Presentation. 6th grade. The history of Tver

The history of Tver

TVER – FROM ANCIENT SETTLMENT

TO THE MODERN CITY

The city of Tver is called one of the oldest Russian cities.

Already in the 12th century a fortress appeared at the mouth of the Tvertsa River, which was destined to become the prototype of Tver.

In 1246 Tver became the capital of the Tver principality. By the end of the 13th – beginning of the 14th century, it was already a large handicraft and trade center.

Especially quickly the city began to develop in the late nineteenth century: manufactories were built, new factories opened. Up to the beginning of XX century Tver became a city with developed and diversified industry. Today the city of Tver is a large administrative, industrial and cultural center of the region, the regional center of the Tver Region.

XII-XIII CENTURY: THE FORMATION

OF TVER

According to archaeological data, the settlement on the Volga existed already in the IX – X centuries. In written sources Tver was first mentioned in 1127-1135 and in 1160. In the annals of Tver was firstly mentioned under the year 1208-1209.

Birch bark letters, found on September 26, 1983 and August 23, 1985 on the territory of the Tver Kremlin, date back to the end of the 12th – the beginning of the 13th centuries.

In the second half of the 12th century,

Tver was a small fortress on the western border of the Suzdal Principality, in the first third of the 13th century it was part of the Pereyaslav Principality.

In 1238, the city was devastated by the Mongol-Tatars, but it was quickly recovered from the rout.

The annals claim that the restoration of Tver after Batu Khan devastation was led by prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.

Around 1247, Tver was assigned to the prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, between 1252 and 1255 years passed to his brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich (ancestor of the Tver

princely dynasty).

In 1247, Tver became the capital of the Tver principality. The historical core of ancient Tver was the Kremlin of Tver.

The geographical position of Tver on the important trade route linking Novgorod with Northeast Russia and comparative remoteness from the Horde contributed

to the influx of the population from other Russian lands to the region.

The city grew rapidly.

In 1265, Tver became the center

of the episcopacy.

The growth of the city was not prevented even by the devastating fires of 1276 and 1282, typical for wooden ancient

Russian cities.

The growth of the city is due primarily to the fact that political role of Tver has changed. In 1264 prince Yaroslav became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, but remained in Tver.

For the first time in Russia, after 50 years

of recess, the annals and stone construction resumed in Tver under Yaroslav’s successor, Prince Michael Yaroslavich.

The stone Assumption Church in the Otroch Monastery (1269) and the Transfiguration Cathedral were built.

Tver districts, inhabited mainly by artisans, grew along with the Kremlin.

Evidence of the increased power

of Tver was the fact that in 1293 the Mongol-Tartar commander Dyuden did not dare

to storm the city.

In 1305 Tver had become the capital of the most powerful principality in North-Eastern Russia.

Tver princes, fighting the Horde and the great reign of Vladimir,

tirelessly strengthened the city.

In the XIV century, in the context of the ongoing struggle with Moscow, the Tver princes continued to fortify the city, in 1372 a moat was dug and a rampart was piled

from the Volga to the Tymaki.

Large construction work was conducted

in Tver in 1387, 1395, 1413 and 1446-47

(as a rule they were connected with the aggravation of the political situation and the threat from Moscow). But in general, the city was built up with wooden buildings and often suffered from fires:

in 1318 half the city was burned,

in 1405 – 100 yards, in 1413 the Kremlin,

the prince’s palace and 20 churches burnt out, in 1420 – 120 yards.

In the first half of the XV century under Boris Alexandrovich, Tver experienced the last rise of its power as the center of an independent principality.

Extensive construction has been developed. The stone prince’s palace was built in the Kremlin, it was the second after Bogolyubsky in North-Eastern Russia, the stone cathedral belfry (1407), the stone churches of Ivan the Merciful (1420), Boris and Gleb (1438), Michael the Archangel (1455) , stone temples in Fedorovsky and Zheltikov monasteries.

The economic growth of the city was accompanied by extensive economic and diplomatic activity (the trip of Athanasius Nikitin, the participation of Tver Ambassador Thomas in the Florence Cathedral).

In 1485 Moscow troops occupied Tver, prince Mikhail Borisovich fled to Lithuania.

