Грамматика в таблицах

Proper Nouns

Common Nouns

Tim Baker

Europe

Great Britain

London

the Grand (Hotel)

Oxford Street

Penny Lane

the Thames

the British Museum

the Daily News

Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

a boy (two boys)

a man (three men)

a table (four tables)

a city (ten cities)

people

scissors

bread

water

love

equality

clothing

furniture

permission

length

cotton

tea

peace

ignorance

leisure

equipment

activity

news

Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

a brick – кирпич (один)

a chocolate – шоколадная конфета

a fire – пожар, костер

a grammar – грамматика (учебник)

a hair – волосок

an iron – утюг

a justice – судья

a light – огонек, лампа

a paper – газета, документ

a play – пьеса

a time – раз

a wood – лес

a work of art – произведение искусства

a glass, glasses – стакан, очки

a grass – травинка

brick – кирпич (строительный материал)

chocolate – шоколад

fire – огонь

grammar – грамматика (наука)

hair – волосы

iron – железо

justice – справедливость

light – свет

paper – бумага

play – игра

time – время

wood – дерево (древесина)

work – работа

glass – стекло

grass – трава

Singular number

Plural number

Основа + окончание -s

a boy, a table, a trick, a whiff, a smith, a railway

boys, tables, tricks, whiffs, smiths, railways

Основа + окончание –es после –s, -ch, -tch, -sh, -ss, -x, -o

a bench, a bus, a glass, a bush, a brush, a match, a box, a potato

benches, buses, glasses, bushes, brushes, matches, boxes, potatoes

Конечная буква –у (после согласной) меняется на -ies

an army, a country, a fly, a lady

armies, countries, flies, ladies

Конечная буква –f(-fe) меняется на –ves

a calf, a half, a knife, a leaf, a shelf, a wife, a wolf

calves, halves, knives, leaves, shelves, wives, wolves

Compound Nouns

a manservant, a schoolgirl, a woman-teacher, a mother-in-law,

a passer-by, a man-of-war, a forget-me-not

menservants, schoolgirls, women-teachers, mothers-in-law,

passers-by, men-of-war, forget-me-nots

Singular number

Plural number

Изменяется корневая гласная, добавляется окончание –en

a man, a woman, a foot, a tooth, a goose, a mouse, a louse,

an ox, a child

men, women, feet, teeth, geese, mice, lice, oxen, children

Существительные, заимствованные из латыни, греческого и французского языков

a radius, a corpus, a formula, a bacterium,

a crisis, a criterion, an index, a bureau

radii (или radiuses), corpora, formulae (или formulas), bacteria,

crises, criteria, indices, bureaux

Одинаковая форма для единственного и множественного числа

a deer, a sheep, a salmon, a trout, a cod, an aircraft, a spacecraft,

a crossroads, a means, a series, a species, a works

deer, sheep, salmon, trout, cod, aircraft, spacecraft,

crossroads, means, series, species, works

Special Cases

Only Singular number

Only Plural number

advice, information, news, measles, mumps physics, knowledge, furniture, luggage, gymnastics, athletics, bowls,

billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts

annals, archives, arms (weapons), belongings, clothes, cattle, poultry, scissors, dregs, earnings, wages, goods, trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, glasses, spectacles, earrings, socks, outskirts, premises, tights, remains, pliers, riches, surroundings, thanks, the tropics, whereabouts, people, police, stairs, (good)looks,

Singular number

Plural number

Proper Nouns

Tim’s dog, Alice’s cat, James’s mother,

St. Paul’s, St. Mary’s, Mr. Baker’s house

the Bakers’ house

Animate Nouns

a girl’s hat, the boy’s dog, a lady’s handbag,

a man’s suit, a child’s toy, a cat’s tail

a girls’ school, the boys’ dogs, a ladies’ room,

men’s suits, children’s books, cats’ tails

Inanimate Nouns

a minute’s walk, a day’s work, a week’s stay, today’s conference, yesterday’s paper, the company’s office,

the government’s proposal, my family’s welfare

a five minutes’ walk, a three days’ trip, a few weeks’ stay,

the companies’ offices, the governments’ proposals,

my families’ welfare

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

a nice little boy

my favourite actor

two old Englishmen

a nice little girl

my favourite actress

two old Englishwomen

a nice little toy

my favourite play

two old Englishtowns

The king has a dog.

The boy left.

The queen has a cat.

The girl left.

The table has four legs.

The train left.

