Методические указания для студентов II-III курсов "Государственное устройство, правовые институты»

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

к развивающему курсу

по теме «Государственное устройство, правовые институты»

для студентов II-III курсов

всех специальностей

РАССМОТРЕНО: на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин ПРОТОКОЛ №2 от « » сентября 2019г. Председатель ПЦК ______

Разработала: Преподаватель иностранного языка Воронина М.В.

Красные Баки

2019

Настоящие методические указания предназначены для студентов II-III курсов всех специальностей КБЛК очной и заочной формы обучения для организации аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов.

Методические указания состоят из тематических циклов, которые ориентированы на совершенствование знаний, умений и навыков студентов.

Учебно-методические указания составлены преподавателем английского языка ГБПОУ НО КБЛК Ворониной М.В.

Оглавление

Предисловие	4
The Russian Federation	5
Texts for reading Moscow Sights	9 11 14
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	16
Texts for reading London Sights	19 23 26
The United States of America	28
Texts for reading Washington Sights	31 37 41
Приложение 1 Лингвострановедческий справочник	47
Приложение 2 Штаты США	49
Приложение 3 Штаты и их прозвища	52
Список рекомендуемой литературы по изучаемой тематике	56

Предисловие

Настоящие Методические указания предназначены для студентов очного и заочного отделения всех специальностей лесного колледжа. Они составлены в соответствии с Примерной программой учебной дисциплины Английский язык для специальностей СПО.

Целью обучения английскому языку является подготовка студентов к общению на этом языке в устной и письменной формах, что предполагает наличие у них определённых знаний, умений и навыков, которые после окончания курса дадут им возможность:

- читать оригинальную литературу по специальности для получения необходимой информации;

- принимать участие в устном общении на английском языке в объёме материала, предусмотренного Примерной программой;

- приобрести навыки самостоятельной работы с иностранной литературой.

В процессе изучения английского языка реализуются также общеобразовательные и воспитательные задачи обучения.

Методические указания включают в себя основные темы развивающего курса («Государственное устройство, правовые институты России, Великобритании и США»), содержащие адаптированные тексты и практические упражнения по его закреплению способствующих развитию и совершенствованию произносительных навыков.

Материал указаний может быть рекомендован для всех лиц, желающих повысить уровень владения английским языком.

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. New words

to occupy – занимать

surface – поверхность

to border – граничить

to flow – протекать

oil – нефть

iron – железо

ore – руда

copper – медь

constituent entity – административный округ

legislative power – законодательная власть

2. Read and translate the text.

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It is located in Europe and Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers, the population being about 150 million, 80 per cent of which are ethnic Russians. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans. It borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Norway, Finland and others. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

The surface of Russia is various. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are several mountains chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers – the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena – flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean. The world's deepest lake is Lake Baikal. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. Russia is very rich in oil, iron, ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources. There are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south.

Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 89 constituent entities (republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs, which have equal rights). The head of state is the President, who is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President appoints the ministers, but they must be approved by the Federal Assembly. The Head of the government is the Prime Minister. The legislative power is realized by the Federal Assembly.

The state symbols of Russia are the national emblem, the national hymn and a three-coloured flag. The Russian flag was adopted in 1991. It has three horizontal stripes which symbolize: white – the earth, blue – the sky, red – the freedom. National emblem of Russia is a two-headed eagle.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.

At present, the country’s economy is being transformed into a free market model. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for the country to become one of the leading countries in the world.

Russia is a unique country, it has a lot to be proud of, first of all – its people, famous scientists, musicians, artists, ballet school, its folk songs and dances. Our younger generation can do very much to make Russia as strong and powerful as it used to be.

Answer the questions:

1. Where is Russia located?

2. What is the population of Russia?

3. What countries does Russia border on?

4. What kind of surface can you find in Russia?

5. Where does the Volga flow into?

6. What kind of state is the Russian Federation?

7. What is the capital of Russia?

8. What colour means freedom on the flag of Russia?

Exercises

№1. a) Quick questions for your quick answers. Name

1. Russian capital

2. Russian president

3. Heart of Moscow

4. The main square

5. The deepest lake

6. The highest mountain

7. The natural border

8. National money

9. National dish

10. National animal

11. National tree

12. A Russian kettle

13. National toy

14. National musical instrument

15. National boots

b) Make up your own puzzle with the answers.

№2. Match the words in the columns

deep moderate climatic independent large vast mountain natural

country territory lake climate chain island resources zone

№3. Match the words with the opposites meaning

shallow high rich far wide cold damp long vast

poor dry near short deep small low narrow warm

№4. Fill in the blanks with prepositions. Use the word combinations in the sentences of your own

to border … many countries

to be washed … seas

to flow … a sea

to be rich … natural resources

to separate … the continent.

№5. What is special about the geographical position of Russia? Fill in the blanks with the geographical names from the box. Add articles where necessary.

Arctic Ocean Baltic Sea Sea of Japan Mount Elbrus Black Sea Barents Kara Chuckchee Okhotsk Sea Urals Bering Sea Laptev East Siberian White Sea Azov Caspian Sea Caucasus Great Russian Plain Western Siberian Plain Baikal Ladoga Onega Volga Ob Lena Yenisei Amur North Dvina Moscow Magadan

Russia is washed in the north by _______ and its seas: ______, ______, ________, _______, _________ and _________, in the south by _________, __________ and ________ Seas; in the east by _______, ________ and _________; in the west by _______. The size of Russia is hard to imagine. A flight from _________ to _____ takes eight hours. Russia is a land of long rivers and large lakes. Among the world’s longest rivers rank _______, the three mighty Siberian rivers: _________, ________ and ______, and ________. The largest of all Russia’s rivers is ______. The three largest lakes in Russia are _______ in South-Eastern Siberia and ______ and _______ in Northern Russia. The relief of Russia is mostly flat. It’s located on two plains: _________ and _________. There are three main mountain ranges in Russia. _________ stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The highest mountain is ________. ___________extend from the Arctic Ocean to the steppes. They divide the European and Asian parts of Russia.

№6. Read, translate and act out the following dialogue.

- Hi, Dima! You have come at last. Glad to see you.

- Hi, Max! Glad to see you too.

- Have you prepared for your History classes?

- Yes, I have. We should have prepared texts about state system of the Russian Federation.

- You are absolutely right. But I was busy yesterday and didn’t manage to prepare the material. Will you be so kind as to tell me about it in brief?

- Certainly. Don’t worry. It is not too complex. Hope that you do know who the head of our country is.

- Naturally. The President, who is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He also appoints ministers in the government.

- That’s fine. Do you know what branches the federal government consist of?

- I wish I knew

- You see, the federal government includes the three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative power is realized by the Federal Assembly, which consists of the two chambers: the Upper Chamber, the Council of Federation, and the Lower Chamber, the State Duma. The executive power belongs …

- Oh, sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. It belongs to the Government, which is headed by the Prime Minister.

- Good for you. And the judicial power is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts. That’s all.

- I don’t know how to thank you.

- Not at all. It was a real pleasure for me to do it.

Read and learn the poem:

Russia is my Motherland.

When roaming Russia’s woods that glisten

At dawn amid the new-mown hay

To nature’s song of love I listen,

A song of Russia’s bright new day.

When dawn first shines on the horizon

To touch the woods with autumn’s glow,

I hear the birch, as in my childhood,

She whispers singing soft and low.

(Vinokurova M., Surikina M.)

Discuss the proverbs

1. Dry bread at home is better than roast meat abroad. – На чужой сторонушке рад своей воронушке. Дома и солома съедома.

2. Home is home though it be never so homely. – Дома и стены помогают. На чужбине родная землица во сне снится.

3. Foreign land or not, and it’s not give. – Чужой земли не хотим, а своей не отдадим. 

4. Great Russian land, and everywhere the sunshine. – Велика русская земля, и везде солнышко.

5. The love for the Motherland, for the fire does not burn and in water does not sink. – Любовь к родине на огне не горит и на воде не тонет. 

Texts for reading

Democracy

Over the centuries, people have organized their governments in many different ways. A true democratic government has some characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of government. Abraham Lincoln described democracy as “government of the people, by the people, and for the people”.

All genuine democracies have free and open elections. Free elections give people the chance to choose their leaders and to voice their opinions on various issues. Free elections also help ensure that public officials pay attention to the wishes of the people. Representative democracy means that laws enacted in the legislatures represent the will of the majority of lawmakers. Because these lawmakers are elected by the people, the laws are accepted by the people.

Democracy requires that all people be as free as possible to develop their own capabilities. But, of course, no individual can be completely free to do anything he or she wants. That would result in chaos. Rather, it means that all people should have an equal opportunity to develop their talents, to the fullest extent possible. Government in a democracy works to promote that kind of equality.

Political parties are another important element of democratic government. A political party is a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to win elections, and determine public policy.

Democracy seems to have a better chance in countries that do not have extremes of wealth and poverty that have a large middle class. People who are out of work or unable to feed their families often become more concerned about security than about voting.

1. What is democracy?

2. What are the basic elements of democratic government?

3. Why does democracy have a better chance in stable societies with a large middle class?

4. What is a role of rival parties in elections?

5. How do you understand democracy?

6. What do you think is the difference between democracy and dictatorship?

The Russian State System

Under the Constitution, Russia is a Federative Republic. The Russian Federation consists of 89 constituent entities: republics, oblasts, krays, cities of federal significance, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs, which have equal rights. The authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently from the federal government.

The federal government consists of three branches: legislatives, executive and judicial. The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker.

Executive power belongs to the central and local governments. Judicial power is provided by appropriate judicial system and by civil, administrative and criminal legislation. The President is the Head of State and determines the basic objectives of the internal and external policy of the state. He is elected for 6 years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for all eligible citizens. One and the same person cannot serve as President for more than two terms in succession.

