Грамматика. The definition of morphology, word, morpheme. Criteria for the division of morpheme. An average english word model.

The definition of morphology, word, morpheme. Criteria for the division of morpheme. An average english word model

• The definition of morphology
• The definition of morpheme
• The definition of word
• An average English word model
• Criteria for the division of morpheme

• Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words.
• = the study of how words are built
• = set of morphemes + the rules of how they are combined
• How words are put together out of smaller pieces morphemes

e.g. Replayed consists of re+play+ed

• The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful component of the word it is elementary(i.e. indivisible into smaller segments as regards its significative function)

• The word is nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary component (i.e. A component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function); together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence- a unit of information in the communication process

The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following:

‘ prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix’

e.g. prefabricated - W = {[Pr + (R + L)] +Gr};

inheritors - W = {[(Pr + R) +L] + Gr}

* the symbols St for stem, R for root, Pr for prefix, L for lexical suffix, Gr for grammatical suffix

the morphemic structure of the word is based on two criteria:

• the  positional criterion  - the location of the morphemes with regard to each other
• the  semantic  (or   functional )  criterion  -  the contribution of the morphemes to the general meaning of the word.

Morphemes

root-morphemes affixal morphemes  

( roots ) ( affixes )

express the concrete, express the specificational

“ material” part of part of the meaning  of the

the meaning of the word: they specify,  or

word and constitute transform the meaning of

its central part the root

Affixes

lexical , or grammatical , or 

  word-building word-changing affixes

(derivational) affixes

Affixes

Prefixes Suffixes:

situated before the situated after the root

root in the word in the word

e.g.:  under -estimate e.g.:  underestim- ate

1.Grammatical suffixes (inflections, inflectional endings) form word-changing, or morphological paradigms of words e.g.   boy - boys

2. Lexical suffixes are studied as the formal marks of the words belonging to different parts of speech

e.g. to decide - decision - decisive - decisively