Nouns Determiners

Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

Singular number

Plural number

The Indefinite Article

a boy, an apple

The Definite Article

the boy

the boys

the tea

The Possessive Pronoun

my apple

my apples

my tea

The Demonstrative Pronoun

this boy, that apple

these boys, those apples

this tea, that money

Question Words

What boy?

Which apple?

Whose book?

What boys?

Which apples?

Whose books?

What tea?

Which money?

Whose money?

The Quantifiers

some boys, any boys

many boys, few boys

a few boys, more boys

most boys, a lot of boys

some tea, any tea

much tea, little tea

a little tea, more tea

most tea, a lot of tea

Subject

The boy likes jam. Water is a liquid.

Object

The boy likes jam. He told us a story.

Predicative

Water is a liquid. We are students. They were good friends.

Attribute

There is a metal door in the stone wall. She is Tim’s sister.

Adverbial modifier

There is a large tree in front of the house.

Person

Singular number

Plural number

Subjective Case

Objective Case

Subjective Case

Objective Case

the 1^st

I

me

we

us

the 2^nd

you

you

you

you

the 3^rd

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

he

she

it

him

her

it

they

them

Singular number

Plural number

1^st possessive

2^nd possessive

1^st possessive

2^nd possessive

I

you

he

she

it

my

your

his

her

its

mine

yours

his

hers

its

we

you

they

our

your

their

ours

yours

theirs

this, that

these, those

such, the same

no, no one, nobody, nothing

Singular number

Plural number

I

you

he

she

it

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

we

you

they

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

each other (используется для двух лиц)

Tim and Ann like each other.

one another (используется для двух и более лиц)

Football players pass the ball to one another.

what, which, who, whom, whose

some, any, somebody=someone, anyone=anybody, one, something, anything

all, each, every, everybody=everyone, everything, either, both, other, another

Qualitative Adjectives

Relative Adjectives

big, tall, heavy, strong, green, cold, beautiful, excellent

English, wooden, golden, historical, weekly, magnetic, socialist

Base Form

Comparative

Superlative

Прилагательные из одного слога и двухсложные с окончаниями -y, -ow, -er, -le

old

grey

narrow

clever

simple

older

greyer

narrower

cleverer

simpler

the oldest

the greyest

the narrowest

the cleverest

the simplest

Конечная согласная после краткого гласного звука удваивается

sad

fat

sadder

fatter

the saddest

the fattest

Конечная –у после согласной меняется на –i перед –er, -est

easy

busy

easier

busier

the easiest

the busiest

Прилагательные из трех и более слогов и двухсложные, не оканчивающиеся на -y, -ow, -er, -le

beautiful

generous

tired

interesting

more beautiful

more generous

more tired

more interesting

the most beautiful

the most generous

the most tired

the most interesting

Base Form

Comparative

Superlative

good

bad

many, much, a lot of

little

far

old

late

near

better

worse

more

less

farther (further)

older (elder)

later (the latter)

nearer

the best

the worst

the most

the least

the farthest (the furthest)

the oldest (the eldest)

the latest (the last,)

the nearest (the next,)

as + adjective + as She is as tall as I am.

not so/as + adjective + as It is not so/as hot as it was yesterday.

twice/three times, etc./half as + adjective + as Their car was twice as expensive as ours.

less + adjective … than The Park Hotel is less expensive than the Plaza.

the least + adjective … of/in The King George is the least expensive of all.

very + adjective It’s very cold today.

most + adjective/adverb = very This is most unusual. (It is very unusual.)

the + comparative…, the + comparative The earlier we set off, the earlier we’ll arrive.

comparative + and + comparative The weather is getting warmer and warmer.

any/no + comparative (it is used in questions and negations) The days aren’t getting any colder./I want no more of that kind of behaviour.

even/a lot/ much/far/ a bit/a little/slightly + comparative He seems much better today.

comparative + than This chair is more comfortable than the other one.

superlative + of/in Peter is the smartest of all my students./It is the most expensive restaurant in our town.

by far + superlative She is by far the most beautiful woman I’ve ever seen.