The President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. His duty is to appoint diplomatic representatives for approval by the Parliament. He has the right to show mercy and to decide on issues of citizenship, to introduce the state of emergency throughout the country or in a particular territory within the Russian Federation. The President has the right to dissolve the State Duma, to announce elections ahead of time and to pass the decision to conduct a referendum on federal issues

1. What are the three independent branches of state power in Russia?

2. Does the legislative power belong to the central and local governments?

3. How is judicial power provided by?

4. Executive power belongs to the Federal Assembly, doesn’t it?

5. Is the President elected or appointed in Russia?

6. What are the functions of the President of Russia?

The State Duma

The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. The upper house is the Council of the Federation. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies.

The first State Duma was set up in 1906 and was Russia's first elected parliament. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas the Second to make it active were ineffective. Each of these Dumas was dissolved after only a few months. The third Duma was the only one to last to the end of its 5-year period. The third Duma, elected in November 1907, was largely made up of members of the upper classes.

Now according to the Russian Constitution, the State Duma consists of 450 deputies, each elected to a period of five years. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma. Seats are given on the basis of the percentage of election votes won by a party.

The current chairman of the State Duma is Sergey Naryshkin. He has held the leading position since December 2011. Previous chairmen include Gennady Seleznyo (1996–2003) and Ivan Rybkin (1994–1996), Boris Gryzlov (2003-2011).

Election to the Duma is based on political party lists, with the seats being filled by the party electors. The party ”United Russia” with the leader Dmitry Medvedev has now 234 seats, “The Communist Party of the Russian Federation”( KPRF) won 92 seats, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) has 56 deputies and a party “Just Russia” headed by Sergey Mironov has 64 seats.

1. What is the name of the upper house of Russia’s Parliament?

2. What is the name of the lower house of Russia’s Parliament?

3. What is the name of Russia’s parliament?

4. How many deputies are there in the State Duma now?

5. What parties were elected to the State Duma?

6. Who is the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia?

MOSCOW

Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Russian Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy. It is situated on the banks of the Moskva River. Since the time of its foundation, the history of Moscow is inseparable from the history of our country. At first, it was a little town on the boundary of the Kiev Russia. Some time passed and it developed into a prosperous city. It became the capital of Russia during the rule of Ivan the Third.

The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It originally was a marketplace and a meeting spot for popular assemblies. Red Square is still used as parade ground and for demonstrations. Here you can see the most beautiful masterpieces of Russian architecture - the Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral. In front of the cathedral, there stands a monument to the liberators Minin and Pozharskiy.

More than 12.5 million people live there. Besides, every day about one million people come to Moscow from all over Russia and other countries. It is a main political, economical and cultural centre of our country. Moscow is the seat of our Government. Here numerous state and government offices are located. The President of Russia lives and works in Moscow. It is the largest city in our country and one of the largest cities in the world.

Moscow is the city of highly developed industry. It has numerous modern enterprises, mostly engineering and metalworking plants. They produce machine tools, motor cars, transformers, electric motors, TV sets, watches, etc. Moscow is also a centre of the chemical industry.

Moscow is the port of five seas. Four airports connect it with other parts of our country and many other countries. There are nine railway stations in Moscow.

Moscow can be called a city of students. There are a great number of schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, institutes and universities there.

Moscow is also an important cultural centre. Worldwide-known theatres (the Bolshoi Theatre, the Maliy Theatre, the Moscow Art Theatre, the Theatre in Taganka and many others), museums and art galleries (the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov Gallery, etc.), exhibition halls are situated there.

Moscow is very beautiful. Plenty of green parks, large squares and wide streets make Moscow very attractive. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1980.

Answer the questions:

1. When was Moscow founded?

2. Who founded Moscow?

3. Moscow is a political, economic and cultural center of Russia, isn’t it?

4. How much is the area of modern Moscow?

5. What is the population of the city?

6. What is the heart of Moscow?

7. What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?

8. What are the most famous museums and art galleries?

9. Are there many theatres in Moscow?

10. What other places of interest of Moscow do you know? 

№1. Match the place-names with the photos.

1.Red Square   2.TheTeremnoy Palace  3. Minin and Pozharsky Monument  4.St. Basil's Cathedral  5.The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great			6.The Tsar- Bell  7.The Annunciation Cathedral  8.The  Tretyakov Gallery  9.The Bolshoi Theatre 10. Moscow University
a.	b.	c.		d.	e.
f.	g.	h.		i.	j.

 

№2. Match the columns

1. The foundation of Moscow                             a.  1812

2. The defeat of Tartar hordes                            b. 1941-1945

3. The capital of the united state                         c.  1918

4. Moving the capital to St .Petersburg               d.  the 13th century

5. The main target of Napoleon's attack             e. 1147

6. The capital of the revolutionary Russia            f.  the 16th century

7. The heroic struggle against Hitler's troops      g. 1712

№3. Match the words in the left and right columns

1. Moscow State University 2. the Arbat 3. Petrovskiy Passage 4. the Tretyakov Gallery 5. the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 6. the Bolshoi 7. Luzhniki 8. Metropol 9. Praga 10. Pushkinskiy

a. department store b. theatre c. stadium d. cinema e. educational institution f. restaurant g. hotel h. museum i. monument j. street

№4. Put the verbs in the correct form and translate the sentences:

1. Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy (to want) to celebrate some successful negotiations and was looking for a place to celebrate a feast. The place (to happen) to be Moscow.

2. In 1237 the Mongols (to burn) the city to ashes.

3. In 1328 Moscow (to earn) the status of capital of the Russian region.

4. In 1571 the Mongols (to attack) the city again and (to burn) it completely.

5. A severe plague (to ruin) the city in 1654. It (to kill) a lot of inhabitants.

6. In 1712 Moscow (to lose) its capital status to St/Petersburg.

7. In 1812 the war with Napoleon (to lead) to big fires in Moscow destroying almost everything.

8. On 12^th March, 1918 the City of Moscow (to become) the capital of Soviet Russia.

9. When the USSR (to divide) in the year 1991, the city (to continue) to be the capital of Russia.

10. Moscow (to celebrate) its 850 Anniversary in 1997 and today (to be) one of the more respected cities in the world.

№5. Read and act the dialogue

- Have you ever been to Moscow?

- Yes, I have. It goes without saying, I was greatly impressed by the city. But still I am very fond of St. Petersburg. I was there some time ago. I believe it is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

- What is it famous for?

- Well, of course, it’s famous for its museums. In fact, it is a museum in itself, which is situated on the banks of the Neva river. I was impressed by lots of bridges. They say there are more than 350 bridges in St. Petersburg.

- What monuments there attract tourists?

- First of all, the monument of Peter the First - the Bronze Horseman is widely known. It is the monument to the founder of the city.

- And when was the city founded?

- In 1703, by Peter the Great.

- What other places of interest are worth visiting?

- Well, first comes the Winter Palace, Palace Square, then there are Peter-and-Paul Fortress, the Rostral Columns, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and many others.

Russia. Sights

Vocabulary:

numerous- многочисленные

prominent-известные

attraction- внимание

to surround- окружать

government-правительство

church-правительство

sights-достопримечательности

wonder- чудеса

mountain range- горный хребет

cathedral- собор

ancient-старый

climber- альпинисты

chapel-часовня

windmill- ветряные мельницы

Read the text and fill the table

Sights	By whom is it found?	When is it found?	It is well-known for …
the Trans-Siberian Railway	Alexander III and his son Nicholas II	-	It is the part of the longest railway system in the world, which connects Moscow with Vladivostok.

Russia is the largest country in the world and the ninth most populous country. It covers much of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, and comprises of 83 federal subjects. The country borders with numerous countries, including Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, China, Kazakhstan, Baltic and Scandinavian countries, and some others. Due to its size, the country spans 9 time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments. That’s why there are countless natural wonders there. The capital and the largest city of the country is Moscow. Every year millions of tourists come to see the riches of Russia. The most visited destinations are Moscow, St Petersburg, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Rostov, Krasnodar, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and some other prominent cities.

One of the top-rated tourist attractions in the country is the Trans-Siberian Railway. It is the part of the longest railway system in the world, which connects Moscow with Vladivostok – a city near Chinese and North Korean borders. This line is also known as the tsars’ route, as it was built by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II. Many visitors of Russia hope to ride by train on Trans-Siberian line. 

Lake Baikal in Siberia is the top-visited Russian natural wonder. It’s the deepest, oldest and largest fresh water lake in the world. People also call it the Pearl of Siberia. The lake is surrounded by mountain range and is home to numerous resorts. 

Moscow’s Kremlin is the place where all visitors of Moscow want to go. It is not only home to nation’s government, but also the complex of notable cathedrals and museums. One of the most interesting structures there is the Armoury, where diamond jewelries and treasures of the past are kept. Another tourist attraction in Moscow is magnificent St Basil’s Cathedral. It was built in the middle of the XVI century in the city center and boasts distinctive architecture. The building has no analogs in world architecture with its bonfire shape in full flame touching the sky.

Visitors of St Petersburg tend to see the Hermitage Museum, founded by Catherine the Great in the XVIII century. It houses over three million items from every corner of the globe. The museum is presented by six historic buildings. Perhaps, the most renowned of them is the Winter Palace, which used to serve as the residence for Russian emperors. Suzdal is one of Russian jewels. This historic city belongs to the “Golden Ring” of ancient Russian cities. It’s like a living, open-air museum, presenting Russia’s cultural past. The city is full of kremlins, monasteries and cathedrals, built in distinctive old-Russian style. 

Mount Elbrus is an attractive place for experienced and novice mountain climbers. At 5,642 meters height it has one of the highest summits in the world. Although it was formed from a volcano, there were no eruption recordings. 

Kizhi island in Karelia is also known as an open-air museum. This region borders with Finland and the White Sea. Local people have lived here for many centuries accepting cultures of the East and the West. The main attraction there is the 120-feet high church with 22 domes – the Church of the Transfiguration of our Savior. Other than that, the sight has dozens of wooden houses, chapels and windmills.

