Presentation. 6th grade. Moscow Metro

Moscow Metro

History of Moscow Metro

Today it is impossible to imagine Moscow without the metro. It can be called a city under the ground with its own rules, rhythm, sights.

It functions as a separate organism, but at the same time it is an integral part of the capital. Every decade in the history of the Moscow subway was different from the rest

The idea of launching an underground railway in Moscow appeared half a century earlier than the project began to be implemented. From 1875 to 1930, at least five metro construction projects were submitted. But the work began only in the early 1930s, when it became quite obvious that public transport (represented mainly by trams) could not cope with passenger traffic. After a traffic jam on January 6, 1931, when all transport in the city got up for the day — from trams to cabs, construction of the metro began

in Moscow.

On December 10, 1931, seven workers came to the courtyard of the house 13 on Rusakovskaya Street (on the site of the future Sokolniki — Krasnoselskaya stage) and plunged shovels into the frozen ground. A month later, work was already in full swing on all sections of the first line from Sokolniki to the Palace of Soviets (today — Kropotkinskaya).

At first, the metro was not going to be hidden deep underground, but for this it would have to dig up the entire city.

A young engineer Veniamin Makovsky proposed a progressive solution: to build at a depth of. The unexpected idea caused a sea of protests, but the mayor Lazar Kaganovich liked it.

The point in the dispute was put by Joseph Stalin, who approved the project of deep laying.

Construction was difficult and slow: there was not enough experience or people. I had to turn to my foreign colleagues for help. In 1934, the English tunneling shield appeared. Another one was assembled in the USSR on its model. The work immediately went faster. On October 15, 1934, the first train in the history of the metro left the electric depot "Severnoye", located near the Komsomolskaya station.

On May 15, 1935, the first 13 stations were opened: "Sokolniki", "Krasnoselskaya", "Komsomolskaya", "Krasnye Vorota", "Kirovskaya" (today — "Chistye Prudy"), "Dzerzhinskaya" (today — "Lubyanka"), "Okhotny Ryad", "Lenin Library", "Palace of Soviets", "Park Kultury", "Kominterna Street" (until November 1990 — "Kalininskaya", today — "Alexander Garden"), "Arbatskaya" and "Smolenskaya". The symbol of the Moscow Metro — the red letter M-was invented by architect Ivan Taranov.

The construction of the second stage of the metro was completed in 1937-1938. The station "Kievskaya" (the future Filevskaya line) was opened and the first metro bridge in the USSR — Smolensky-was located on this site. The stations "Ploshchad Revolyutsii" and "Kurskaya" of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line started working. Six months later, six stations of the Gorky radius were launched: "Sokol", "Airport", "Dynamo", "Belorusskaya", "Mayakovskaya", "Sverdlov Square"(today — "Teatralnaya").

The construction took place under the motto "Let's create a palace for the people!", so the architecture of the subway was distinguished by monumentality and solemnity. The stations "Revolution Square", "Mayakovskaya", "Teatralnaya" can be called masterpieces of architectural thought. This was also appreciated by foreign experts: in 1939, the project "Mayakovskaya" (architect A. N. Dushkin, artist A. A. Deineka) received the Grand Prix at the World Exhibition in New York.

After the war, the construction of the fourth stage of the metro — the Ring and Arbat lines-began. The work was completed in the 1950s. Initially, the Ring Road was supposed to pass under the Garden Ring, but then the designers decided to put a branch line on the station squares. On January 1, 1950, the first section was opened — from the "Park of Culture" to the "Kursk". He passed just under the Garden Ring. On January 30, 1952, the second segment was launched — from "Kursk" to "Belorusskaya". The ring closed on March 14, 1954, when the trains went from "Belorusskaya" to "Park Kultury". The ring line became the apotheosis of the Stalinist Empire. All 12 stations are decorated with sculptures, monumental paintings, original lamps. At the same time, each of them is individual and unique.

The construction of the Arbat Line coincided with the beginning of the Cold War. Until 1952, the new branch line was not mentioned in the press, since in the event of a nuclear threat, these stations were supposed to become bomb shelters. In 1955, the government decided to " eliminate excesses in design and construction." Stations began to be built not according to individual, but standard projects. As a result, "vshv" (today — "vdnh"), "Sportivnaya" and others looked more simple compared to their predecessors. The first ground stations ("Studencheskaya", "Kutuzovskaya" and "Fili") appeared, the construction of which was more economical. The pursuit of cheapness led to the fact that mistakes were made during the construction of the Luzhnetsky metro bridge with the Leninsky Gory station (today — Vorobyovy Gory), and it quickly

fell into disrepair.

Interesting Facts About Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro is the largest transport network in Russia and one of the largest in the world. The subway worked continuously, even in the most difficult times. And periodically, she sets her own records. For example, in 2019, passengers made more than 2.5 billion trips on the Moscow metro. Just think about this figure! In addition, the Moscow metro ranks first in the world among other subways in terms of accuracy of schedule compliance.

The most interesting facts are those that you encounter every day, but you never think about them. One of these is the voices that echo the stops in the subway.