Opinion Adjectives

Fact Adjectives

Noun

size

age

shape

colour

origin

material

used for/be about

It’s a fantastic

small

new

round

red

Swiss

plastic

alarm

clock

Adverbs of Manner

well, badly, quickly, slowly, hard

Adverbs of Time

now, today, soon, early, just, next, late, then, before, since, recently

Adverbs of Frequency

always, often, seldom, ever, never, sometimes, occasionally

Adverbs of Place

here, there, sometimes, inside, outside, upstairs, above, aboard

Adverbs of Degree

very, almost, nearly, rather, quite, much, little, pretty, badly enough, too, also, greatly

Adjective

Adverb

Adjective + -ly

serious

seriously

Adjectives in –le drop the –e and take -y

gentle

gently

Adjectives in consonant + y drop the –y and take -ily

happy

happily

Adjectives in –l take -ly

awful

awfully

Adjectives in –ic take -ally

dramatic

dramatically (but: public-publicly)

Adjectives in –e take -ly

polite

politely (but: true-truly)

Adjectives in –ly use the words way/manner

elderly, cowardly, friendly, likely, deadly, lively, lonely, silly, ugly, lovely, etc.

in a friendly way/manner

in a cowardly way/manner

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives

hard, fast, free, high, low, deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

hard, fast, free, high, low, deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

deeply(=very), freely(=without limit), highly(=very much), lately(=recently), mostly(=mainly), nearly(=almost), hardly(=almost never)

Base Form

Comparative

Superlative

Adverbs which have the same form as the adjectives take –er in the comparative and –est in the superlative

hard

friendly

harder

in a friendlier way/manner

hardest

in a friendliest way/manner

Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjectives take more in the comparative and most in the superlative

comfortably

more comfortably

most comfortably

Base Form

Comparative

Superlative

well

badly

many, much, a lot of

little

far

late

near

better

worse

more

less

farther (further)

later (the latter)

nearer

best

worst

most

least

farthest (furthest)

the latest (last)

the nearest (next)

a/an + fairly

This is a fairly good CD, but it’s not the best they’ve made.

quite + a/an (enough)

This is quite a good CD. You ought to buy it.

quite + adjectives (=completely, totally)

I’m quite certain about this.

rather + a/an, a/an + rather (=more than usual, wanted, etc.)

I expected the book to be boring, but it was rather interesting.

rather + comparative form/too

She spends rather too much money on clothes.

a/an + pretty (=usually in everyday English)

He had a pretty nasty accident the other day.

Cardinal

Ordinal

Cardinal

Ordinal

1

one

the first

16

sixteen

the sixteenth

2

two

the second

17

seventeen

the seventeenth

3

three

the third

18

eighteen

the eighteenth

4

four

the fourth

19

nineteen

the nineteenth

5

five

the fifth

20

twenty

the twentieth

6

six

the sixth

30

thirty

the thirtieth

7

seven

the seventh

40

forty

the fortieth

8

eight

the eighth

50

fifty

the fiftieth

9

nine

the ninth

60

sixty

the sixtieth

10

ten

the tenth

70

seventy

the seventieth

11

eleven

the eleventh

80

eighty

the eightieth

12

twelve

the twelfth

90

ninety

the ninetieth

13

thirteen

the thirteenth

100

a (one) hundred

the hundredth

14

fourteen

the fourteenth

1,000

a (one) thousand

the thousandth

15

fifteen

the fifteenth

1,000,000

a (one) million

the millionth

Subject

Three were absent from the lecture.

Object

How many books have you taken? – I’ve taken three.

Attribute

The second lesson begins at eleven o’clock.

Nominal Part of the Predicate

Five times five is twenty-five.

731

seven hundred (and) thirty-one

1900

nineteen hundred

1904

nineteen [ou] four

2000

two thousand

2009

two thousand nine

15^th, May 1948

May 15^th, 1948

May 15, 1948

The fifteenth of May, nineteen forty-eight.

May the fifteenth, nineteen forty-eight.

Addition

4 + 5 = 9

We add four to five and get nine.

Four and five equals nine

Four and five is (are) nine.

Subtraction

9 – 4 = 5

We subtract four from nine and get five.

We take away four from nine.

Four from nine is five.

Multiplication

4 x 5 = 20

We multiply four by five and get twenty.

Four times five is twenty.

Division

20 : 4 = 5

We divide twenty by four and get five.

in – в

The boy is in the house.

inside – внутри

It is warm inside the house.

at – у

The postman is at the door.

on – на

There is a cap on his head.

in front of – перед

There is a lawn in front of the house.

behind – позади

The garden is behind the house.

between – между

The garden is between the house and the river.

beside – рядом, возле

There is a tree beside the house.

near – около, вблизи

The tree is near the fence.

through – сквозь

We see it through the window.

against – к, на

The bicycle leans against the tree.

under – под

The bicycle in under the tree.

across – через

The post-office is across the street.

round – вокруг

There are flowers round the porch.

by – у, около

This town is by the sea.

above – над

The sun is above the sea.

below – ниже

The cloud is below the sun.

над

o ver за

через

The sky over the house is blue.

The church is over the river.