Translate into English

густонаселенная страна, широкий спектр природных зон, маршрут царей, пресноводное озеро, алмазные украшения, резиденция для российских императоров, культурное наследие страны, быть сформированной из вулкана, многочисленные дома отдыха, комплекс выдающихся музеев и соборов, нет аналогов в мировой архитектуре.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

1. New words

to be situated – располагаться

to be composed of – состоит

consist of – состоит из

to be separated – отделяется

the English Channel – Английский канал

La Manche – Ла-Манш

the Straits of Dover – Дуврский пролив

Pas de Calais – Па-де Кале

to be inhabited – населён

the Pennines – Пеннины

the Gulf Stream – Гольфстрим

damp – влажный

chamber – палата

2. Read and translate the text.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The UK is an Island state it is composed of some 5.500 islands, large and small. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff and Belfast. The capital of the country is London.

The territory of the United Kingdom is 244,100 square kilometres, and no point of the country is more than 120 kilometers away from the sea. It is situated off to the northwest coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the north and the North Sea on the east and is separated from the European continent by the English Channel (or La Manche) and the Straits of Dover (or Pas de Calais).

The population is about 60 million. The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish who constitute the British nation. English is not the only language. Scottish, Welsh and Irish are also used.

The surface of Great Britain varies greatly. The northern and western part of the country is mountains and is called the Highlands. All the rest (south, east and centre) is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines (or the Pennine Chain) and the Lake District.

The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous parts of the country.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain.

The weather in the UK is very changeable. The English people say: "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather." The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.

The best time of the year is spring (of course, it rains in spring too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. The education is not free, it is very expensive.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of state. Her power is limited by the parliament, which is elected every four years. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the London, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The leader of the party that has won the majority during the elections becomes the Prime Minister.

Answer the questions:

1. What are the names of the islands situated to the west of the continent of Europe?

2. What parts does the island of Great Britain consist of?

3. What is the official name of Great Britain?

4. How large is the territory of the UK?

5. How are the people living in the UK called?

6. Why is the climate of the British Isles moderate?

7. What are the longest and most important rivers in the UK?

8. What is the capital of the country?

9. What type of state is the UK?

10. Who rules the country in fact?

Exercises

№1. Write out what these figures refer to in the text.

5,500; 244,100; 120; 60,000,000.

№2. Open the brackets and use the adjectives in the corresponding degree of comparison.

1. The (large) island is known as Great Britain, the (small) is Ireland.

2. The (high) mountain in Scotland is Ben Nevis.

3. The (long) river in Great Britain is the Severn, the Thames is (important).

4. The (narrow) part of the English Channel is called the Strait of Dover.

5. The Lake District is (beautiful).

6. The (large) cities are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Leeds, and Cardiff.

№3. Make up sentences according to the model using the words given below:

Example: Englishmen live in England, they speak English.

.........................in Scotland ..............................

.........................in Ireland................................. .

.........................in Wales .................................. .

.........................in Sweden ............................... .

.........................in Spain ................................... .

.........................in Denmark .............................. .

.........................in Holland ................................ .

.........................in Switzerland .......................... .

№4. Read, translate and act out the following dialogues.

Dialogue 1

– Hello, Kate.

– Hello, Mark.

– I’m very glad to see you. Today I want to show you some marvelous places in London.

– Oh, what a good idea!

– Look, we are near the Trafalgar Square.

– What is situated in the center of the square?

– It’s a column of Admiral Nelson. He was a man who served his country best. He was brave and skillful admiral.

– Fantastic! I see the Houses of Parliament. It’s a marvelous sight! Especially the Big Ben.

– Yes, it is the Clock Tower, 320 feet high and is famous for its immense bell, known as “Big Ben”.

– Super! Thank you for your tour. It was the tops!

– Not at all. I’m very glad that you like it. Good-bye.

– Good-bye!

Dialogue 2

Mike: So, what are you going to do today?

John: Frankly speaking, I have no idea. What would you advise?

Mike: Why not visit Hyde Park? It's one of the most picturesque places in London. Besides you both look slightly tired and a day in the open air will do you no harm. Susan: Yes, you're quite right. I'm tired of shopping. Wait, I heard something of the place... Hyde Park... Please, remind me of it.

Mike: Oh, I see you're really too tired if you forget about the best-known park in London! Hyde Park together with Kensington Gardens and Regent's Park are still called Royal because many centuries ago the kings of England usually hunted there. Now these places are the most favourite ones for a lot of people. You can walk on the grass or even lie down there if it's warm enough.

John: Great! Let's go there immediately! As far as I remember visitors can also go horse-riding. I'm fond of riding! Don't you mind, Susan?

Susan: I don't. I want to go there too. How can we get there, Mike?

Mike: We'll drive there by car. It'll take us about half an hour, if we don't get into the traffic jam.

Texts for reading

The governmental model in the UK

The governmental model that operates in Britain today is usually described as constitutional monarchy, or parliamentary system. While a monarch still has a role to play on some executive and legislative levels, it is Parliament, which possesses the essential power, and the government of the day, which governs by initiating and controlling political policy and legislation. The correct constitutional definition of Parliament is "Queen-in-Parliament", and all state and governmental business is therefore carried out in the name of the monarch by the politicians and officials of the system.

In constitutional theory the British people hold the political sovereignty to choose their government, while Parliament, consisting partly of their elected representatives in the Commons, possesses the legal sovereignty to make laws.

The various branches of this political system, although easily distinguishable from each other, are not entirely separate. The monarch is formally head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

The legislature, which consists of both Houses of Parliament and formally the monarch, is for most purposes the supreme law-making body.

The executive comprises the sitting government and its Cabinet, together with government ministers of departments headed by ministers or secretaries of state, who all act formally in the name of the monarch. The judiciary is composed mainly of the judges of the higher courts, who determine the common law and interpret Acts of Parliament.

The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the legislative and executive branches of government.

№1. Переведите с английского языка на русский:

Constitutional monarchy; to possess the essential power; initialing and controlling political policy; to carry out; to hold the political sovereignty; to be distinguishable from; separate; purpose; to be composed of; independent.

 

№2. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Действовать; исполнительный; законодательный; управлять; определение; следовательно; чиновники; выбирать правительство; состоять из чего-либо; выбирать, избирать; обладать; полностью, всецело; включать; определять.

 

№3. Закончите предложения.

1. A monarch has a role to play on some executive and legislative levels, and Parliament...

2. The correct constitutional definition of Parliament is ...

3. To choose their government the British people...

4. The legislature consists of...

5. The judiciary is independent of...

 

№4. Верны или неверны следующие предложения:

1. The governmental model in the UK is described as parliamentary system.

2. All state and governmental business isn't carried out in the name of the monarch.

3. Parliament possesses the legal sovereignty to make laws.

4. The monarch is the head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

5. The various branches of the UK political system are entirely separate.

 

№5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What role does the sovereign play in constitutional monarchy?

2. Why are the branches of the British political system not entirely separate?

3. What are the functions of the three branches of power?

 

№6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1. I have never been to any court, criminal or civil.

2. They explained how they had planned the robbery.

3. How long has this man been in jail ?

4. She will have given evidence by that time tomorrow.

№7. Вставьте вместо точек необходимый артикль: "a/an", "the" или нулевой.

1. ... defendant is ... person against whom a legal action is brought.

2. Bill Clinton was ... President of ... USA.

3. It is ... serious statement. I cannot support it. ... statement contradicts ... facts.

4. One of... problems they discussed concerned ... arrest of... soldier.

 

№8. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.

1. Не... (to study) law at the University.

2. I'm sure he... (to make) a good lawyer.

3. They often... (to publish) information on economic crimes.

4. In 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers... (to be) 88,000 dollars

5. The murder rate... (to change) since 1969 yet.

 

The court system of England and Wales

There are two main types of court in England and Wales: magistrates' courts (or courts of the first instance), which deal with about 95 per cent of criminal cases and with some civil matters, and Crown Courts for more serious offences. All criminal cases above the level of magistrates' courts are held before a jury.

There are about 700 magistrates' courts in England and Wales, served by approximately 28,000 unpaid magistrates or Justices of the Peace (JPs) who are ordinary citizens. A court normally consists of three magistrates, who are advised on points of law by a legally qualified clerk. They may not impose a sentence of more than six months imprisonment or a fine of more than 2000 pounds, and may refer cases requiring a heavier penalty to the Crown Court. A Crown Court is presided over by a professional judge, but the verdict is reached by a jury of twelve citizens, who are selected at random. There are some offences where the defendant is given the choice of having his case heard in the magistrates' court or the Crown Court.

A person convicted in a magistrates' court may appeal against its decision to the local Crown Court, which will hear the appeal without a jury. On points of law he may appeal directly to the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court. Appeals against a decision of the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in special cases, to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). The highest court of appeal is the House of Lords. The decisions of law lords on both criminal and civil matters bind all other courts. Only the government can overturn a decision of the House of Lords by passing an Act of Parliament.

Apart from the limited civil functions of magistrates' courts, the lowest court in a civil action is a County Court, of which there is one in every town in England and Wales. The judges are always professionals. They may hear matters such as contract disputes and actions regarding the property of a dead person. Cases involving larger amounts of money are heard by one of the divisions of the High Court. Appeals from the High Court, and most appeals from the County Courts, go to the Court of Appeal (Civil Division).

 

Answer the questions

1. What are the two main types of court in England and Wales?

2. How many magistrates’ courts are there in England and Wales?

3. Who presides over a Crown Court?

4. Where may a person convicted in a magistrates’ court appeal against its decision?

5. What is the highest court of appeal?

The Political Parties.

The British democratic system depends on political parties and there has been a party system of some kind since the 17^th century. The Conservative and the Liberal parties are the oldest and until the last years of the 19^th century they were the only parties elected to the House of Commons.

The Conservatives, often called the Tories, have always been the party of the Right, the party of big business, industry, commerce and landowners. It can broadly be described as the party of the middle and upper classes although it does receive some working class support. The party represents those who believe in private enterprise as opposed to state-owned undertakings. The Tories are the most powerful party and are often called a party of business directors. (The word “Tories” is an Irish name for thieves and was applied to the Conservatives by their opponents, but later they adopted the name to describe themselves).

