Cast Iron Research Association, the Steel Casting Research and Trade Association conduct much of the research and development in the industry.

Britain’s non-ferrous metal processing and fabricating industry is one of the largest in Europe. Its major products are aluminium (both virgin and secondary metal), secondary and refined copper, lead and primary zinc. Tin mining in Cornwall supplies about 25 per cent of Britain’s tin requirements but otherwise British metal smelting and refining industries are based on imported ores. Britain is also a major producer of the newer specialised metals including uranium, zirconium and beryllium for the nuclear energy industry, niobium for aircraft production and selenium, silicon, germanium and tantalum for electronic apparatus. Titanium and titanium alloys are also produced and used in aircraft production, power generation and North Sea oil production, where their lightness, resistance to stress, flexibility and resistance to oxidisation are especially valued. Nearly half the industry is situated in the Midlands. Other centres include south Wales, London, Tyneside and Avonmouth, where a zinc smelter of some 100,000 tonnes capacity operates. Three large-scale aluminium smelters provide 85 per cent of Britain’s requirements for primary aluminium. The large non-ferrous metals fabricating industry uses large quantities of imported refined metals such as copper, lead, zinc and aluminium. A wide range of semi-manufactures is produced in these metals and their alloys, and, particularly in aluminium, firms are engaged in smelting, casting and fabrication by rolling, extrusion and drawing; advanced techniques of powder metallurgy and pressure die-casting are also employed. In recent years considerable progress has been made in the development of ‘superplastic’ alloys, which are more ductile and elastic than conventional alloys.

Scientific and technological research for the industry is conducted by the Warren Spring Laboratory of the Department of Industry and by the British Non-Ferrous (BNF) Metals Technology Centre.

1. Match the English words and word-combinations given below with their Russian equivalents.

1. to be represented 1. обрабатывающая промышленность

2. alloy 2. сплав

3. stainless steel 3. обычные (традиционные) сплавы

4.deliveries of finished steel products 4. устойчивость к окислению

5.to play an important role/part in 5.сталеплавильная промышленность

6. to meet the needs of manufac- 6. необработанный металл

tureres

7. essential components 7. полуфабрикат

8. virgin metal 8. поставки конечных продуктов

сталелитейного производства

9. secondary metal 9. вторичный (обработанный) металл

10. resistance to oxidation 10. основные компоненты

11. smelting industry 11. играть важную роль

12. refining industry 12. сверхэластичные сплавы

13. processing industry 13. удовлетворять потребности

производителей

14. superelastic alloys 14. быть представленным

15. conventional alloys 15. аффинажная промышленность

16. semi-manufacture 16. нержавеющая сталь

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What was the purpose of the Iron and Steel Act? 2. What organization represents the private sector in British metallurgy? 3. Where are the finished products of steel industry used? 4. Why is the castings industry so important? 5. Does non-ferrous metal processing play an important part in British metallurgy?

3. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. The private sector of British metallurgy is not particularly strong.

2. Britain uses all its steel producers deliveries of finished steel products only for the needs of home industry.

3. The castings industry is underdeveloped in Great Britain.

4. Britain’s non-ferrous metal processing and fabricating industry is one of the largest in Europe.

5. Nearly half of the industry is situated in the Midlands.

6. Britain does not produce the newer specialised metals (uranium, beryllium, etc.)

Практическая работа №4

Согласование времен

1. Составьте как можно больше слов, добавляя к основе приставки и суффиксы. Используйте словарь. Переведите образовавшиеся слова.

helpfulness (услужливость), unhelpful (неуслужливый), helpless (беспомощный), helplessness (беспомощность)

      Приставка                       Основа/корень слова                                    Суффикс

                                            1. possible

                                            2. polite                                                          -ful

          un-                              3. stress

                                            4. thought

                                            5. agree                                                          -ity

          mis-                             6. use

                                             7. like

                                             8. taste                                                          -less

          im-                               9. understand

                                            10. hope

                                            11. care                                                          -ness

           in-                              12. mortal

                                            13. human

                                            14. success                                                     -ment

           dis-                            15. conscious

                                            16. popular                                                     -able

                                            17. profit                                                

 2. Образуйте сложные слова и переведите их.