The postman has a bag over his shoulder.

t o – к

– в

The postman came to the door.

He moved to this town a year ago

i n – в

– через

He was born in 1952, in February.

He will be back in an hour.

into – в

He came into the house.

at – в

They arrived at 4 o’clock.

out of – из

He went out of the house.

by – к

He’ll be back by Friday.

from – от

He walked from the house to the road.

till/until – до

They will be away till August.

towards – к

He is walking towards the post-office.

since – с

I have not seen her since winter.

across – через

He is going across the street.

for – на

Let’s go there for a day or two.

along – по, вдоль

Cars run along the street.

between – между

He left between 3 and 4.

up – на (вверх)

They drive up the hill.

during – во время

He had a snack during the break.

down – с (вниз)

Then they go down the other side.

before – до

He called before leaving.

onto – на

The boy climbed onto the roof.

after – после

He came after she had left.

off – с

He jumped off the roof.

through – с…по…

включительно

The shop will be closed April 15 through 20.

o n – в

– по

We are leaving on Monday, on the 1^st of May.

He is always busy on weekends.

Соединительные

and – и

as well as – так же, как

both…and – как…так и

neither…nor – ни…ни

not only…but also – не только…но и

that – что

if – если

whether – ли

as – так как

since – поскольку

Разделительные

or – или

either…or – или…или

than – чем

or else – иначе; а не то

when – когда

before – прежде чем

though – хотя

so that – чтобы

Противительные

but – но

while – тогда как

still – все же

yet – тем не менее

nevertheless – тем не менее

as if – как будто

where – где

unless – если не

because – потому что

after – после того как

Союзы причины, результата или следствия

for – ибо, поскольку

so – так что

thus – таким образом

therefore – поэтому

until/till – до тех пор, пока (не)

in order that – для того, чтобы

Subject Clauses

That spring comes after winter is a fact. or: It is a fact that spring comes after winter.

Predicative Clauses

It seems as if nothing has changed.

Object Clauses

Time will show if/whether I am right.

Adverbial Clauses:

Time Clauses

Have a cup of tea before you leave.

Clauses of Place

I hid it where nobody can find it.

Clauses of Manner

He did everything as he was told.

Clauses of Comparison

We went as fast as we could.

Clauses of Reason

He took a taxi because it was a long way.

Clauses of Purpose and Result

He gave me a lift so that I wouldn’t miss the train.

The traffic was so heavy that he missed his train.

Clauses of Contrast

Although they drove fast, he missed the train.

Clauses of Condition

If you drive faster, we’ll get there in time.

We’ll miss the train unless you drive faster.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I play.

We play.

You play.

They play.

He/she/it plays.

Do I play?

Do we play?

Do you play?

Do they play?

Does he/she/it play?

I do not play.

We do not play.

You do not play.

They do not play.

He/she/it does not play.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I played (wrote).

We played (wrote).

You played (wrote).

They played (wrote).

He/she/it played (wrote).

Did I play (write)?

Did we play (write)?

Did you play (write)?

Did they play (write)?

Did he/she/it play (write)?

I did not play (write).

We did not play (write).

You did not play (write).

They did not play (write).

He/she/it did not play (write).

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I will play.

We will play.

You will play.

They will play.

He/she/it will play.

Will I play?

Will we play?

Will you play?

Will they play?

Will he/she/it play?

I won’t play.

We won’t play.

You won’t play.

They won’t play.

He/she/it won’t play.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I am playing.

We are playing.

You are playing.

They are playing.

He/she/it is playing.

Am I playing?

Are we playing?

Are you playing?

Are they playing?

Is he/she/it playing?

I am not playing.

We are not playing.

You are not playing.

They are not playing.

He/she/it is not playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I was playing.

We were playing.

You were playing.

They were playing.

He/she/it was playing.

Was I playing?

Were we playing?

Were you playing?

Were they playing?

Was he/she/it playing?

I was not playing.

We were not playing.

You were not playing.

They were not playing.

He/she/it was not playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I will be playing.

We will be playing.

You will be playing.

They will be playing.

He/she/it will be playing.

Will I be playing?

Will we be playing?

Will you be playing?

Will they play be playing?

Will he/she/it play be playing?

I won’t be playing.

We won’t be playing.

You won’t be playing.

They won’t be playing.

He/she/it won’t be playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I have played (written).

We have played (written).

You have played (written).

They have played (written).

He/she/it has played (written).

Have I played (written)?

Have we played (written)?

Have you played (written)?

Have they played (written)?

Has he/she/it played (written)?

I have not played (written).