The Tories were opposed by the Whigs, a rude name for cattle drivers. In the middle of the 19^th century the Liberal Party (or the Whigs) represented the trading and manufacturing classes. Its slogan of that time was “Civil and Religious Liberty”. During the second half of the 19^th century many working people looked at the Liberal Party as an alternative to the Conservatives and their policy. At the end of the 19^th century and in the first two decades of the 20^th century, the Liberals lost the support of working – class voters.

Around 1900 the Labour Party was formed as the political arm of the trade unions. It was the party that drew away working people’s support. The Labour Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and receives financial support from them. While many Labour voters are middle-class or intellectuals, the traditional Labour Party support is still strongest in industrial areas.

There are also some other parties: the Social Democratic Party, the Liberal Democrats. The Green Party, The Communist Party, the National Front, the Scottish National Party and the Welsh National Party.

№1. Turn the following verbs into nouns denoting the doer of the action.

To support; to vote; to manufacture; to own; to oppose; to believe; to elect; to win; to defend; to direct; to represent; to preside.

№2. Rearrange the sentences putting the words in the correct word order.

1. The party, the rich, traditionally, is, the Conservative Party, and, supported, privileged, by.

2. Today, representation, almost, parliamentary, insignificant, and, the Liberal Party, the membership, is, of.

3. A victory, was, at the beginning, the Labour Party, of, the formation, of, movement, the century, of, the labour.

4. Extremely, the Labour, the difference, policies, between, and, to tell, it’s, the Conservative, difficult.

5. To be, the major, parties, activists, members, tend, party, in, of, political, each, hard-working.

№3. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the dominant parties in modern Britain?

2. What is the difference between the two main political parties?

3. What do you know about the activities of the Green Party in Britain?

4. What is the role of the Liberal Party?

5. What is the ruling party in Great Britain now?

Read and translate.

LONDON

London, the capital of the UK, was founded in AD 43 by the Roman invaders as a settlement and a fortress. At first it had the name of Londinium. Due to its convenient position in the mouth of the river Thames the settlement grew and developed into a city. In the ll th century London became the capital of England. For centuries it was a prominent port through which wealth and prosperity came to the country.

Being an important trade and political centre, the city enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England and even had the right to elect the head of the city, Lord Mayor. The picturesque ceremony of the elections of Lord Mayor of London is still held every year and attracts thousands of tourists.

The city was built rather chaotically, the streets being narrow and dirty. It grew and developed together with the developing of the nation. In 1666 the Great Fire of London destroyed the most part of the city, which was rebuilt, but the old planning remained untouched.

Historically and geographically London can be divided into three parts: the City, the West End and the East End. The City is the financial centre of the country, with offices of large firms and banks and the Stock Exchange.

The West End has always been considered a place where aristocrats lived. There is a great number of sights and attractions: the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral, the Nelson Column, to mention just a few of them. London's beautiful parks are also there: Hyde Park, St. James' Park, Regent's Park are favourite places for Londoners to visit and relax. One may also go shopping in the West End — Piccadilly Street and Oxford Street both present a wide choice of expensive shops and boutiques.

The East End was previously considered the place where not well-to-do people lived. The identity of the East End as a place of deprivation and poverty persisted until well after the Second World War, becoming overlaid with certain gangster glamour in the 1960s. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, London east of the City is still seen as having a different character, claiming a certain independence of look from the rest of metropolis; but its cultural status has been transformed. Parts of the East End are believed to house the highest population of artists in Europe, and the East End is now considered a bohemian district. The ugly docks, which for years disguised the face of the East End, arc now closed, and new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.

Now London extends much more than the City, the West End and the East End. Its suburbs grow rapidly. London and its suburbs arc called Greater London.

As well as it is impossible to say that Moscow is a typical Russian city, nobody can call London a typical British one. In fact, it has become a multinational metropolis, being inhabited by people from all over the world. It is always busy and crowded. It certainly has its own face — millions of faces. Maybe, this is the reason why people say: "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life."

Exercises

№1. Answer the questions about London.

1. When was London founded?

2. What name did it have at first?

3. Why did the town grow and develop into a city?

4. When did it become the capital of England?

5. Prove that London enjoyed more independence than any other city of medieval England.

6. What happened to the city in 1666?

7. Name the tree parts of London.

8. What part of London is known as the financial centre of the whole country?

9. Are there many attractions in the West End? What are they?

10. Where are Hyde Park, St. James1 Park and Regent's Park situated?

11. What are the most famous places in London to do the shopping?

12. How was the East End transformed recently?

13. What is Greater London?

14. Prove that London is a multinational city.

№2. Think of the beginning of the sentences.

1. ... as a settlement and a fortress.

2. ... the settlement developed into a city.

3. ... through which wealth came to the country.

4. ... enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England.

5. ... is still held every year.

6. ... the streets being narrow and dirty.

7. ... but the old planning remained untouched.

8. ... where offices and banks are situated.

9. .-. where aristocrats lived.

10. ... to mention just a few of them.

11. ... are favourite places for Londoners to visit and relax.

12. ... present a wide choice of expensive shops.

13. ... are believed to house the largest population of artists in Europe.

14. ... new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.

15. ... are called Greater London.

16. ... being inhabited by people from all over the world. :

№3. Prove that

• London is an old city

• London has always been playing an important role in the life of the country;

• London enjoyed greater independence than the other cities in England

• the planning of London is chaotic;

• there are a lot of tourist attractions in the West End;

• the East End has always been different from the rest of metropolis;

• London grows rapidly;

• London is a multinational metropolis.

№4. Make up the outline of the text.

№5. Retell the text using the outline.

№6. Find additional information on the sights of London. Make up a report on one of the sights of London.

№7. Fill in prepositions.

Scotland Yard is the headquarters ... the Metropolitan Police ... London ... most people, its name immediately brings ... mind the picture ... a detective - cool, collected, efficient, ready to track down any criminal.

Scotland Yard is situated ... the Thames Embankment close ... the Houses ... Parliament and the familiar clock tower ... Big Ben. The name ‘‘Scotland Yard’’ originates ... the plot ... land adjoining Whitehall Palace where, ... about the 14^th century, the royalty and nobility ... Scotland stayed when visiting the English Court. The popular nickname ... the London policeman ‘‘bobby’’ is a tribute ... Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the police force ... 1829, and whose Christian name attached itself ... members ... the force.

Quiz: Do you know Britain well?

1. Give the names of

1. the longest river,

2. the highest mountain,

3. the largest lake,

4. the largest city outside London,

5. the busiest port in the British Isles.

1. Which river does Oxford stand on?

2. What is the name of the English state flag?

3. What is the name of the building in which the British Parliament sits?

4. How many buildings do the Houses of Parliament consist of?

5. What is Downing Street in London known for?

6. What’s the City?

7. What important events took place in London’s history in 1066?

8. What are English buses called?

9. What is the name of a famous English architect who built 50 churches in London?

10. What is the name of London underground?

11. Can you name the person of England whose final Battle was at Trafalgar?

12. What is the money system of Great Britain?

13. What is the famous place in Hyde Park where people can say anything they like?

14. Which park is the largest in London?

15. Who was the famous English general and statesman who won the victory of Waterloo?

16. At what annual ceremony does the Queen of the UK wear a crown?

17. How are the fur hats of the Queen’s lifeguards called?

18. Who were important prisoners of the Tower of London a long time ago?

19. What are the English policemen called?

Sights

There are a lot of places of interest in London which are worth visiting.

St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower of London are situated in the City. Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament are situated in Westminster. Trafalgar Square is situated in the West end. St. Paul’s Cathedral is situated in the City. It is one of the greatest English churches. It was built by a famous English architect, Sir Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723). A lot of great men of England are buried in the Cathedral. Among them is Wellington. He was a Prime Minister from 1828 to 1830, he is known for his military achievements, he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. Nelson and Sir Winston Churchill are also buried there. Besides, coronations and wed-dings are held in the Cathedral. Today the Cathedral is known for the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981.

The Tower of London is situated in the City. It was one of the first and most impressive castles after the Norman invasion in 1066. William the Conqueror built a strong fortress to protect London. Since then The Tower was used for many purposes: as a royal palace, a state prison. Now it is a museum. You can find the collection of armour and Crown Jewels there.

The Tower of London is defended by about 40 men in Tudor costume. The Yeomen of the guard are also known as Beefeaters. At 9.40 p.m. you can watch a very old tradition - Ceremony of the Keys. The Chief Warder closes The Tower for the night. You can find there ravens, fed by a Master of Ravens because of the belief, if the birds die out The UK will disappear.

Westminster Abbey is situated in Westminster. In Westminster Abbey queens and kings are crowned and famous people are buried. It was founded by Edward the Confessor in 1050. It contains the tombs and memorials of many Britain’s most prominent citizens. One of the great-est treasure of the Abbey is the Coronation Chair made in 1300. The Abbey is also known for its Poet’s Corner. There are lots of tombs and memorials to many English poets and writers.

The Houses of Parliament are situated in Westminster. The Clock Tower with the hour-bell called “ Big Ben” is known all over the world. The Houses of Parliament are officially called The Palace of Westminster and since the 16th century The Houses of Parliament have been called “ the home of the Parliament”.

Trafalgar Square is situated in the West End. The Square was so named in honour of Nel-son’s victory at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805.In the centre of it stands Nelson’s column. The column is over 170 feet high and the statue of Nelson itself is 17 feet high. Trafalgar Square is a place for all kinds of demonstrations, marches and political meetings. And every day it is full of visitors feeding the pigeons.