If you drive along the branch from the end to the end, the voice will change from male to female. This decision was made for the orientation of blind and visually impaired passengers. A male voice announces stations when driving to the center for women in the direction of the field. On the Ring, the system works differently: a male voice calls the stations when moving clockwise, a female voice calls them in the opposite direction. By the way, the voices that you hear every day belong to Yulia Romanova-Kutyina and Alexey Rossoshansky today. Announcements in English were recorded by announcers Svetlana Ekimenko and Pavel Novichok.

No less interesting is the metro in numbers.

The metropolitan subway is 15 metro lines with a length of 780 kilometers and 333 stations, including the metro, MCC, MMTS, and MCD. The metro also has 370 lobbies, 20 depots, more than 6 thousand train cars, 3.7 thousand turnstiles, 5.7 thousand traffic lights, 900 escalators with a total length of 37 kilometers and 14 thousand surveillance cameras. More than 12,5 thousand trains pass through the subway every day. On them, Muscovites and guests of the capital make more than 9.5 million trips on weekdays, taking into account the MCC and the MDC.

Two "Arbat" and two "Smolensk" stations on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya and Filevskaya lines hardly surprise anyone else. Although in fact, this choice of names looks strange. But everything, like this fact, has a history."Arbatskaya" and "Smolenskaya", which now belong to the Filevskaya line, were built in 1935. During the Great Patriotic War, near Smolenskaya, a bomb broke through the tunnel ceiling, fell inside, but did not explode. The overlap was patched up, but the case was taken into account.After the war, with the beginning of the era of nuclear weapons, the metro began to be considered as a bomb shelter in case of an atomic war. They decided to duplicate the old lines with a deep-laid tunnel. So in the early 50s there were stations "Arbatskaya", "Smolenskaya" and "Kievskaya" Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line.

In the distant 30s, the construction of metro tunnels caused much more problems than today: the first stations were built manually-with a pick and shovel. Today, the forces of metro builders save advanced technologies. For the construction of tunnels, a fully automated heavy-duty structure called "tunneling shield“ is used.

Have you already guessed what the worms have to do with it? According to legend, the inventor of the world's first "tunneling shield" Englishman Mark Brunel came up with such a design after taking a closer look at the "work" of an ordinary shipworm.

Brunel noticed that the head of the mollusk-covered hard shell with serrated edges.

With it, the worm drilled into the wood, leaving behind a smooth protective layer of lime on the walls of the passage.

The idea turned into a design in 1817, and in 1825, with the help of the first model of the "shield", construction of a tunnel under the River Thames in England began.

By the way, Moscow builders were the first in the world to lay inclined tunnels for escalator zones with the help of tunnel-penetrating boards. A special complex was developed in Canada by order of Mosmetrostroy. With its help, for the first time, a shield tunnel for escalators was made – at the station "Maryina Roscha" of the Lublin-Dmitrovskaya metro line.

Another interesting fact from the construction of the subway. In Moscow, which is crossed everywhere by the river, canals and various backwaters, the most common problem for laying metro tunnels were quicksand – masses of almost dusty sand with an admixture of 10-15% clay, soaked in water. And the easiest way to deal with them was invented in the last century during the construction of the first metro lines in Moscow. This is ground freezing. There are several ways – we will tell you about the oldest.

It is also called "brine". The soil around the work site is frozen with the help of special refrigerating machines. They use special pipes placed in the problem soil to create a circulation of non-freezing working brine of calcium chloride. After about a month of work of "underground refrigerators", the soil freezes into a monolithic mass, which protects the place of work from the penetration of groundwater and the crumbling of the walls of tunnels. However, now this method, as well as freezing the soil with nitrogen, is rarely used. Today, there is a more advanced and quite economical alternative – cementation of soils.

A bright event in the life of the city was the launch in 2016 of the Moscow Central Ring, an urban railway integrated into the structure of the metro. 31 stations located on the line allow citizens to transfer quickly, bypassing the center. Today, the metro continues to spread across the capital. In less than the last seven years, Moscow has opened to passenger traffic, counting the MCC, 55 stations and 101 kilometers of lines — much more than in any other period of metro construction. With the introduction of the first five stations of the Third Transfer Circuit, it will already be 111.5 kilometers and 60 stations.

The construction of the sections "Rechnoy Vokzal" — "Khovrino", "Ramenki" — "Rasskazovka" and "Petrovsko-Razumovskaya" — "Seligerskaya" is also nearing completion. In 2018, a new Kozhukhovskaya line with a length of 17.5 kilometers will be opened, in 2019, the red line will reach Stolbov, and in 2020-2021, traffic will be launched along the entire Third Interchange Circuit, the length of which will be about 65 kilometers. In just 10 years, from 2011 to 2020, about 200 kilometers of lines will be laid in Moscow and more than 100 metro stations will be opened, including the MCC. Approximately the same number was built from 1965 to 2010, that is, in 45 years.

In conclusion, I would like to answer the question asked at the beginning of the article: "What is the true story of the metro?» Moscow is really a smaller copy of the whole of Russia and reflects the life of each region. The history of the great construction clearly shows that we, the Russian people, know how to work without sparing ourselves, and sincerely love our Homeland, and the troubles and hardships that sometimes fall to our lot, we endure with courage and fortitude, without losing faith, hope and

presence of mind.