We have not played (written).

You have not played (written).

They have not played (written).

He/she/it has not played (written).

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I had played (written).

We had played (written).

You had played (written).

They had played (written).

He/she/it had played (written).

Had I played (written)?

Had we played (written)?

Had you played (written)?

Had they played (written)?

Had he/she/it played (written)?

I had not played (written).

We had not played (written).

You had not played (written).

They had not played (written).

He/she/it had not played (written).

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I will have played (written).

We will have played (written).

You will have played (written).

They will have played (written).

He/she/it will have played (written).

Will I have played (written)?

Will we have played (written)?

Will you have played (written)?

Will they have played (written)?

Will he/she/it have played (written)?

I won’t have played (written).

We won’t have played (written).

You won’t have played (written).

They won’t have played (written).

He/she/it won’t have played (written).

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I have been playing.

We have been playing.

You have been playing.

They have been playing.

He/she/it has been playing.

Have I been playing?

Have we been playing?

Have you been playing?

Have they been playing?

Has he/she/it been playing?

I have not been playing.

We have not been playing.

You have not been playing.

They have not been playing.

He/she/it has not been playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I had been playing.

We had been playing.

You had been playing.

They had been playing.

He/she/it had been playing.

Had I been playing?

Had we been playing?

Had you been playing?

Had they been playing?

Had he/she/it been playing?

I have not been playing.

We have not been playing.

You have not been playing.

They have not been playing.

He/she/it has not been playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I will have been playing.

We will have been playing.

You will have been playing.

They will have been playing.

He/she/it will have been playing.

Will I have been playing?

Will we have been playing?

Will you have been playing?

Will they have been playing?

Will he/she/it have been playing?

I won’t have been playing.

We won’t have been playing.

You won’t have been playing.

They won’t have been playing.

He/she/it won’t have been playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I would play.

We would play.

You would play.

They would play.

He/she/it would play.

Would I play?

Would we play?

Would you play?

Would they play?

Would he/she/it play?

I would not play.

We would not play.

You would not play.

They would not play.

He/she/it would not play.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I would be playing.

We would be playing.

You would be playing.

They would be playing.

He/she/it would be playing.

Would I be playing?

Would we be playing?

Would you be playing?

Would they play be playing?

Would he/she/it play be playing?

I would not be playing.

We would not be playing.

You would not be playing.

They would not be playing.

He/she/it would not be playing.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I would have played (written).

We would have played (written).

You would have played (written).

They would have played (written).

He/she/it would have played (written).

Would I have played (written)?

Would we have played (written)?

Would you have played (written)?

Would they have played (written)?

Would he/she/it have played (written)?

I would not have played (written).

We would not have played (written).

You would not have played (written).

They would not have played (written).

He/she/it would not have played (written).

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I would have been playing.

We would have been playing.

You would have been playing.

They would have been playing.

He/she/it would have been playing.

Would I have been playing?

Would we have been playing?

Would you have been playing?

Would they have been playing?

Would he/she/it have been playing?

I would not have been playing.

We would not have been playing.

You would not have been playing.

They would not have been playing.

He/she/it would not have been playing.

Present

Past

Future

I am invited (forbidden).

We are invited (forbidden).

You are invited (forbidden).

They are invited (forbidden).

He/she/it is invited (forbidden).

I was invited (forbidden).

We were invited (forbidden).

You were invited (forbidden).

They were invited (forbidden).

He/she/it was invited (forbidden).

I will be invited (forbidden).

We will be invited (forbidden).

You will be invited (forbidden).

They will be invited (forbidden).

He/she/it will be invited (forbidden).

I /we

he/she/it would be invited (forbidden).

you/they

Present

Past

Future

I have been invited (forbidden).

We have been invited (forbidden).

You have been invited (forbidden).

They have been invited (forbidden).

He/she/it have been invited (forbidden).

I had been invited (forbidden).

We had been invited (forbidden).

You had been invited (forbidden).

They had been invited (forbidden).

He/she/it had been invited (forbidden).

I will have been invited (forbidden).

We will have been invited (forbidden).

You will have been invited (forbidden).

They will have been invited (forbidden).

He/she/it will have been invited (forbidden).

Present

Past

I am being invited (forbidden).

We are being invited (forbidden).

You are being invited (forbidden).

They are being invited (forbidden).

He/she/it is being invited (forbidden).

I was being invited (forbidden).

We were being invited (forbidden).

You were being invited (forbidden).

They were being invited (forbidden).

He/she/it was being invited (forbidden).

Пожелания или проклятия

God save the Queen! – Боже, храни королеву!

