УДК 530.16
Language and Culture Communication in Modern Society
Language is a form of "catching the world". Today in the wider social context on the material of different languages general theoretical basis for the development of multicultural and multilingual identity, socio-cultural norms of speech behavior in conditions of intercultural communication are widely taught. No coincidence that the central linguistic problems have become "a man in the language and the language in a man".
Culture is a set of codes that prescribe certain human behavior with inherent feelings and thoughts, giving him thereby, an administrative leverage.
Basically, under the culture scientists understand any human activity in its various areas, including all forms and means of human expression, self-knowledge and the accumulation of social skills. Culture is presented as a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity.
The idea that culture includes symbolic codes and methods of transmission from one person to another means, although limited, that it is constantly changing. Cultural changes may be as a result of creating new things, as well it occurs at the moment of contact with another culture. Remaining in peaceful frames the contact between cultures leads to borrowing of various elements, that is the interpenetration of cultures. In terms of confrontation or political inequality, the people of one culture, of course, may capture the cultural values of other communities or to impose its values.
The problem of the relationship, the interaction of language and culture is one of the central problems in linguistics. Let us recall that this topic at the beginning of the XIX century was successfully developed by brothers Grimm, R. Rusk, W. Humboldt, their teachings was continued in Russia in the works of F.I. Buslaev, A.N. Afanasyev, A.A. Potebnya.
Language and reality are structurally similar. The structure of any language can be equated to structure of reality or taken as a more or less it’s deformed reflection [1, p. 76]. How exactly do language, reality and culture related?
Language is included into the culture because a "body" of a sign is a cultural object, in the form of which the linguistic and communicative ability of a person is objectified, the value of a sign is also a cultural entity which only occurs in a human activity. Likewise the culture is included into the language, as it all is modeled in the text [2, p. 114].
The relationship between culture and language can be regarded as the relationship of the whole and parts. The language can be perceived as a component of culture or culture instrument, and at the same time language is autonomous in relation to the culture in general and can be considered separately from the culture or with the culture as both equivalent and equal phenomenon. Comparison of culture and language in general and in the specific features of national culture and specific language discovers a certain isomorphism (similarity) in their structures on the functional and system level. The similarity of structure of cultural language with the structure of a language is seen in the fact that in both aspects the phenomenon of genre, fact of synonymy, homonymy and polysemy can be found. In the history of culture, as well as in the language, the processes of interaction, layering of cultures on culture are observed. According to N.I. Tolstoy, the whole national culture is dialectal, which is also typical for a national language.
If the language was a only part of the culture, then experts in the field of linguistics due to their linguistic knowledge, would have to be competent in other parts of the discussion of culture.
If the language was simply a part of the culture, the primates would have been able to partially learn the human language as they are impelled by primatologists really master the skills of human culture. None of higher animal, even budgies, never learns any of human languages. The arguments that a specialist in a single field of culture, for this reason, is equally competent in all the other cultural fields, raise a number of relevant and interesting questions. Does this mean that a political scientist, who is a specialist in the crucial field of culture is equally competent as a sociologist, economist and anthropologist? Is it true that the experts in cultural anthropology are exactly versed in social organization, technology, religion and folklore? Bearing in mind that the concept of culture covers a wide range of phenomena (besides the language), is it possible to accept that a scientist is allowed to become a specialist. Linguistics, of course, requires a lot of specialized methods and techniques, as well as folkloristics, and is it gives any grounds for excommunication from the culture of their research subject.
At the same time the interaction between language and culture needs to be explored very carefully, paying attention to the fact that these are different semiotic systems. In fairness, it must be said that, they have a lot in common:
1) culture as well as language, being semiotic system forms of consciousness, reflecting the world-view rights of a person;
2) language and culture exist in a dialogue with each other;
3) the subject of a language and culture - is always an individual or a society, a person or a community;
4) normativity - common for the language and culture;
5) historicism - one of the essential properties of language and culture;
6) for language and culture the antinomy "dynamic - static" is emphasized.
Modern linguists point the fact that language is an integral part of the culture that we inherit. It is probably, the main instrument of knowledge and learning culture. The comprehension of science, religion, literature is only possible through language [3, p. 69].
As can be seen, the system, which is the relation of language and culture, is extremely complex and has many aspects, so each subject of this system plays an important role in its solution!
Bibliography:
Ельмслев, Л. Пролегомены к теории языка [Текст] / Л. Ельмслев. – М.: КомКнига, 2006. – 248 с.
Сорокин, Ю.А. Теоретические и прикладные проблемы речевого общения [Текст] / Ю.А. Сорокин, Е.Ф. Тарасов, А.М. Шахнарович. – М.: Либроком, 2009. – 328 с.
Вежбицкая, А. А. Понимание культур через посредство ключевых слов [Текст] / А.А. Вежбицкая. – М.: ЯСК, 2001. – 274 с.
© Фирсов Г.А., Ефимов Е.И., 2016
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