Clock, pocket (карман), place (место), ball (мяч), dish (тарелка), sun (солнце), pool (водоем), head (голова), bird (птица), ice (лед), fire (огонь), work, black (черный), cream (сливки), pick (вынимать), swimming (плавание), ache (боль), foot (ступня), washer (мойка), glasses (стекла)

Практическая работа №5

Прямая и косвенная речь.

My friend says, “I work at a plant.”
My friend asked me, “Do you work at a plant?”
He asked me, “Will you study at the Institute?”

При превращении прямой речи в косвенную применяется правило согласования времен. При этом необходимо обратить внимание на правильное употребление личных и притяжательных местоимений, так как в косвенной речи передаются чужие слова. Если в прямой речи употреблено вопросительное предложение,
то прямой вопрос превращается в косвенный, который вводится
союзами if или whether.

My friend says that works at a plant. Мой друг говорит, что он работает на

заводе.
My friend asked me if (whether) I worked Мой друг спросил меня, работаю

at a plant. ли я на заводе.
He asked me if I should study at the Он спросил меня, буду ли я учиться в

Institute. институте.
1. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into Indirect

Once a French cabman played a good joke on Conan Doyle.

When Conan Doyle arrived in Paris it was raining heavily. He took a cab and asked the cabman to take him to the Ritz Hotel as he had reserved a room there a few days before.

The cabman brought him to the hotel. When he had received his fare he said, "Thank you, Mr. Conan Doyle". "How do you know my name?" asked Conan Doyle.

"Well, sir," replied the driver, "the other day I saw in the papers that you were coming from the South of France to Paris. Your appearance told me you were British, and I also saw you had had your hair cut in the South of France. So I decided it was you. "You are a wonderful detective," said Conan Doyle. "Were there any other things about me, that could help you to think it was I?" "Well," said the cabman, "there was also your name on your suit-case, sir".

2. Convert into INDIRECT SPEECH.

1. "He is a good architect. Nobody can offer a better project", remarks the boss.

2. "I asked the manager some questions on construction works", said Peter.

3. The engineer pointed out to the workers, "Only the best devices can be used here".

4. The students said, "It is not easy to study such subject as architecture."

5. He said to us, "Don't use this cement. It is not of a good quality".

6. He said to the students, "Almost everyone saw the construction of a building".

7. Our contractor promised, "I'll undertake all my endeavors to supply equipment".

8. My friend asked me, "What natural stones do you know?"

9. The guide told us, "This city is famous for its cement industry".

10. The manager wondered, "Are you specialized in civil engineering?"

Практическая работа №6

Экология окружающей среды в ХМАО

Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the modern world and environmental protection has become a vital necessity for all people.

Our planet is in serious danger. One of the most important environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Industrial pollution has made sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become poisonous. Thousands of fish die every year as a result of the illegal dumping of waste in rivers by factories all over the world.

Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest and most beautiful lakes. It contains a rich variety of fish and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist anywhere in the world. However, they are being killed by the massive industrial waste, which some factories still pour into lake every day. A few years ago people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.

Air pollution is another important problem. In hundreds of cities and towns the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level. Every day a huge number of plants and factories emit lots of harmful substances into the atmosphere of big cities. The great increase in the use of motor cars in the last quarter of the 20-th century has caused an increase in a new kind of air pollution. Pollution from factories and cars poisons the air we breath and is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers and destroy forests. Greenhouse effect may also have disastrous consequences for our planet. It is already affecting areas of the world with unusual weather causing droughts or heavy storms. The world's temperature is going up and the climate is changing. Cutting down on emissions from large plants and exhaust fumes from vehicles could help solve the problem. I think we should try and use alternative energy such as solar energy and wind energy, and design plants and cars that run on electricity, a much cleaner fuel than petrol.

One of the most alarming environmental problems is depletion of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun. Because of the ozone holes the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other serious diseases. Many scientists think that these ozone holes are the result of air pollution.

In my opinion, the most urgent ecological problem today is the environmental safety of nuclear power stations. Nuclear pollution can't be seen but its effects can be terrible. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. Nuclear waste also endangers people's life. People all over the world protest against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. If we do not take any action, the possibility of a global nuclear disaster is very real.