Long may she reign. – Пусть она долго правит.

Be it so! – Да будет так!

Long live our friendship! – Да здравствует наша дружба!

If only I were a king. – Если бы только я был королем.

Manners be hanged! – К черту всякие церемонии!

Confound these flies! – Будь они прокляты, эти мухи!

В придаточных условных предложениях

Нереальное действие, которое относится к настоящему или будущему

If I were rich, I would travel all over the world.

If he were here, he would help us.

If we had more time, we could visit her tomorrow.

We would go for a walk if it stopped raining.

Нереальное действие, которое относится к прошлому

If I had had a car last summer, I would have driven to Paris.

If she had told me of her coming, I would have prepared lunch for her.

После глагола wish (хотеть, желать)

Действие относится к настоящему

будущему

I wish I were a king.

He wishes he were me.

We wish it were not cold.

прошлому

I wish I had known it yesterday.

She wishes she had not gone there.

После глаголов, выражающих приказ, совет, предложение, предположение: to order, to command, to demand, to propose, to recommend и т.п.

advise

demand

We + order + that Tim (should) apologize.

suggest

propose

Мы требуем (предлагаем и т.д.), чтобы Тим извинился.

После союза lest (как бы… не; что)

We are afraid lest he should run away. – Мы боимся, как бы он не убежал.

He feared lest they should catch him. – Он боялся, что его поймают.

После главного предложения типа it is necessary – необходимо; it is strange – странно; it is a pity – жаль и т.п.

It is/was necessary

It is/was important

It is/was (un)likely

It is/was best

It is/was desirable

that Tim(should) apologize. Необходимо (важно, лучше всего), чтобы Тим извинился.

После главного предложения типа it is time

It is time we went home. – Нам пора домой.

It is high time we left. – Нам давно пора уходить.

It is time you were washed and dressed. – Вам пора быть умытыми и одетыми.

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Simple tense

I am glad to see you.

He does not like to be disturbed.

Progressive tense

The weather seems to be changing.

______________________

Perfect tense

I am glad to have seen you.

This book seems to have been translated into all languages.

Perfect Progressive tense

He seems to have been living only on water.

______________________

После вспомогательных глаголов

I do not like it. We will do it tomorrow.

После модальных глаголов, кроме ought

He can swim. We must be off.

После глаголов физического восприятия

I saw and heard him come. I felt my pulse quicken.

После глаголов let – разрешать, make – заставлять

Let us visit him. She made me come back.

После выражений

had better

would rather

cannot but

nothing but

We had better go to France.

I would rather visit England.

Subject

To know the truth is our first duty. It is so good to see him again.

Part of Compound Verbal Predicate

We should not leave him alone. It began to rain.

Predicative

His intention is to win the Cup.

Object

I like to speak English.

Attribute

He has a family to look after.

Adverbial Modifier

She came to say good-bye. He is too busy to come with us.

Present Participle, или Participle I

Основа глагола + -ing

play

stop

tie

playing – играющий, игравший, играя

stopping – останавливающий, останавливавший, останавливая

tying – привязывающий, привязывавший, привязывая

Past Participle, или Participle II

Основа глагола + -ed

play

stop

tie

played – играемый, сыгранный

stopped – останавливаемый, остановленный

tied – привязываемый, привязанный

Irregular Verbs

give

sell

given – даваемый, данный

sold – продаваемый, проданный

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Simple Tenses

playing

writing

Playing cricket you hit the ball with a bat.

being played

being written

Being played by two groups of people cricket is a team game.

Perfect Tenses

having played

having written

Having played the first set he broke his racket.

having been played

having been written

Having been played all over England cricket became a national English game.

Attribute

The playing boy is my brother.

The boy playing in the field is my brother.

The broken chair was thrown away.

The chair broken by Tim was thrown away.

Predicative

A few pages in the book are missing.

The door is locked.

Adverbial Modifier

Playing cricket two teams hit the ball in turn.

Having won the first game they left the field talking and laughing.

Not knowing the rules of the game Tim was at a loss.

Отглагольное существительное

swimming – плавание

smoking – курение

reading – чтение

singing – пение

Любое другое существительное

dancing – танцы

talking – речь, разговор

laughing – смех

Инфинитив

before leaving – перед тем как уйти

to be afraid of falling – бояться упасть

Деепричастие

without waiting – не дожидаясь

on turning to the right – сворачивая (свернув) направо

Придаточное предложение

I do not remember seeing her before. – Я не помню, чтобы видел ее раньше.

Subject

Playing cricket is his favourite game.