Vocabulary:

to be situated- быть расположенным

church-церковь

achievement-достижение

wedding-свадьба

castle-замок

invasion-нашествие

purpose-цель

prison-тюрьма

warder-стражник

raven-ворон

famous-знаменитые

tomb-могила

honour-честь

pigeon-голубь

№1. Answer the questions

1. Where is St. Paul’s Cathedral situated?

2. Who built St. Paul’s Cathedral?

3. Who is buried in the Cathedral?

4. Where is The Tower of London situated?

5. Who built The Tower of London?

6. What ceremony is interesting to watch there? Is it an old tradition?

7. Where is Westminster Abbey situated?

8. Edward the Confessor built Westminster Abbey, didn’t he?

9. Who is buried in Westminster Abbey?

10. The Coronation Chair is one of the greatest treasure of Westminster Abbey, isn’t it?

11. What is called “ the home of Parliament” ?

12. Where are The Houses of Parliament situated?

13. What are they known for?

14. Where is Trafalgar Square situated?

15. What is it famous for?

№2. Continue the sentences

1. St. Paul’s Cathedral is situated...

2. It was built...

3. A lot of great men of England, such as Wellington, Nelson, Sir Winston Churchill...

4. The Tower of London is situated...

5. At first it was built as a fortress to protect London, and it was built by...

6. There is the belief that if the ravens die out...

7. The well-known people of England are buried...

8. The Houses of Parliament are situated...

9. The Houses of Parliament are known all over the world for The Clock Tower with the hour bell called...

10. Trafalgar Square is situated...

11. In the middle of Trafalgar Square stands…

№3. True or False

1. Wellington is buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral and he is known for his military achievements, he defeated Hitler in 1945.

2. The Tower of London is not closed for the night by the Chief Warder.

3. One of the greatest treasure of Westminster Abbey is The Coronation Chair.

4. The Clock Tower “Big Ben” is situated in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

5. Trafalgar Square is full of visitors feeding the dogs.

6. St. Paul’s Cathedral is known for the marriage of Jennifer Lopez and Ben Affleck.

7. Ravens live in the Tower of London because of the belief that their meat is very tasty and The Queen likes to eat them at her supper.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1. New words

to be washed by – омывается

borders on – граничит с

to be divided into – делится на

executive – исполнительная (власть)

legislative – законодательная (власть)

judicial – судебная (власть)

Supreme Court – верховный суд

Rocky Mountains – Скалистые горы

2. Read and translate the text.

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). The USA lies in the central part of North America. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It has a sea-boarder with Russia.

The climate of the country varies greatly from arctic in Alaska through continental in the central part to subtropical in the south.

The USA is a federal republic. It consists of fifty states and the District of Columbia. The capital of the country is Washington D. C. The population of the USA is about 250 million people. Each state has its own government. The seat of the federal government is Washington D. C. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches. They are the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The executive is headed by the President and his Administration. The legislative is exercised by the US Congress. The judicial is headed by the US Supreme Court.

The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA, the Republican and the Democratic.

The flag of the USA is called "Stars and Stripes." There are three colours on the flag of the USA.

They are red, white and blue. As there are fifty states in the USA, there are fifty stars on the American flag: one star for each state. The American flag has thirteen stripes. The stripes are red and white. The flag has seven red stripes and six white stripes. There is one stripe for each of the first thirteen colonies which in 1776 became independent of England.

The eagle became the official national symbol of the country in 1782. It holds an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (symbols of strength) in its paws.

The USA has an official song. It is called The Star Spangled Banner.

The USA is one of the greatest industrial and leading agricultural nations in the world. The USA produces around 25% of the world's industrial products, agricultural goods and services.

The USA is rich in coal, iron and oil. Many rivers cross the country. The most important are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Colorado, the Sacramento. The main lakes are the Great Lakes in the north.

The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington and others. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

The USA is one of the most powerful and highly developed countries in the world. It is the leader of the western world.

№1. Answer the questions upon the text:

1) What countries are larger than the USA?

2) Where does the USA lie?

3) What is the total area of the USA?

4) What oceans wash the western and eastern coasts of the USA?

5) What countries border on the USA?

6) How does the climate of the USA vary?

7) How many states are there in the USA?

8) What is the capital of the USA?

9) What is the population of the USA?

10) Where is the seat of the federal government?

11) How many branches are the powers of the government divided into? What are they?

12) Who is the executive of the USA headed by?

13) The legislative is exercised by the US Congress, isn't it? What does the Congress consist of?

14) Who is the judicial headed by?

15) What are the main parties in the USA?

16) What is the flag of the USA called?

17) How many colours are there on the flag of the USA? What are they?

18) Why are there fifty stars on the flag of the USA?

19) How many stripes are there on the flag of the USA? Why? What colour are they?

20) What is the official national symbol of the USA? What do the arrows mean? What does the olive branch mean?

21) What is the official song of the USA called?

22) Why is the USA one of the most developed countries in the world? What does the USA produce?

23) What is the USA rich in?

24) What are the main rivers and lakes of the USA?

25) What are the largest cities in the USA? What are the highest mountains in the USA?

№2. Complete the sentences:

1. The USA borders ... ...

2. There are …… states in the USA

3. The…….. became the official national symbol of the country in 1782.

4. Many rivers cross the country. The most important are ...

5. The USA is one of the greatest ...

6. The climate of the country varies

7. The population of the USA is ... ...

8. The total area of the country is ...

9. There is one stripe for ... ...

10. The capital of the country is ...

№3. Choose the correct verb for each blank, varies, is headed, consists, lies, cross, are divided, is washed, is exercised:

1. The judicial ... by the US Supreme Court.

2. Its western coast ... by the Pacific Ocean.

3. The Congress ... of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

4. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government... into three

branches.

5. The climate of the country ... greatly from arctic in Alaska through contitental

in the central part to subtropical in the south.

6. Many rivers ... the country.

7. The legislative ... by the US Congress.

8. The USA ... in the central part of North America.

№4. Read the beginning of the sentence and find its end in the text.

1. The USA has an official song. It is called ...

2. The Congress consists of ...

3. The USA lies in the ...

4. Its eastern coast is washed by ...

5. According to the US Constitution ...

6. The largest cities are ...

7. The USA produces around ...

8. There are two main political ...

№5. Put in the missing words according to the text.

1. The USA has ... with Russia.

2. The American flag has thirteen ... .

3. The USA is one of the most ... and highly ... countries in the world.

4. The USA is rich in ..., ... and ... .

5. Each state has its own ... .

6. The USA produces around 25 per cent of the world's industrial ... goods and ...

7. The flag of the USA is called ... .

Texts for reading

Read and translate the text

FUNDAMENTALS OF AMERICAN FEDERALISM

The former colonies, now «The United States of America», first operated under an agreement called the Articles of Confederation (1781). It was soon clear that this loose agreement among the states was not working well. The central, federal government was too weak, with too few powers for defense, trade, and taxation. In 1787, therefore, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles, but they did much more than that. They wrote a completely new document, the Constitution, which after much argument, debate and compromise had been finished and officially adopted by 13 states by 1790.

The Constitution, the oldest still in force in the world, sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one having powers («checks and balances») over the others. It specifies the powers and duties of each federal branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states. The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the «supreme law of the land.» The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). Nor does it rest with a political group or party. It belongs to «We, the People», in fact and in spirit. The Americans stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, known together as the Bill of Rights, what they considered to be the fundamental rights of any citizen. Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. Other rights guarded the citizens against unreasonable searches, arrests, and seizures of property, and established the system of justice guaranteeing orderly legal procedures.

The Constitution divides the powers of the government into three branches: the executive headed by the President; the legislative, with both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives) and the judicial which is headed by the Supreme Court.

There are several basic principles which are found at all levels of American government. One of these is the «one person, one vote» principle which says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters. Another fundamental principle is that because of the system of checks and balances, compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice. For example, the House of Representatives controls spending and finance, so the President must have its agreement for his proposals and programs. He cannot declare war, either, without the approval of the Congress. In foreign affairs, he is also strongly limited. Any treaty must first be approved by the Senate. The rule is «the President proposes, but Congress dispose».

Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate with 100 Senators, two from each state, and the House of Representatives, which has 435 members. One third of the Senators are elected every two years for six-year terms of office. The Senators represent all of the people in a state and their interests. The members of the House are elected every two years for two-year terms. They represent the population of «congressional districts» into which each state is divided. The number of Representatives from each state is based upon its population. For instance, California, the state with the largest population, has 45 Representatives, while Delaware has one. Congress makes all laws, and each House of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation.

The President of the United States is elected every four years for a four-year term of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. He must be a natural born citizen, at least 35 years old and for at least 14 years as resident of the country. As is true with Senators and Representatives, the President is elected directly by the voters. In other words, the political party with the most Senators and Representatives does not choose the President. This means that the President can be from one party, and the majority of those in the House of Representatives or Senate (or both) from another.

Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments. Currently these are the departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, and Education. The head of each department is appointed by the President. None of the Secretaries, as the department heads are usually called, can also be serving in Congress or in another part of the government. When they meet together they are termed «the President Cabinet».

The third branch of government is the federal judiciary. Its main instrument is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once approved, they hold office as Supreme Court Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions.

№1. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:

Trade Taxation Defense The freedom of the press To amend To specify the powers and duties officially adopted after much argument the Constitution still in force

оборона торговля налогообложение после долгих споров официально принят действующая Конституция определять права и обязанности вносить поправки свобода печати

№2. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

Захват собственности, гарантировать справедливое судебное разбирательство, исполнительная, законодательная, судебная ветви власти, свобода собраний, свобода религии, устранять ошибки, голос (избирателя), одобрение Конгресса, избирать, заниматься законотворчеством, срок избрания, казначейство, назначать, Верховный судья, исполнять обязанности пожизненно.

№3. Find the definitions of the following verbs in the English-English dictionary:

To appeal; to nominate; to approve; to appoint; to elect; to allow; to amend; to dopt; to petition; to dispose.

Make your own sentences with these verbs.