Of course, we can't help mentioning such burning issues as destruction of tropical forests and wildlife, overpopulation and shortage of natural resources. The list of serious problems could be continued

In short, people have destroyed our environment by building huge cities and power stations, developing industries, cutting down trees and excavating mountains. In pursuit of new inventions and discoveries, as well as higher and higher profits, man has forgotten about nature, and it has led him to the edge of ecological catastrophe. Ignorance about ecology may lead to further destruction of nature and worsen living conditions for all living beings.

1 Answer the following questions:

1. Why is our planet in serious danger? 2. What ecological problems are urgent now? 3. What is the influence of pollution on people's health? 4. What is happening to our forests? 5. What are the consequences of nuclear disasters? 6. Was life better a hundred years ago? Why do you think so? 7. What ecological problems exist in your home place? 8. How can we save our planet? 9. What can you personally do to help our ecology?

Практическая работа №7

Влияние окружающей среды на эффективность развития экономики. Методы решения проблем на предприятиях

1. Choose the right answer and continue the sentence.

1.People have produced new machines to make their life easier…..

a) but all these activities did not result in air and water pollution.

b) but all these activities result in water and air pollution

c) but all these activities do not affect the balance of nature.

2. A lot of ships crossing the oceans, especially those that carry oil, put their wastes into water. As a result …..

a) they destroy the ozone layer.

b) they destroy forests which are dying from acid rains.

c) they pollute water and many fish and birds die..

3 People are concerned about the air and the water used by everyone because they

understand that their activities….

improve and make their life healthier.

improve machines and do not affect the balance of nature.

Result in air and water pollution and affect the balance of nature.

4 .The wastes of cars and plants pollute the atmosphere…

a) but do not destroy the ozone layer and forests.

b) and destroy the ozone layer and forests which are dying from acid rains.

c) but do not affect the balance of nature.

2. Choose the Russian equivalents for:

a. up-to-date machines 1.быть озабоченным

b. to protect 2. опасные лучи солнца

c. wastes 3 современные машины

d. activities 4 загрязнение

e. to design 5 проектировать

f. to affect the balance of nature 6 привести (к результату)

g. pollution 7 отходы

h. dirty 8 загрязнять атмосферу

i. ozone layer 9 защищать, охранять

j. a dangerous lights of the Sun 10 загрязнять

k. to pollute the atmosphere 11 грязный

l. to result (in) 12 деятельность

m. to contaminate 13 озоновый слой

n. to die from acid rains 14 погибать от кислотных дождей

o. to be concerned about 15 влиять на баланс природы

3. Change the words given in brackets so that it can fit suitably into the blanks

1) There are a lot of problems which __1__ (threat) our natural environment. Acid rain, __2__ (globe) warming and air and water __3__ (pollute) are the most serious ones. There are some ways to help improve the situation. Firstly, we should encourage __4__ (recycle)as the __5__ (produce) of new materials causes the most damage. We must learn to reuse things like plastic bags and glass jars. Secondly, driving an environmentally-friendly car is also __6__ (help). Furthermore, if you are really concerned about the environment, you can join an __7__ (organise) which plants trees or cleans up beaches. Finally, supporting groups such as Greenpeace, which try to prevent many __8__ (environment) disasters, would help to ensure that our planet will be clean and safe for future generations.
2) Some of the ultraviolet light from the Sun can be very __9__ (danger) to people because it can cause skin cancer. (рак кожи)
3) In 1971 a small team of __10__ (active) set sails from Canada in an old fishing boat. It was the first __11__ (act) of Greenpeace.

4. Guess the words in crossword

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1. The air, water, land on Earth which can be harmed by man’s activities

2. Not existing/ living any longer

3. Waste paper, cans etc. thrown away and left on the ground

4. Polluted air is bad for people, animals and…

5. The process of making air, water, soil etc. dangerously dirty and not suitable for people

6. The natural home of a plant or animal

7. Producing something from used objects or materials

Практическая работа №8

Машиностроение как обрабатывающая промышленность. Виды машиностроения

An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are setup for long production runs, making large number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently.

Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as machining and pressworking.

Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery and motor components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple operations are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production.-Many separate operations are divided among the workstations.

Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines and metal furniture More than one processing step is often required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from one press to the next, thus creating an automated pressworking line.