Predicative

His favourite pastime is playing golf.

Object

They enjoyed visiting the fair

They think of moving to Canada.

Attribute

He does not like the idea of travelling by air.

Adverbial Modifier

They spent the day in walking about the town.

This field is used for playing cricket.

Выражает физические возможности, умение, способность совершить действие

He can drive a car but he cannot (can’t) drive a bus.

Could you speak when you were two?

Выражает просьбу, разрешение, запрет

Could you help me?

You can’t park here.

Выражает вероятность, возможность или невозможность чего-либо

This cub can grow and become dangerous.

You couldn’t have done it.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be able to

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

I’ll be able to return.

At last he has been able to see her.

Not being able to wait I left.

You must be able to ski.

Выражает просьбу, разрешение или запрет

May I see the director?

You may stay if you want to.

He said I might stay if I wanted to.

All players except the goal-keeper may not handle the ball.

Выражает предположение

I may see him in the afternoon.

He might like to meet you.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be allowed to

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

They will be allowed to go for a walk.

At last they have been allowed to talk to the director.

Not being allowed to leave the room he went away.

He must be allowed to swim.

Выражает долженствование, необходимость, приказ или совет

(в утвердительной и вопросительной форме), строгий запрет

(в отрицательной форме)

The bill must be paid.

Must we go there tomorrow?

You must go there now!

You must not smoke here!

Выражает предположение с большей степенью уверенности

It must be about 6 o’clock now.

She must have gone home.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to have to

Past

Future

Perfect

Participle I

Modal Verbs

We had to wait.

They will have to wait.

He has had to cancel his order a few times.

Having to wait for the train he became nervous.

You may have to wait.

Выражает моральную обязанность, поучение, совет

You should honour your parents.

В сочетании с перфектом выражает порицание по поводу совершенного или невыполненного действия

You should have come earlier.

They shouldn’t have done so.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to have to, to be to

have + infinitive выражает долженствование, которое продиктовано обстоятельствами

be + infinitive выражает долженствование, которое продиктовано договоренностью, указывая на предстоящие действия и события

We ran out of petrol and had to walk all the way home.

I am to see her tomorrow.

The best dish is still to come.

He is to speak on television tonight.

I wonder what is to happen to us.

We were to meet at 6 o’clock near the church.

Affirmative Sentences

Negative Sentences

We are students.

I like tea.

He likes tea.

They will do it.

She has left.

We are not (aren’t) students.

I do not (don’t) like tea.

He does not (doesn’t) like tea.

They will not (won’t) do it.

She has not (hasn’t) left.

В отрицательных предложениях возможно только одно отрицание

He does not know anything about it.

He knows nothing about it.

He never comes on time.

Subject

Predicate

Object

Adverbial Modifier

Mr. Black

sent

his son

to Mr. Green.

I

am writing

a letter

now.

Shw

will arrive

tomorrow.

Everybody

knows

her

very well.

Прямой порядок слов в повествовательном предложении нарушается, и сказуемое (или его часть) ставится перед подлежащим

в вопросах

Have you written the letter?

Are you coming with us?

когда повествовательное предложение начинается с оборота

there is/there are, с наречий here, there, now, then

There are some letters on the table.

There they are.

Here is one of them.

в кратких переложениях-репликах со словами so и neither

I like him. – So do I. So does everybody.

We can’t stand her. – Neither can I.

What wonderful weather! How interesting! What a pity!

General Questions

Are you coming with us? – Yes, I am.

Do you like sweets? – No, I don’t.

Will they call us tomorrow? – Yes, they will.

Has he left? – No, he hasn’t.

Aren’t you coming with us? Don’t you like jam?

Won’t they call us tomorrow? Hasn’t he left?

Special Questions

What did you do last week-end? How much did it cost?

What dress did you wear? Where did you go?

When did you set off? Who/Whom did you visit?

How did you travel there? Which road did you take?

Why did you choose that place? How long did you stay there?

Why didn’t you travel by car? Who hasn’t returned yet?

Orders and requests

Be careful. Everybody, stand up. Let’s visit them.

Open the window, please. Have another helping, will you?

Pass me the salt, please. Don’t open the window!

Don’t make noise!

The rain stopped and we set off. The rain stopped, the sun appeared from behind the clouds.

С помощью подчинительных союзов

We stayed at home because/as it was raining.

С помощью союзных слов

I do not know where she lives and what she does.

Бессоюзным способом

The girl we met there showed us the way.

Noun

The sun rises in the east.

Cats catch mice.

Pronoun

They like jam.