№4. Answer the following questions:

1. What were the reasons for the American Constitution’s adoption?

2. What basic form of government does the Constitution set?

3. How are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?

4. Which rights are guaranteed to American citizens by the Bill of Rights?

5. What are the major branches of the governmental power?

6. What are the basic principles of the U. S. Government?

7. What is the main responsibility of the Congress?

8. How long is the presidential term of office?

9. What are the areas for which the departments are responsible for?

10. What is the role the Supreme Court plays in the governmental structure of the USA?

№5. Compare the governmental structure of the USA and Russian Federation. What is common and what is different?

№6. Make up short reports on the following topics (use additional information from the library research):

1. The basic rights guaranteed by the US-Constitution and the Constitution of Russia.

2. The legislative branch of US-government in comparison with the Duma’s legislative functions.

3. The Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia.

№7. Role Play:

One of the students is the newly elected President of the United States. He presents the appointed Cabinet to the nation through the TV-message, enumerates the members of his Cabinet and announces the responsibilities of each Secretary. Three classmates play parts of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Education. They announce their programs and answer the questions of the press. The role of the press is played by the rest of the students. Mind that the Secretary of State is responsible for foreign affairs.

POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

The framers of the U.S. Constitution (The Founding Fathers) made no provision in the governmental structure for the functioning of political parties because they believed that parties were a source of corruption and an impediment to the

freedom of people to judge issues on their merits. They were sure that «factions» (their word for parties) might be able to seize control of the government. George Washington, in accordance with the thinking of his fellow Founding Fathers, included in his cabinet men of diverse political philosophies and policies.

The structure of government itself in the U. S. was conducive to the formation of political parties. The carefully elaborated system of checks and balances, established by the Constitution, makes executive and legislative cooperation necessary in the development of policy. Further, the division of legislative powers between the federal and state governments, as provided in the Constitution, makes it necessary for advocates of such policies as the regulation of commerce to seek representation or strength in both the federal and state legislatures. As these ends were too complex and difficult to achieve by impermanent groupings, the formation of permanent political organizations was inevitable.

Though there are quite a lot of political independent parties in the United States, the two-party system prevails in the country. The party balance is held between the major parties - the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The main principle of both parties remains one and the same, which is to control the national government by gaining the majority of seats in the Congress and achieving the U. S. Presidency.

The fight between «elephants» and «donkeys» (these are tokens of Republicans and Democrats) never ends. One should never be misled by the parties’ names, for both programs do not differ much in goals. Proclamation of retaining democracy in the country and the unity of the American nation may be found both in a republican’s and a democrat's election speech.

The strength of each party depends much on the way it rules between the Congress and the presidential elections. The success of the Cabinet’s policy supplies the number of votes for the party candidate in the forthcoming elections. The party influence may decline in case the administration embodied by the President belonging to a certain party fails to be trusted by the nation. The nation’s mistrust to a President brings mistrust to the political party as a whole. This happened with the Republicans in 1974 when President Nixon got involved into «Watergate affair» (the nation-disapproved fact of the Democrats’ Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel bugged by the Republicans during the election campaign), this might have have happen to Democrats in 1998 because of President Bill Clinton's misbehavior with Monica Levinsky at his office.

№1. Find Russian equivalents to the following:

To make provision, governmental structure, to be a source of corruption, impediment, to judge issues, to seize control of sth, in accordance with, diverse, conducive, to elaborate, legislative, to seek strength, permanent, inevitable, to prevail, to gain the majority, to mislead, to retain democracy, to differ, goal, election, to rule, forthcoming, to decline, in case, embody, to fail to be trusted, to belong to a party, to get involved into sth, as a whole, to be bugged, misbehavior.

№2. Translate into English:

Источник коррупции; удерживать контроль над правительством; в соответствии с представлениями отцов-основателей; различные политические воззрения; тщательно разработанная система баланса власти; взаимодействие исполнительной и законодательной власти; нестабильные группировки; неминуемо; преобладать; завладеть большинством мест в Конгрессе; символ (талисман); сохранение демократии; предвыборная речь; обеспечить количество голов избирателей; грядущие выборы; партийное влияние; потерять доверие нации; быть вовлеченным в аферу; подслушивать (установить «жучок», подслушивающее устройство), непристойное поведение.

№3. Answer the questions:

1. Why didn’t the Founding Fathers make any provision in the governmental structure of the USA for the functioning of political parties?

2. Why was the formation of permanent political parties inevitable in the USA?

3. Between which two parties is the balance held in the country?

4. What is the main principle of both parties?

5. Do the programs of both parties differ?

6. What is proclaimed in every party candidate’s election speech?

7. Why may the party's influence decline?

8. What do you know about the «Watergate affair»?

9. What might have brought President Clinton to impeachment?

№4. Translate the following into English:

1. Джордж Вашингтон, в соответствии с воззрениями своих соратников - отцов-основателей американской конституции, включал в свой кабинет представителей различных политических взглядов.

2. Главным принципом обеих партий является один и тот же принцип - контроль за правительством, получение большинства мест в Конгрессе и приобретение президентского правления.

3. Не нужно обманываться названиями обеих партий, поскольку программы и той, и другой не слишком различаются.

4. Сила каждой партии во многом зависит от того, как она руководит страной между выборами в Конгресс и выборами Президента.

5. Успех политики кабинета обеспечивает количество голосов кандидату от партии на грядущих выборах.

6. Партийное влияние может уменьшиться в случае, если администрация, представляемая Президентом, который принадлежит партии, теряет доверие нации.

№5. Discuss the following statements. Try to use the expressions that may reflect your opinion, agreement, or disagreement:

The way I see it...; to my mind; as far as I can gather; in my opinion; I think; I can’t agree with what has just been stated; I see it just the other way; I totally agree with what has been said earlier; I don’t quite see the point; may be there’s another way to look at this problem, etc.

1. Two-party system is probably an ideal example of how democracy should be
   retained in every country.

2. American party system must be a specimen to every state, and it could be
   better for Russia to follow this example.

1. The President who belongs to a certain party must be beyond suspicion.

1. Democracy may be held not only by democratic parties, but also by left-wing
   parties, such as Communists.

1. The government must avoid being party-based.

№6. Make a report in class using your own library research on political parties in the USA. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions.

№7. Role Play:

Imagine that you are the political leader of the Democratic Party. You are taking part in the press conference at which you are to announce the political grounds of your party and the party goals. Answer the questions of your classmates who are playing part of mass-media representatives. Try to use in your talk as many new expressions of the unit as possible.

Washington D. C.

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The population of the city is 900,000 people. Washington was named after the first US president George Washington. He selected the place for the capital. It was founded in 1790. Since 1800 Washington D. C. has been the federal capital. The French engineer, Pierre L'Enfant, designed the city. Washington D. С isn't like other cities of the USA. It has long wide avenues, 26 gardens, beautiful parks and no skyscrapers at all, because no other building must be taller then the Capitol.

The Capitol is the seat of the American Congress. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It is situated in the centre of the city. The Capitol has a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. It is a huge building, full of paintings and statues.

The White House is the official residence of the US President. It was built in 1799. The US President works and lives there.

Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre. There are many museums, theatres, research institutes, five universities, the National Academy of Science and the Library of Congress there. The Library of Congress is situated not far from the Capitol. It is the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.

There is one more well-known building in Washington — Pentagon. It is the residence of the US Military department. It is situated in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac.

There are many monuments in the city. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument and the Jefferson Memorial. Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. Washington D. С is the city where you think about the glorious history of the USA.

№1. Answer the questions

1. What is the capital of the USA?

2. Where is Washington situated?

3. What is the population of the city?

4. Who was Washington named after?

5. Who selected the place for the capital?

6. When was the city founded?

7. Who designed the city? Since what time has Washington D. С been the federal capital?

8. Why isn't Washington D. C. like other cities of the USA?

9. Where is the seat of the American Congress? Where is this building situated?

10. Can you describe the Capitol?

11. Where is the official residence of the US President? When was it built?

12. What is Washington D. C. famous for?

13. What is the largest library in the states? Where is it situated?

14. How many books and manuscripts does the Library of Congress contain?

15. What building is the residence of the US Military department? Where is it situated?

16. What monuments do you know in Washington D. C?

17. Do you want to visit Washington D. C? Why?

№2. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1. The White House is ... the residence of the US Military department.

2. The Library of Congress ... 1790.

contains ... the official residence of the US President.

3. Since 1800 Washington D. С ... a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars.

has been ... more than 13 million books, more than 19

4. Washington was named after million manuscripts, including the personal papers

5. The Capitol has of the US presidents.

6. Pentagon is ... long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks and

7. Washington D. С has no skyscrapers at all.

8. Washington D. С was ... the first US president George Washington.

founded in ... the Federal capital.

№3. Put in the missing words according to the text.

1. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's ...

2. Pentagon is situated in the ... to the south of the Potomac.

3. There are many museums, theatres, ..., five universities, the National

Academy of Science and the Library of Congress there.

4. The Capitol is ... building, full of ... and statues.

5. Washington D. C. has long wide ... gardens, beautiful parks and no ... at all.

6. Washington is situated on ... in the District of Columbia.

7. The Library of Congress contains more than 13 million books, more than 19

million .... including the personal... of the US presidents.

8. The Capitol has a big white ... standing on a circle of ... .

№4. Choose the correct verb for each blank

is, meet, has been, is situated, selected, contains, has designed, was built.

1. The White House ... in 1799.

2. Pentagon ... in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac.

3. Since 1800 Washington D. С ... the federal capital.

4. The French engineer, Pierre L'Enfant, ... Washington D. С

5. The Capitol... a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars.

6. The Library of Congress ... more than 13 mil lion books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.

7. George Washington ... the place for the capital.

8. The 535 members of the Congress ... here to discuss the nation's affairs.

9. Pentagon ... the residence of the US Military department.

№5. Read and learn the dialogues by heart. Then act them out.

Dialogue 1.

- Well, Donald, could you do me a favour?

- Yes, what is it, Ronald?

- I know you have been living in Washington for about five years. You must

know it very well. Could you tell me something about the capital of the

USA?

- With great pleasure, Ronald. George Washington, the first President of the

USA, after whom the city was named se lected the area for the capital. A hundred

square miles were taken from the states of Maryland and Virginia. It was called

the District of Columbia (D.C.).

