History of aircraft engineering

HISTORY OF AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING

The twenties of the last century became the starting point for the development of civil aviation. In just a few decades, the domestic air fleet has come a long way in evolution: from a wooden biplane to a supersonic passenger aircraft. Airliners designed and built by our designers have earned worldwide fame. We suggest recalling the main events in the history of domestic civil aircraft.

1913-1921

In the image of the Russian Knight aircraft, the forerunner of all multi-seat passenger aircraft, Igor Sikorsky designed the Ilya Muromets biplane - the world's first passenger aircraft with heating, electric lighting, a bedroom and a toilet.

Igor Sikorsky1889–1972One of the first aircraft designers. He created the heavy aircraft "Russian Knight" and "Ilya Muromets". From 1919 he worked in the USA, developing the field of helicopter construction

1922-1923

The first international regular air route of the USSR Moscow — Königsberg was opened.

The official date of birth of civil aviation of the USSR. The resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense "On the assignment of technical supervision of air routes to the Main Directorate of the Air Fleet and on the organization of the Council for Civil Aviation" was adopted.The Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet — "Dobrolet", the predecessor of Aeroflot, was created.The first domestic regular air route Moscow — Nizhny Novgorod was opened. The first flight on an airplane called "Prombank" (German Junkers F13) from the main airport of the USSR on Khodynka Field.

1924

Testing of the first Soviet all-metal three-seat aircraft ANT-2, created in the Tupolev Design Bureau, has begun.

Andrei Tupolev1888–1972Aircraft designer. More than 100 types of aircraft were designed under his leadership. Tupolev aircraft set 78 world records and performed 30 outstanding flights

Nikolay Polikarpov1892–1944Aircraft designer. Founder of domestic fighter aviation. Designed more than 80 aircraft of various types.

1929-1932

The first Soviet twin

engine multi-seat

aircraft ANT-9 has

passed flight tests . passenger capacity up to 9 people

The first Soviet flight from the USSR to the USA on the domestic aircraft ANT-4 "Country of Soviets". Exceptional in its range and complexity.

The first data on passenger turnover, which is calculated as the product of the number of passengers and the distance of transportation (pkm), begins to appear.

The first passenger air terminal in the USSR is opened on the territory of the main capital airport on Khodynka Field.

The Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet (GU GVF) is formed, and later the official name of Soviet civil aviation is established - "Aeroflot".

1937

The first ever non-stop flight from the USSR to the USA via the North Pole on an ANT-25 aircraft.

63 hours 16 minutes — flight duration9,130 ​​km — range

1939-1941

The first flight attendant, 20-year-old

Muscovite Elza Gorodetskaya, appeared on

the Moscow-Ashgabat flight, operated by a

21-seat PS-84 aircraft.

Vnukovo International Airport opened.

1947

The start of operation of the piston aircraft Il-12 - the first domestic passenger aircraft for mass transportation, developed under the leadership of S. V. Ilyushin. Passenger capacity up to 32 people

Sergei Ilyushin1894–1977Aircraft designer. Many types of attack aircraft, bombers, and passenger planes were created under his leadership.

1948

Start of operation of the multipurpose aircraft An-2 designed by O.K. Antonov. It was used for agricultural work, for transporting passengers and servicing polar explorers in the Arctic and Antarctica.

Oleg Antonov1906–1984Aircraft designer. He created a number of different types of aircraft: 52 types of gliders and 22 types of airplanes .

1956-1960

The first flight of the Tu-104 jet airliner from Moscow to Irkutsk took place. The flight lasted 7 hours and 10 minutes.The Tu-104 set 26 world records

Tu-114 - a long-range aircraft with more economical turboprop engines made its first flight. It was the largest high-speed passenger airliner in the world. It could accommodate up to 200 people on board.Tu-114 has 32 world records

The Il-18 aircraft with four turboprop engines entered the airways. The most comfortable aircraft of that time with a pressurization and air conditioning system and a buffet-kitchen.

Sheremetyevo International Airport has opened.

1964-1969

Moscow's Domodedovo Airport has entered into operation.

The world's largest transport aircraft of that time, the An-22 "Antey", took to the skies for the first time.

The Il-62 long-range jet aircraft with tail-mounted engines began operating. It replaced the turboprop veteran Tu-114 on long-haul routes.

The Tu-154 made its first flight. The most mass-produced aircraft of domestic production.

1976

New generation aircraft made test flights: the wide-body 350-seat Il-86 airliner (Airbus), designed by the Ilyushin Design Bureau, and the 120-seat Yak-42 by the Yakovlev Design Bureau.Alexander Yakovlev1906–1989Aircraft designer. More than 100 serial types and modifications of aircraft were created under his leadership .

1977-1985

The world's first supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144 enters service. A new era in civil aviation has opened.

Aeroflot is the official carrier of the Olympic Games.OVER 460,000 SOVIET AND FOREIGN TOURISTS WERE TRANSPORTED

On the An-124 Ruslan supercargo, the crew set an absolute record for lifting a load of 171.2 tons to a height of 10,750 m.

1988-1991

The first Duty Free shop in the USSR opened at Sheremetyevo Airport.

The giant six-engine An-225 Mriya, the largest in the world, entered testing. Its main purpose was to transport the Buran spacecraft and the Energia launch vehicle.

After the collapse of the USSR, several dozen independent airlines emerged.

1992-1993

The first foreign-made airliners, the Airbus A-310, arrived at Sheremetyevo.

The Il-96 aircraft, the first domestic long-range wide-body aircraft designed for 300 passengers, entered service. It went down in the history of world civil aviation as the safest passenger aircraft.

2004-2017

The airline received the Sukhoi Superjet-100. The first aircraft developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR.

The launch of the first low-cost carrier, Pobeda Airlines.

The USSR record for passenger turnover in 1990 was broken — 243.8 pkm.

2020-2021

The first flight of the promising medium-range aircraft MS-21-310, equipped with the latest Russian-made PD-14 engines, took place.

The sharp drop in passenger turnover in 2020 is due to the coronavirus epidemic. Restrictions on air traffic have been introduced around the world

СПИСОК Источников

https://znanierussia.ru/articles/

https://spec.tass.ru/istoriya-poletov/

https://www.f911.ru/aktivnyj_otdyh/istoriya_aviacii_i_vozduhoplavaniya/