1. Найдите эквиваленты русских слов и словосочетаний:

1. автоматизированные производственные линии

2. несколько рабочих мест

3. пример фиксированной автоматизации

4. производить большое число производственных единиц (товаров)

5. работать в течение нескольких лет

6. заготовка поступает на одном конце линии

7. работа выполняется частично на каждом рабочем месте

8. различные операции

9. современные автоматизированные линии

10. оборудование

11. конвейер

2. Дополните предложения:

1. An automated production line consists of…

2. These lines are set up for…

3. These lines are running for several years between…

4. A raw work part enters at one end of the line and…

5. Modern automated lines are controlled by…

6. Machining is…

7. Pressworking operations involve…

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does an automated production line consist of?

2. Is it an example of fixed automation?

3. How long does it work?

4. How does it work?

5. Where are automated production lines utilized?

6. How are they controlled?

7. What is machining?

8. What is pressworking?

Практическая работа №9

Машиностроение. Мировые монополии производства

Manufacturing is one of the most important application are for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.

1. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automation» refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over- from one product style to another. This form of automation needs high initial in vestments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.

2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and change over fake a period of non-productive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer programmer.

3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time to re-program and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment, can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.

1. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is the most important application of automation?

2. What are the types of automation used in manufacturing?

3. What is fixed automation?

4. What are the limitations of hard automation?

5. What is the best example of programmable automation?

6. What are the limitations of programmable automation?

7. What are the advantages of flexible automation?

8. Is it possible to produce different products one after another using automation technology?

2. Найдите эквиваленты русских слов и словосочетаний:

1. сфера применения

2. фиксированная последовательность операций

3. автоматические сборочные машины

4. определенные химические процессы

5. станок с числовым программным управлением

6. потерянное производственное время

7. разнообразная продукция

3. Переведите на русский язык:

1. automation technology

2. fixed automation

3. assembly machines

4. non-productive time

5. programmable automation

6. computer terminal

7. numerical-control machine-tool

Практическая работа №10

Детали. Виды деталей

The type of connection and the edge preparation are to be appropriate to the welding procedure adopted, the structural elements to be connected and the stresses to which they are subjected.

In general, butt connections of plating are to be full penetration, welded on both sides except where special procedures or specific techniques are adopted. Connections different from the above may be accepted by the Society on a caseby-case basis; in such cases, the relevant detail and workmanship specifications are to be approved. In case of welding plates with a difference in gross thickness equal to or greater than 3.00 or 4.00 mm, if the thinner plate has a gross thickness equal to or less than 10 mm, a taper having a length of not less than 4 times the difference in gross thickness is to be adopted for connections of plating perpendicular to the direction of main stresses. For connections of plating parallel to the direction of main stresses, the taper length

may be reduced to 3 times the difference in gross thickness. When the difference in thickness is less than the above values, it may be accommodated in the weld transition between plates. The acceptable root gap is to be in accordance with the adopted welding procedure and relevant bevel preparation. Butt welding on permanent backing, i.e. butt welding assembly of two plates backed by the flange or the face plate of a stiffener, may be accepted where back welding is not feasible or in specific cases deemed acceptable by the Society. The type of bevel and the gap between the members to be assembled are to be such as to ensure a proper penetration of the weld on its backing and an adequate connection to the stiffener as required.

When lengths of longitudinals of the shell plating within 0,6 L amidships, or elements in general, subject to high stresses, are to be connected together by butt joints, these are to be full penetration. Other solutions may be adopted if deemed acceptable by the Society on a case-by-case basis. The work is to be done in accordance with an approved procedure; in particular, this requirement applies to work done on board or in conditions of difficult access to the welded connection.

In general, ordinary fillet welding (without bevel) may be adopted for T connections of the various simple and composite structural elements, where they are subjected to low stresses (in general not exceeding 30 N/mm2) and adequate precautions are taken to prevent the possibility of local laminations of the element against which the T web is welded. Where this is not the case, partial or full T penetration welding is to be adopted. This applies particularly to members over than 12 mm thick constituting the whole or part of the engine seatings. Fillet welding may be of the following types:continuous fillet welding, where the weld is constituted by a continuous fillet on each side of the abutting plate; intermittent fillet welding, which may be subdivided into chain welding, scallop welding, staggered welding. Continuous fillet welding is to be adopted for watertight connections, for connections of brackets, lugs and scallops, at the ends of connections for a length of at least 75 mm, where intermittent welding is not allowed. Continuous fillet welding may also be adopted in lieu of intermittent welding wherever deemed suitable, and it is recommended where the spacing is low. In case of automatic or semi-automatic deep penetration weld, the throat thickness may be reduced. It may be required by the Society to be increased, depending on the results of structural analyses. The leg length of fillet weld T connections is to be not less than 1.4 times the required throat thickness.