- Is the city well planned?

- Yes, it is. The city is divided into four sections: NW (north-west), NE

(north-east), SW (south-west) and SE (south-east). Numbered streets run north

and south: First Street, Second Street... Lettered streets such as A-street, B-

street run east and west.

- I'll try to remember it.

- Bear it in mind that every section has an independent street division. If you

are looking for Third Street, you should know in what section of the city it is.

- What's the heart of Washington?

- The Capitol is. All the tourists begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see the

Senate Chamber, the Representative Hall, the Statuary Hall and so on.

- Are there any monuments in the city?

- Of course. The Washington Monument which is 555 feet tall is called

"Pencil" because of its shape. It is three blocks south of the White House. There is an

elevator which will carry you to 500 foot level observation windows. You should

also see the Lincoln memorial which is west of the Washington

monument and the Jefferson memorial which is south of the

Washington monument near the Potomac river.

- I'll follow your advice. I hear the Library of Congress is worth seeing.

- That's right. It contains millions of books and manuscripts. Are

you interested in churches and cathedrals?

- Yes, I am.

- You should see the Washington Cathedral in Massachusetts

Avenue, the Arlington National Cemetery which is outside the city limits. John

F.Kennedy was buried there. The famous Tomb of the Unknowns is worth seeing too.

Dialogue 2.

Alice: Hi! Glad to meet you. You look wonderful.

Mary: Hi! Thanks.

Alice: Had good holidays?

Mary: Yes, I travelled about the USA.

Alice: Oh? What was it like?

Mary: It was great!

Alice: What cities did you visit?

Mary: A lot. New York, Los Angeles, San-Francisco and Washington.

Alice: You are lucky! I'm going to Washington next holidays, too. What would

you advise me to see in Washington in the first place?

Mary: Oh! Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the

United States.

Alice: Unusual! Why?

Mary: First, it's the capital of the country. Washington is very green and you can

hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a

memorial.

Alice: I see. I'm looking forward to my holidays and visiting Washington.

Sights

Tourist Attractions in the USA

As one of the largest and most diverse countries in the world, The United States boast an amazing amount of tourist destinations ranging from the skyscrapers of New York and Chicago, the natural wonders of Yellowstone and Alaska to the sunny beaches of California, Florida and Hawaii. With so many tourist attractions in the USA it’s tempting to list entire cities or even states, but in this top 25 I have tried to focus on specific attractions.

Mount Rushmore

Perhaps the most unmistakably American landmark is Mount Rushmore, a national memorial located in South Dakota. Constructed in the early 20th century, Mount Rushmore depicts the faces of four former American presidents, each of which is carved and blasted from the side of a rock face. Visitors can admire the larger-than-life faces of Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt. The short Presidential Trail at the base of Mount Rushmore provides better views and an interesting perspective on the landmark.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Straddling the border between Tennessee and North Carolina is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The park is the most visited in the entire country, thanks in large part to its enormous size and its incredible scenery. Visitors can hike through old growth forest, spot hundreds of species of birds and check out the two visitor centers. Hikes can also wind through trails that lead to the waterfalls of Laurel Falls and the vistas of Clingman’s Dome.

The Grand Canyon, Arizona

The Grand Canyon is located in northern Arizona and is one of the great tourist attractions in the United States. Carved over several million years by the Colorado River, the canyon attains a depth of over 1.6 km (1 mile) and 446 km (277 miles) long. The Grand Canyon is not the deepest or the longest canyon in the world but the overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape offers visitor spectacular vistas that are unmatched throughout the world.

White House in Washington D.C.

The White House in Washington DC is the official residence and office of the President of the United States. It was built between 1792 and 1800 and first used by President John Adams. After the 9/11 attacks it has become more difficult to visit the White House and today tours are available only for groups of 10 or more and must be requested up to six months in advance through your member of Congress or your country’s US Ambassador.

Niagara Falls

Situated between the state of New York and the province of Ontario, Niagara Falls is one of the most spectacular natural wonders on the North American continent. Niagara Falls is actually three different falls, the American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls and Horseshoe Falls. Horseshoe Falls is located on the Canadian side while the other are located in New York. With more than 14 million visitors each year it is one of the most visited tourist attraction in the world.

Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait between San Francisco and Marin County to the north. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937, and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California. The famous red-orange color of the bridge was specifically chosen to make the bridge more easily visible through the thick fog that frequently shrouds the bridge.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

This is generally regarded as the most popular park in the land as well as one of the oldest. Established in 1872, Yellowstone stretches over three American states, with the majority of it being located in Wyoming. The natural beauty is endless with its waterfalls, geysers, and lakes and it’s an ideal spot for activities such as camping, hiking, boating, and fishing.

Disneyworld and Disneyland

America is fortunate to host both of these famous theme parks. Disneyworld is located in Orlando, Florida, while Disneyland sits out on the west coast in Anaheim, California. The parks are ideal for people of all ages with their thrilling roller coasters, live fairy tales, and assortment of lovable Walt Disney characters.

Exercises

№1. Do you know where these names belong, write the state of the USA.

	Sights	State
	Beverly Hills
	Big Apple
	Empire State
	Dallas
	Manhattan
	Golden Gate Bridge
	Hollywood
	Los Angeles
	New Orleans
	Niagara Falls
	The White House

№2. Which of the following names in the United States are spelled correctly? Choose the correct forms.

1.

1. Missisipi

2. Misissippi

3. Mississippi

4. Missisippi

2.

1. Tennessee

2. Tennesse

3. Tennesee

4. Tenessee

3.

1. Appalachianns

2. Apalachians

3. Appallachians

4. Appalachians

4.

1. Manhattan

2. Manhattann

3. Mannhattan

4. Manhatten

5.

1. Masachussets

2. Massachussetts

3. Massachussets

4. Massachusetts

6.

1. Albuqerqe

2. Albuquerqe

3. Albuquerque

4. Allbuquerque

7.

1. Cinchinnatti

2. Cinchinatti

3. Chinchinatti

4. Cincinatti

8.

1. Tucson

2. Tuson

3. Tucon

4. Tucsonn

9.

1. Talahassee

2. Tallahasse

3. Tallahassee

4. Tallahasee

10.

1. Glochester

2. Gloucester

3. Glouchester

4. Glocester
   
   

№3. Speak about one of the countries.

Приложение 1

Лингвострановедческий справочник

Arbat is a pedestrian street about one kilometer long in the historical centre of Moscow, Russia.

Baikal – is the oldest existing freshwater lake on Earth (20 million–25 million years old), as well as the deepest continental body of water, having a maximum depth of 5,315 feet (1,620 metres).

Baker Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster in London. It is named after builder William Baker, who laid out the street in the 18th century. The street is most famous for its connection to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who lived at a fictional 221B Baker Street address on the north of the street.

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at 1,345 metres (4,411 ft) above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William.

British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.

Broadway is a street in New York City. It runs all the way through Manhattan, but its appeal lies in the collection of theaters around the Times Square area.

Great Lakes are five large lakes in east-central North America. They hold 21% of the world's surface fresh water.

Harvard University is a world-leading academic institution devoted to teaching, learning, and research. It is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Kizhi is an island near the geometrical center of the Lake Onega in the Republic of Karelia, Russia.

Loch Ness Lake – is a famous lake in Scotland famous for alleged monster that lives here. 

Manhattan is an island just 13 miles long and 2 miles wide. It is the centre of American finance, advertising, art theatre, publishing, fashion - and much more.

MGIMO is Russia’s most revered educational institution with a wide range of educational programs and specializations. Enjoying the excellent reputation and high positions in academic ratings the University has built up a wide net of international contacts. 

Mississippi – is the main river of the largest river system in North America. It flows exclusively in the territory of the United States of America, although its basin extends to Canada. 

National Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.

Oxford is a unique and historic institution. As the oldest English-speaking university in the world

Pentagon is a building in Arlington, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. It has the offices of the US Department of Defence. The Department of Defense includes the Army, Navy, Air Forces, Marine and Coast Guard.

Peterhof is the palace and park ensemble of Peterhof, it was founded by Peter I in 1705 on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland.

Pushkin Museum is the largest museum of European art in Moscow, located in Volkhonka Street, just opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.

Red Square is the heart of Moscow and the main square of Russia.

Saint Basil's Cathedral is a church in Red Square in Moscow, Russia and is one of the most recognizable symbols of the country.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west of Amesbury.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west of Amesbury.

Thames is not a long river. It is three hundred and thirty kilometres long and it runs into the sea. The English people call it “the Father of London”.

Times Square is the name of a major street intersection in Manhattan, New York City.

Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, built between 1886 and 1894.

Tower is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.

Trafalgar square is a large public square commemorating Lord Horatio Nelson's victory against Napoleon's navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Volga is 16th among the largest rivers in the world and 5th - in Russia.

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.

