Раздел 1. Имидж.
Грамматический материал:
Определённый артикль A, an и неопределённый артикль the
Географические названия с определённым артиклем the и без него
Материал для чтения
Текст 1. The Business Of Imagemaking
If imagery is as much a part of the fabric of fashion as silk, satin and thread, the imagemakers of the fashion business bring something immaterial to the cloth itself. Call it what you want; like all creativity, it's hard to define. We can feel it as an aura of allure or fantasy, the mysterious fever of the cool, the new, the now.
Unlike the work of the red-carpet paparazzi or the clever pests who surprise celebrities in supermarkets, the images that animate the fashion business are works of the imagination. Even when they are designed to look like moments plucked from the flux of the street, they're highly wrought visions crafted by a raft of photographers, stylists, creative directors and retouchers--people whose main goal, apart from satisfying their aesthetic impulses, is to lure your credit card out of your wallet. The art of these dream merchants is ultimately graded against the bottom line, and the high cost of their productions reflects the extravagant returns at stake. One 30-second spot of Missy Elliott and Madonna for the Gap required 400 hands (including those of a Kabbalah teacher). A 20-page fashion story for Vogue can demand five days of scouting, four models, three assistants, 200 rolls of film and a six-figure budget. Several million dollars goes into the development of a $50 bottle of perfume, including the ad campaign and the photographer's fees.
It's a lot of money for a photograph. But the right picture of the right perfume in the right bottle by the right designer can significantly fatten L'Oreal's bottom line. One Lanvin suit in a Russian department-store window or on Kate Moss on the cover of a fashion magazine can inspire thousands of sales and raise the profile of the designer, the store and the photographer who shot the photograph.
But such is the nature of fashion that its ecology is tremendously unstable. Every six months or so, the cast of imagemakers can change. One season the leading lights may be photographers like Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott, rich and famous for their airbrushed Vargas-style pinups. Another season influence falls to teen marketers like the FARM Team, college kids who spread the word about cool products on campuses. There are creative directors who elicit emotion from the familiar combination of a favorite song and the golden autumn glow of a tungsten movie lamp. There are designers like Reed Krakoff, who trusts that his intuition will enable him to tool leather handbags and accessories in a way that will appeal to millions of consumers. There are rock-'n'-roll stylists who know just how to rip a T- shirt to transform a garage-band punk into a pop-culture girl.
Once it's in the can, as they say, the image isn't yet perfect. In search of the right one, art directors and photographers will click through thousands of digital versions. Retouchers like Pascal Dangin will artfully erase, pixel by pixel, the circles under the eyes of a cover model who has just traveled to London and back in 48 hours. The camera exacts its price. On the following pages, TIME draws back the curtain and looks at 10 top imagemakers and how they influence the fashions we see and buy and wear in the ever returning hope that some wonderful new feeling will come into focus when we put them on.
--By Kate Betts Thursday, Aug. 28, 2003
Грамматический материал
Определённый артикль A, an и неопределённый артикль the
(a) Рассмотрите такой пример:
In the shop I bought a hat and a dress. My sister liked the hat but she didn't like the dress.
Говорящий говорит a hat и a dress потому, что упоминает эти предметы впервые. Во втором предложении эти существительные употребляются с определенным артиклем the, так как эти предметы уже ранее упоминались.
Рассмотрите еще несколько примеров:
- Once I saw a nightmare. The nigthmare was so horrible that I awoke.
My brother bought a car but he wasn't a very good driver and soon he crashed the car.
(b) Мы говорим a/an в случае, когда собеседник не знает, о каком предмете идет речь. Когда собеседнику ясно, что мы имеем в виду, мы употребляем the:
- Tom sat down on a chair. (мы не знаем, на какой стул)
- Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (мы знаем, на какой стул)
с The употребляется, когда из ситуации ясно, какой конкретно предмет или лицо мы имеем в виду:
- Oh! Your house is so nice. Where is the living-room?
- Turn off the music, please. (= музыка, которая сейчас включена)
- I went to the airport by car so as not to be late. (= аэропорт этого города)
The также используется, когда речь идёт о полиции, армии и т.д.:
the police, the fire-brigade, the army, и the bank, the post-office, the doctor, the dentist.
- When Margaren saw that the house was on fire she called the fire-brigade.
- Yesterday I went to the bank to take some money from my account
and then to the post-office to buy some envelopes.
- Last week Sam had a sorethroat and went to the doctor. (=к его доктору)
Географические названия с определённым артиклем the и без него
(a) Континенты: Мы не ставим артикль the перед названиями континентов:
Africa (но не `the Africa') Asia Europe South America
(b) Страны и штаты: Обычно мы не используем the с названиями стран и штатов:
France (но не `the France') Japan Germany Nigeria Texas
Однако мы ставим the перед названиями, в которые входят слова republic, union, kingdom, states:
the German Federal Republic the United States (of America)
the United Kingdom the United Arab Emirates
the Republic of Ireland
и перед названиями, стоящими во множественном числе:
the Netherlands the Philippines
(c) Города: Мы не употребляем the с названиями городов / деревень:
Cairo (но не `the Cairo') New York Glasgow Madrid
Но: The Hague
(d) Острова: Группы островов имеют названия во множесвенном числе с артиклем the:
the Bahamas the Canaries / the Canary Islands the British Isles
Отдельные острова обычно имеют названия в единственном числе и без артикля the:
Corfu Sicily Bermuda Easter Island
(e) Регионы:
the Middle East the Far East
the north of England the south of Spain the west of Canada
(но без the: northern England / southern Spain / western Canada)
(f) Горы: Для названия горной гряды обычно используется множественное число с артиклем the:
the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies the Andes the Alps
Однако названия отдельных вершин обычно бывают без the и без 'mount':
(Mount) Everest, (Mount) Etna, Ben Nevis (Ben = Mount)
(g) Озера: С названиями озер обычно бывают с 'Lake' и без the:
Lake Superior Lake Constance
(h) Перед названиями океанов/морей/рек/каналов ставят the ( кроме названий на картах)
the Atlantic (Ocean) the Indian Ocean the Mediterranean (Sea)
the Red Sea the Nile the Amazon
the Thames the Rhine
the Suez Canal the Panama Canal the (English) Channel
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