The throat thickness of the welds between the cut-outs in primary supporting member webs for the passage of ordinary stiffeners is to be not less than the value obtained, in mm, from the special formula. The throat thickness of fillet welds connecting ordinary stiffeners and collar plates, if any, to the web of primary supporting members is to be not less than 0,35 tW, where tW is the web gross thickness, in mm. When fillet welding is carried out with automatic welding procedures, the throat thickness may be reduced up to 15 %, depending on the properties of the electrodes and consumables. However, this reduction may not be greater than 1,5 mm. The same reduction applies also for semi-automatic procedures where the welding is carried out in the downhand position.

1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1) конструктивные детали; 2) выполняться с полным проплавлением; 3) при сварке листов обшивки; 4) перегородки опорных элементов; 5) основные нагрузки; 6) длину скоса можно уменьшить в 3 раза; 7) вышеуказанные величины; 8) разделка; 9) постоянная подкладка; 10) лицевая плита ребра жесткости; 11) нецелесообразный; 12) обеспечить необходимое проплавление; 13) продольные брусья обшивки; 14) тавровые соединения; 15) обычное ребро жесткости.

2. Переведите на английский язык следующие слова и выражения из текста:

1) edge preparation; 2) butt connections; 3) workmanship specifications; 4) gross thickness; 5) to accommodate ; 6) root gap; 7) butt welding assembly; 8) in conditions of difficult access; 9) ordinary fillet welding; 10) local laminations; 11) continuous fillet welding; 12) intermittent fillet welding; 13) chain welding; 14) scallop weld; 15) staggered weld.

Практическая работа №11

Обработка деталей их применение

The heat treatment of steel after its formation is rather important. The treatment of steel is now an elaborate science of its own, and it is, of course, closely connected with the contents of the steel. The heating and the quenching are designed to bring about the arrangement of the crystalline structure in the desired way, to give the required properties. For example, steels containing a high percentage of carbon may be quenched after being heated to a high temperature to make them hard, and then moderately tempered to restore toughness.

No steel is used today that has not been tested. The simplest examinations are those made with magnifying glass or a microscope.

Spectroscopic or chemical analysis, x-ray examination, and magnetic or electrical tests may be applied. Specimens are also subjected to3 physical tests for toughness, strength, and hardness.

When the mechanical working of a metal or alloy takes place above the recrystallization temperature, the process is known as hot working.

In a hot-working metal or alloy the grains are being continually formed as hot working continues, and the size of the grains depends upon the temperature. The smallest grains are formed when the temperature is just above the recrystallization temperature, and this is usually the best finishing temperature for hot working operations.

Hot rolling and forging are very widely in the fabrication of metal shape, and, even when the finishing operation is to be cold working, the preliminary shaping is done by hot working.

The temperature of the metal for hot working depends on the metal or alloy, and there is a best temperature range and a best finishing temperature in each case.

Each metal has a certain critical temperature, known as the recrystallization temperature, and any mechanical deformation performed below the recrystallization temperature is cold working. In practically all cases, cold working means the deformation of a metal at room temperature.

When a metal is cold-worked, it becomes harder and more brittle as the working progress, and the metal is said to be strain-hardened or work- hardened. The grains of a cold-worked metal are distorted and elongated, and the internal structure of the grains becomes disorganized (but the crystalinity of the metal is not destroyed).

Cold working copper, for example, is fairly hard and definitely elastic as compared with cast copper which is soft and has no elasticity.

1. Answer the questions.

1. What are the four most important industrial and commercial properties of steel?

2. Silicon is an excellent cleaner of steel, isn’t it?

3. What process is called hot working?

4. What purpose are hot rolling and forging used for?

5. What does cold working mean?

6. What makes the steel stronger and tougher?

2. Complete the following sentences by translating the words or expressions in brackets.

1. (Углеродистая сталь) has been known to be the principal product of the steel industry.