That is fine.

Everybody stood up.

Theirs is a very nice place.

Who broke my cup?

One must honour one’s parents.

It is cold in winter.

Numeral

Ten is more than nine.

Infinitive

To hesitate is fatal.

Gerund

Swimming is my favourite sport.

Phrase

Bread and butter is good for you.

Личная форма глагола в любом времени, залоге и наклонении

He writes books.

He is writing a new book now.

He has written some books.

He will write another one next year.

He would write detective stories if he could.

Фразеологическое выражение, которое воспринимается как единое целое

Tim takes care of his sister.

We took part in the ceremony.

We had a smoke.

She gave a cry.

He gave a start.

Составное глагольное сказуемое

Модальный глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола

We must go.

He can swim.

They may come in.

You should learn this poem.

We ought to start early.

I have to take a taxi.

We are to finish it tomorrow.

Модальное слово + инфинитив или герундий смыслового глагола

They hope to win the contest.

We want to move to a new flat.

She plans going to Italy for a week.

Составное глагольное сказуемое: глагол-связка + именная часть сказуемого

b e

seem существительное

make прилагательное

look местоимение

appear числительное

get + инфинитив

become герундий

turn причастие I

remain причастие II

keep наречие

continue

Tim is a student.

He will become an interpreter.

Ann will make a good housewife.

He is well.

He looks fine.

This food smells delicious but it tastes awful.

It is getting cold.

Mr. Stout grows fat.

It is him/he.

The luggage is his.

What is he?

He is nobody!

Ann is fourteen.

Tim was the first to come to the party.

His plan was to set off at six.

Her hobby is knitting.

He continued running.

The news is very good.

She looked surprised.

That is enough.

The lesson is over.

The boy likes jam. We saw something. Cats catch mice.

We did not meet anybody. Your pencil is broken, take mine.

He helped the poor and healed the blind. We saw him. Tim likes swimming.

Без предлога:

перед прямым дополнением

He gives Ann a book. He gives her a book.

He teaches Tim and Ann English.

She bought her son a present. She bought him a present.

С предлогом:

после прямого дополнения

He gives the book to her. He gives her a book.

He teaches English to them.

She bought the present for him.

После непереходных глаголов зачастую невозможно поставить прямое дополнение и используются только косвенные предложные дополнения

We agree with Tim. We agree to his proposal. She is waiting for Tim. Waiters wait on diners.

Tim is looking at his sister. He looks after her. She is looking for her doll.

Adjective

It is a clod rainy day.

Participle I

The smiling man is Mr. Smile.

Participle II

The broken chair was thrown away.

Participle Construction

We saw a man riding a bicycle.

Possessive Pronoun

He took his watch out of his pocket. I like her eyes.

Where is your cat? Look at their house.

Numeral

He has two sons. His second son is a student.

Noun

He likes winter sports. Tim’s car is very old.

Gerund

Her sewing machine is in the sitting room.

Adverb

The room above is small and dark.

Infinitive

He has a lot of work to do.

Prepositional Phrase

I know some people from Oxford. The light in the window went out.

Attribute Clause

That’s the girl whom Tim is going to marry.

They gave me a leaflet, which I read on my way home.

He cut down the tree that blocked the way.

Обстоятельство времени

We went there last week/a year ago.

He is leaving tonight/tomorrow on Sunday morning/on February 21.

Обстоятельство частоты

We often/always/never travel together.

Обстоятельство теста

She lives in Moscow/across the street/by the sea.

Обстоятельство образа действия

He works hard. She is listening attentively.

Обстоятельство степени

It is rather difficult. You are quite right, it’s pretty cold outside.

Обстоятельство причины

The weather being terrible, they put off their trip.

Обстоятельство цели

We have to hurry up to catch the train.

Обстоятельство результата

He is too proud to ask for money.

Обстоятельства могут быть выражены разными частями речи,

словосочетаниями и придаточными предложениями

Существительное с предлогом

i n the house

after classes

at the station

I’ll see you at four o’clock

before Friday

by the sea

in a year

in my dreams

after three in the afternoon

Существительное без предлога

We waited half an hour.

Причастие или причастный оборот

Turning left, she ran into a man.

Наречие

He hid quickly behind the tree.

Инфинитив,

конструкция с инфинитивом

They assembled to discuss their plans.

He left the key for us to lock the door.

Герундий с предлогом

She left without saying a word.

Абсолютная конструкция

They listened attentively, with their faces showing a deep interest in what he was saying.

He put on a coat, the night being cold.

She looked at him, her eyes bright with tears.