Приложение 2

Штаты США

State	Abbr	Capital	Date of Entry	Meaning of State Name
Alabama	AL	Montgomery	1819	Choctaw - thicket clearers
Alaska	AK	Juneau	1959	Inuit - great land
Arizona	AZ	Phoenix	1912	Papago - place of small spring
Arkansas	AR	Little Rock	1836	Quapaw - south wind
California	CA	Sacramento	1850	Spanish - earthly paradise
Colorado	CO	Denver	1876	Spanish - red (color of the earth)
Connecticut	CT	Hartford	1788	Mohican - at the long tidal river
Delaware	DE	Dover	1787	Named for Lord De La Warr, an English governor
Florida	FL	Tallahassee	1845	Spanish - feast of flowers
Georgia	GA	Atlanta	1788	Named for George II of England
Hawaii	HI	Honolulu	1959	Hawaiian - homeland
Idaho	ID	Boise	1890	Shoshone - light on the mountain
Illinois	IL	Springfield	1818	Algonquin - warriors
Indiana	IN	Indianapolis	1816	English - land of the Indians
Iowa	IA	Des Moines	1846	Dakota - the sleepy one
Kansas	KS	Topeka	1861	Sioux - land of the south wind people
Kentucky	KY	Frankfort	1792	Iroquois - meadow land
Louisiana	LA	Baton Rouge	1812	Named for Louis XIV of France
Maine	ME	Augusta	1820	Named after a French province
Maryland	MD	Annapolis	1788	Named for Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I of England
Massachusetts	MA	Boston	1788	Algonquin - place of the big hill
Michigan	MI	Lansing	1837	Chippewa - big water
Minnesota	MN	St. Paul	1858	Dakota Sioux - sky-colored water
Mississippi	MS	Jackson	1817	Chippewa - big river
Missouri	MO	Jefferson City	1821	Algonquin - river of the big canoes
State	Abbr	Capital	Date of Entry	Meaning of State Name
Montana	MT	Helena	1889	Spanish - mountains
Nebraska	NE	Lincoln	1867	Omaha - river in the flatness
Nevada	NV	Carson City	1864	Spanish - snowy
New Hampshire	NH	Concord	1788	Named after an English county
New Jersey	NJ	Trenton	1787	Named after Isle of Jersey in England
New Mexico	NM	Santa Fe	1912	Named after Mexico (Aztec war god, Mextli)
New York	NY	Albany	1788	Named for the Duke of York and Albany
North Carolina	NC	Raleigh	1789	Named for Charles I and Charles II of England
North Dakota	ND	Bismarck	1889	Sioux - friend
Ohio	OH	Columbus	1803	Iroquois - fine or good river
Oklahoma	OK	Oklahoma City	1907	Choctaw - red people
Oregon	OR	Salem	1859	Spanish - land of wild sage
Pennsylvania	PA	Harrisburg	1787	Named for William Penn and Latin woodland
Rhode Island	RI	Providence	1790	Dutch - red clay
South Carolina	SC	Columbia	1788	Named for Charles I and Charles II of England
South Dakota	SD	Pierre	1889	Sioux - friend
Tennessee	TN	Nashville	1796	Cherokee settlement name, Tanasi
Texas	TX	Austin	1845	Spanish - allies
Utah	UT	Salt Lake City	1896	Ute - people of the mountains
Vermont	VT	Montpelier	1791	French - green mountain
Virginia	VA	Richmond	1788	Named for Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen Of England
Washington	WA	Olympia	1889	Named for George Washington
West Virginia	WV	Charlestown	1863	Resulted from Virginia's western counties refusing to seceded from US in 1863
Wisconsin	WI	Madison	1848	Chippewa - grassy place
Wyoming	WY	Cheyenne	1890	Algonquin - place of the big flats

Приложение 3

Список прозвищ штатов США

Прозвища, являющиеся официальными, выделены жирным шрифтом.

Штат	Прозвища
Айдахо	Штат-Самоцвет (Gem State)
Айова	Кукурузный Штат (Corn State) Штат Глаз Ястреба (Hawkeye State)
Алабама	Сердце Юга (Heart of South) Штат Камелии (Camellia State) Штат Хлопка (Cotton State) Сердце Дикси (Heart of Dixie) Штат Овсянки (Yellowhammer State)
Аляска	Великая Земля (Great Land) Последний Рубеж (Last Frontier) Земля Полуночного Солнца (Land of the Midnight Sun) Континентальный Штат (Mainland State)
Аризона	Штат Апачей (Apache State) Медный Штат (Copper State) Штат Большого Каньона (Grand Canyon State)
Арканзас	Медвежий Штат (Bear State) Земля Возможностей (Land of Opportunity) Природный Штат (Natural State) Штат-Чудо (Wonder State)
Вайоминг	Штат Ковбоев (Cowboy State) Штат Равенства (Equality State)
Вашингтон	Вечнозелёный Штат (Evergreen State)
Вермонт	Штат Зелёной Горы (Green Mountain State)
Виргиния	Мать Президентов (Mother of Presidents) Старый Доминион (Old Dominion)
Висконсин	Маслодельня Америки (America’s Dairyland) Штат Барсука (Badger State)
Гавайи	Штат Алоха (Aloha State) Ананасовый Штат (Pineapple State) Радужный Штат (Rainbow State)
Делавэр	Алмазный Штат (Diamond State) Первый Штат (First State) Земля Покупок без Налогов (Land of Tax-Free Shopping)
Джорджия	Персиковый Штат (Peach State) Имперский Штат Юга (Empire State of the South)
Западная Виргиния	Горный Штат (Mountain State) Штат-Ручка Кастрюли (Panhandle State)
Иллинойс	Земля Линкольна (Land of Lincoln) Штат Прерии (Prairie State)
Индиана	Штат Верзил (Hoosier State) Штат Гостеприимства (Hospitality State)
Калифорния	Штат Эльдорадо (El Dorado State) Золотой Штат (Golden State) Золотой Запад Земля Молока и Мёда (Land of Milk and Honey)
Канзас	Штат Циклонов (Cyclone State) Штат Джейхока (Jayhawk State) Подсолнуховый Штат (Sunflower State)
Кентукки	Штат Мятлика (Bluegrass State)
Колорадо	Столетний Штат (Centennial State) Горный Штат (Mountain State)
Коннектикут	Арсенал Нации (Arsenal of the Nation) Штат Конституции (Constitution State) Мускатный Штат (Nutmeg State)
Луизиана	Заболоченный Штат (Bayou State) Дитя Миссисипи (Child of the Mississippi) Креольский Штат (Creole State) Штат Пеликана (Pelican State) Сахарный Штат (Sugar State)
Массачусетс	Дух Америки (Spirit of America) Штат Заливов (Bay State) Колониальный Штат (Colony State) Старая Колония (Old Colony)
Миннесота	Штат Сусликов (Gopher State) Земля 10 000 Озер (Land of 10,000 Lakes) Штат Северной Звезды (North Star State) Штат Хлеба с Маслом (Bread and Butter State) Бутербродный штат
Миссисипи	Штат Гостеприимства (Hospitality State) Штат Магнолии (Magnolia State)
Миссури	Штат Слитков Золота (Bullion State) Штат Пещер (Cave State) Свинцовый Штат (Lead State) Штат Озарков (Ozark State) Штат «Покажи Мне» (Show Me State)
Мичиган	Штат Великих Озёр (Great Lakes State) Штат Варежек (Mitten State) Зимняя Водяная Страна Чудес (Winter Water Wonderland) Штат Росомах (Wolverine State)
Монтана	Страна Большого Неба (Big Sky Country) Последнее Лучшее Место (The Last Best Place) Штат Сокровищ (Treasure State)
Мэн	Сосновый Штат (Pine Tree State) Земля Каникул (Vacationland)
Мэриленд	Штат Кокарды (Cockade State) Свободный Штат (Free State) Монументальный Штат (Monumental State) Штат Старой Границы (Old Line State) Штат Водяной Черепахи (Terrapin State)
Небраска	Штат Говядины (Beef State) Штат Лущителей Кукурузы (Cornhusker State)
Невада	Штат Рожденный в Боях (Battle-Born State) Полынный Штат (Sagebrush State) Серебряный Штат (Silver State)
Нью-Джерси	Садовый Штат (Garden State)
Нью-Йорк	Имперский Штат (Empire State)
Нью-Мексико	Цветастый Штат (The Colorful State) Земля Очарования (The Land of Enchantment)
Нью-Гэмпшир	Гранитный Штат (Granite State) Живописный Штат (Scenic State)
Огайо	Штат Конского Каштана (Buckeye State) Мать Современных Президентов (Mother of Modern Presidents)
Оклахома	Штат Бумеров (Boomer State) Штат Торопыг/Землезахватчиков (Sooner State)
Орегон	Бобровый Штат (Beaver State) Штат Союза (Union State)
Пенсильвания	Штат — Замковый или краеугольный камень (Keystone State) Штат Квакеров (Quaker State)
Род-Айленд	Маленький Роди (Little Rhody) Океанский Штат (Ocean State) Штат Плантаций (Plantation State)
Северная Дакота	Сусликовый Штат (Flickertail State) Штат Сада Мира (Peace Garden State) Штат Мужественных Всадников (Rough Rider State) Штат Сиу (Sioux State)
Северная Каролина	Штат Старого Севера (Old North State) Штат Дегтярников (Tar Heel State) Штат Терпентина (Turpentine State) Штат Первого Полета ( First Flight State )
Теннесси	Штат Серого Ореха (Butternut State) Добровольческий Штат (Volunteer State)
Техас	Штат Одинокой Звезды (Lone Star State)
Федеральный округ Колумбия	Округ (The District)
Флорида	Болотистый Штат (Everglade State) Апельсиновый Штат (Orange State) Штат Солнечного Света (Sunshine State)
Южная Дакота	Штат Койотов (Coyote State) Штат Маунт-Рашмора (Mount Rushmore State)
Южная Каролина	Штат Карликовой Пальмы (Palmetto State)
Юта	Штат Улья (Beehive State) Штат Мормонов (Mormon State)

Список рекомендуемой литературы по изучаемой тематике

1. Planet of English: учебник английского языка для учреждений НПО и СПО / [Г.Т.Безкоровайная, Н.И.Соколова, Е.А.Кой ран ская, Г.В.Лаврик]. — М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2017. — 256 с. : ил.

2. Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для средних специальных заведений. Серия «Учебники и учебные пособия» - М., 2015 Издательский центр «Академия», - 288 с.

3. Английский язык/ А.С. Восковская, Т.А. Карпова. – Изд. 14-е, стер. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2014 – 376с

4. Голубев А.П.: Английский язык: Учеб. пособие для студ. сред. проф. учеб. заведений. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2013 – 336 с.

5. Карпова Т.А. English for colleges=Английский язык для колледжей: учебное пособие/ Т.А.Карпова. – 9-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: КНОРУС, 2013 – 288с.

6. Колесникова Н.Н. Английский язык для менеджеров= English for Managers: учебник для студ. сред. проф. учеб. заведений – 3-е изд.,стер. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2014 -304 с.