2. (Марганец) improves (прокатка) and (ковка) qualities of (металл),

3. The (температура) of the metal for (горячая обработка) depends on the metal or alloy.

4. The (термообработка) of steel is now an elaborate science of its own.

5. Any mechanical deformation performed below the recrystallization temperature is (холодная обработка).

Практическая работа №12

Автоматизированное производство продукции на современных предприятиях и заводах

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:

1. material handling

2. processing operations

3. assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:

1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle,

2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks),

3. the workpiece or tool are too heavy and difficult to handle,

4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?

2. What is «material handling»?

3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?

4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?

5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?

6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?

7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?

8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?

9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?

2. Найдите эквиваленты русских слов и словосочетаний:

1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.

2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.

3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.

4. Станки с числовым программным управлением — хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.

5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.

6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.

7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.

Практическая работа №13

Управляющие программы для обработки деталей в автоматизации производства

Assembly operations have traditionally been performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. Owing to the high labour content and high cost of manual labour, greater attention has been given in recent years to the use of automation for assembly work. Assembly operations can be automated using production line principles if the quantities are large, the product is small, and the design is simple (e.g., mechanical pencils, pens, and cigarette lighters). For products that do not satisfy these conditions, manual assembly is generally required.

Automated assembly machines have been developed that operate in a manner similar to machining transfer lines, with the difference being that assembly operations, instead of machining, are performed at the workstations. A typical assembly machine consists of several stations, each equipped with a supply of components and a mechanism for delivering the components into position for assembly. A workhead at each station performs the actual attachment of the component. Typical workheads include automatic screwdrivers, welding heads and other joining devices. A new component is added to the partially completed product at each workstation, thus building up the product gradually as it proceeds through the line. Assembly machines of this type are considered to be examples of fixed automation, because they are generally configured for a particular product made in high volume. Programmable assembly machines are represented by the component-insertion machines employed in the electronics industry.

1. Составьте вопросы к тексту.

Практическая работа №14

П роизводство металлов из природного сырья, получение сплавов

Практическая работа №15

Магний и его сплавы

Magnesium has a specific gravity of approximately 1.7; its alloys are the lightest of all engineering metals employed.

The melting point of magnesium is 650C; its boiling point is 107C. Magnesium is very inflammable and burns with a dazzling flame, developing a great deal of heat.

The mechanical properties of magnesium, especially the tensile strength, are very low and therefore pure magnesium is not employed in engineering.

The alloys of magnesium possess much better mechanical properties which ensure their wide application.

The principal alloying elements in magnesium alloys are aluminium, zinc and manganese. Aluminium, added in amounts up to 11 per cent, increases the hardness, tensile strength and fluidity of the alloy. Up to 2 per cent zinc is added to improve the ductility and castability. The addition of 0.1-0.5 per cent manganese raises the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

Small additions of cerium, zirconium and beryllium enable a fine-grained structure to be obtained, they also increase the ductility and oxidation resistance of the alloys at elevated temperatures.

Magnesium alloys are classified into two groups: (1) wrought alloys, (2) casting alloys.

Wrought magnesium alloys are chiefly used for hot smith and closed-die forged machine parts. They are less frequently used as sheets, tubing or bar stock.

Magnesium casting alloys are widely used as foundry material though their castability is inferior to that of aluminium-base alloys.

1. Fill in the table:

Non-ferrous metal	Properties	Application	Alloying element

Практическая работа №16

Алюминий и его сплавы

Aluminium is one of the lightest metals used for machine construction. It is commonly used alloyed with copper, silicon or magnesium, the world's lightest structural metal.

Intensive chemical research has created a large number of nonmetallic synthetic materials grouped under the general term of plastics, e. g. bakelite, plexiglass (органическое стекло), textile fibres (текстильные волокна), synthetic rubber (синтетический каучук) and several protective coatings.

Next to oxygen, aluminium is the most abundant element in nature: about 7.45 per cent of the earth's crust consists of aluminium.

Aluminium is extracted from rock with a high alumina content. The most important sources are bauxite, kaolin, nepheline and alunite.

Bauxite is the principal source of aluminium. The less silica in a bauxite the higher its quality as an aluminium ore. Kaolin clays (каолиновая глина) are very abundant in nature but the extraction of aluminium from these ores presents difficulties due to the considerable amount of silica present.

The most important properties of aluminium are its low specific gravity (2.7), high electrical and thermal conductivities, high ductility, and corrosion resistance in various media.

Pure aluminium has only few applications; it is used for the manufacture of electrical wire, chemical apparatus, household utensils and for coating other metals.

Aluminium alloys are more widely used in industry. Wrought aluminium alloys have a high mechanical strength which in some cases approaches the strength of steel. Wrought aluminium alloys also include complex alloys of aluminium, with copper, nickel, iron, silicon and other alloying elements. Complex wrought aluminium alloys of the duralumin (dural) type and certain others have found most extensive application in many industries.

1. Fill in the table:

Non-ferrous metal	Properties	Application	Alloying element

Практическая работа №17

Титан, никель и их сплавы

Titanium was first identified as a metallic element by Gregor in England in 1791. Several years later, Klaproth in Germany named the metal after the Titans of Greek mythology. Production of high-purity titanium, because of its having a strong tendency to react with oxygen and nitrogen, proved difficult, and it was not until the middle of the 20-th century (1938 – 1940) that a commercial process was developed. Titanium industry began to take form shortly after the end of World War II. Commercial interest was prompted by the relatively 1оw density of titanium (between those of aluminium and iron), its excellent corrosion resistance and its wide occurrence in mineral deposits.

Titanium ore deposits are of two types – one based on rutile and the other on ilmenite. Ilmenite is the chief titanium ore used in Russia. The estimated titanium content in the earth's minerals indicates that it is the fourth most abundant metal of commercial significance. Only aluminium, iron and magnesium are more abundant. However, despite the abundance of the metal, production of titanium is comparatively expensive because of the complexity of the reduction process.

Titanium and its alloys are used primarily because of their unique corrosion resistance and strength. The combination of high strength, stiffness, good toughness and low density at very low to moderately elevated temperatures allows weight savings in aerospace structures and other high-performance applications.

The first actual production application of titanium was in the aircraft industry. Now it is used in both commercial and military aircraft building – for airframes of jets, for compressor disks and blades of jet engines.

It is also used in the space industry. Titanium alloys are used in the chemical industry – for manufacturing heat exchangers, process tubing, reaction vessels, fittings, pump and valve components, and gas compressors.

1. Составьте аннотацию текста.

2. Прокомментируйте следующие тезисы:

1. The commercial production of titanium began after World War II.

2. Titanium is abundant in the earth’s crust and therefore it is a cheap metal.

3. The combination of titanium’s properties is very good for those applications where low weight and high corrosion resistance are of prime importance.

Практическая работа №18

Коррозия металлов и сплавов

Corrosion has a negative influence on the national economy of all countries. It can be compared to a natural disaster. In the industrialized countries direct and indirect losses from corrosion and the cost of protective measures make up about 10 per cent of the national income annually. Atmospheric corrosion known in everyday terms as rust was the least dangerous form. If 50 years ago due to the activity of atmospheric corrosion rust claimed around 1.5 – 1.8 per cent of the world steel output, today, as a result of the pollution of the atmosphere, the corrosion rate has become higher, and according to calculations made by experts, total losses from corrosion amount up to 20,000 tonnes per each million tonnes of metal (i.e. 2%). The corrosion of metals provides a major source of failure of metallic structures.

Corrosion may be defined as a gradual destruction of metals in the presence of aggressive media (environments). Air, water, especially sea water, different acids and alkalies, soil are considered to be aggressive media and cause corrosion.

The rate of corrosion depends on the following three factors: 1) the percentage of aggressive substances in the engineering material; 2) the percentage of aggressive substances in the surrounding medium. Such substances as moisture, oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and others cause corrosion of metals and alloys; 3) the temperature of the surrounding medium – the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of corrosion.

There are different types of corrosion. Some of them are as follows:

1) uniform corrosion in which the whole surface of the metal is subjected to the action of corrosion with equal intensiveness;

2) localized corrosion in which only certain areas of the surface corrode;

3) selective corrosion in which separate structural parts of an alloy are attacked;

4) intercrystalline corrosion in which destruction occurs along the grain boundaries of the metal or alloy;

5) galvanic corrosion may be a problem when dissimilar metals are placed in contact with each other and are located in a corrosive environment. This problem should be carefully considered while designing and selecting materials. For example, being connected to steel brass may cause rapid corrosion of the steel, in the case of aluminium – steel rapid corrosion of aluminium may be caused.

From the mentioned above it is clear that corrosion involves great difficulties. There is an intensive growth of metals and alloys application in those industries in which machines are subjected to the aggressive action of the industrial environment – for instance, the chemical, petrochemical, pulp-and-paper and others. A nationwide programme of combating corrosion should bе developed in each country.

The programme includes the following principal corrosion protection methods:

1) developing technologies for alloying metals to obtain chemically inactive alloys;

2) forming oxide films which protect metals against further corrosion;

3) developing technologies to protect metals with the help of different coatings.

These methods include:

a. electroplating, i.e. applying protective metallic coatings, for example, nickel, chromium, tin on other metals;

b. applying coatings of paint or lacquer;

c. applying polymer and powder coatings;

4) electrochemical protection method, i.e. cathodic and anodic protection.

These measures are expected to result in a reduction of metal losses which in turn will lead to saving national riches.

1. Заполните пропуски предлогами и союзами, где необходимо.

1. Corrosion may be called … a natural disaster.

2. … … calculations by experts, losses … rust take up … 2 per cent … metal output.

3. Metals corrode … the presence … aggressive media.

4. Intercrystalline corrosion takes place … the grain boundaries.

5. If brass is placed … contact … steel, steel corrodes.

6. To combat … corrosion means to increase the national income.

7. In petrochemical industry different units are subjected … corrosion.

8. Properly applied protective corrosion measures are sure to result … saving metals.

9. … the temperature rises, the rate … corrosion increases.

10. Corrosion is a dangerous problem … it can lead … a failure … a metallic construction.

2. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Были разработаны сплавы на основе никеля, которые устойчивы к некоторым кислотам.

2. Молибден является одним из легирующих элементов, который значительно повышает коррозионную стойкость сталей.

3. Если разрушить окисную плёнку, покрывающую металл, он начнёт разрушаться под воздействием окружающей среды.

4. Чтобы избежать проблем, связанных с гальванической коррозией, теоретически нужно строить конструкции из одного металла, что не реально.

5. Нанося защитные покрытия на поверхность металла, мы значительно повышаем срок его службы, что, в свою очередь, приводит к экономии металла.

6. Металлы можно защищать от коррозии при помощи как металлических, так и неметаллических покрытий.

7. Сообщают, что потери металлов от коррозии велики.

8. Каждая страна должна уделять большое внимание защитным мерам от коррозии, так как это приводит к экономии национальных богатств страны.

9. Загрязнение окружающей среды вызывает более быстрое разрушение металлических конструкций.

10. Обширная технологическая программа по борьбе с коррозией должна быть разработана в каждой стране.

Практическая работа №19

Электрический ток

An electric circuit or network is a pathway through which the electric current can flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source, two conducting wires, each one attached to a terminal of the source and a device through which electricity can flow. This device is called a load and it's attached to the wires. If all the parts are properly connected, the current flows and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit is called 'closed'. On the contrary, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called 'open' or 'broken'. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device called a switch.

Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some examples are:

• light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy;

• electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical energy;

• speakers, which change energy into sound.

The source provides the electrical energy used by the load. It can be a storage battery or a generator. The switch interrupts the current delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow. When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a network, you get a short circuit. This may occur when there is a drop in the resistance or a broken insulation. In order to prevent short circuits, it is best to use fuses, which melt when too much current flows

through them, interrupting in this way the circuit.

1. Match the words with their definitions.

1 load

2 switch

3 source

4 fuse

5 closed circuit

6 broken circuit

a a device which interrupts the circuit

b a circuit in which wires are disconnected

c a device which provides power

d a complete circuit with no breaks at all

e a device which consumes electric power

f a protective device .

2. Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1 What does a simple circuit consist of?

2 What happens to the lamp in a closed circuit?

3 Can you name some examples of loads?

4 What is a generator?

5 What is the function of a switch?

6 When does a short circuit occur?

7 What can we use to prevent short circuits?

8 How does a fuse work?

Литература

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