The Tver principality ceased to exist as an independent political entity and became part of the emerging Russian centralized state.

In 1485 – 1490 Tver was the appanage of Ivan III’s son Ivan Ivanovich, then the city was governed by the Grand Dukes.

At the end of the XVth-XVIth centuries Tver remained a large trade and craft center, in the city there was a significant stone construction

(“White Trinity”) was preserved.

In December 1569, Tver was plundered by the oprichniy army of Ivan IV the Terrible,

who marched on Novgorod.

At the beginning of the 17th century, during the socioeconomic and political crisis

in Russian state,

Tver was attacked by detachments of Polish-Lithuanian interventionists.

In 1606 the inhabitants of Tver repulsed the attack, but in 1609 the invaders managed to capture Tver. In the same year, prince Skopin-Shuisky, walking with an army from Novgorod to Moscow, knocked out invaders from Tver.

As a result of the Polish-Lithuanian “ruin,”

Tver became empty.

Considering the importance of the strategic position of the city on the way from Moscow

to Novgorod, the government of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich appointed the commander in Tver Pozharsky-Lopat, who managed to restore the destroyed fortification in a short time.

In the middle of the 17th century, Tver largely recovered from the consequences

of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention.

In the Kremlin was built a complex of the Archdiocese, built the stone Vladimir Tower (1674, was in front of the modern House of Officers), on the square in front of it – Gostiny Dvor with trade rows, in 1696 the city cathedral was rebuilt. Further development in Tver receiveda blacksmith’s trade.

In 1773, a new fire destroyed almost the entire Zavolzhskaya part of the city, and new plans for the development of the Trans-Volga and the Zatverchye were developed and approved,

in 1777 – for Zatmachye district.

The construction of the 1760s – 1770s completely changed the appearance

of Tver: the city received a regular planning, the streets were built with stone buildings, located “a single facade.”

Construction in Tver is the first experience

of restructuring a large provincial

center of Russia.

Under the leadership of Nikitin was created three-beam composition of the city plan (preserved as a monument of urbanism of the era of classicism).

In 1775, Tver became the center

of the newly established Tver governorate (since 1796 – Tver province). In 1776 a small (2-class) school was opened in Tver, in 1777 – the main (4-class) school, 2 almshouses for the crippled and elderly and a provincial hospital for 40 beds (all these institutions were under the province orderof public charity) .

By the end of the XVIII century in Tver there were up to 70 small semi-handicraft enterprises (spinning, linen, leather, candle, oil – and wax, cereals and others).

In the second half of the XIX century, the cultural life of the city was noticeably enlivened: in 1860 a public library was opened (now the Gorky Library), in 1866 it was a museum

(now the Tver unified historical, architectural

and literary museum).

In 1871 the first congress of Zemsky doctors of Russia was held in Tver, in 1884 the Tver provincial academic archival commission was founded, one of the first in Russia.

In the late 1850s – early 1860s Tver became one of the centers of the liberal movement, the leader of the Tver noble opposition was A.M. Unkovskiy (leader of the nobility of the Tver

province in 1857 – 1859).

In 1858, the Tver Committee was established on the organization and improvement of the life

of the landlord peasants.

On the committee Emperor Alexander II tried to convince the Tver nobles to be compliant in the matter

of freeing the peasants.

In 1862 an extraordinary congress of the nobility of the Tver province was held in Tver, which found responses

throughout Russia.

The Congress spoke with an extensive program of liberal reforms. The written statement of 13 representatives of the congress was regarded as “a call to criminal actions”.

All thirteen were arrested and locked up in the Peter

and Paul Fortress.

During the reforms of the 1860s and 1870s, the provincial assembly, the district court and the world courts were opened in Tver in 1866, in 1870 a new city council was created, headed by the mayor.

The executive body of the Duma was

the city government.

From the middle of the 19th century, the growth of the Tver industry began. In 1851 a transport communication was opened along the Nikolayev railway connecting Tver with St. Petersburg

and Moscow.

In 1853, V. von Glazenap received permission to establish a steamship company “Airplane” on the Volga in the Tver.

As early as the following year, the first passenger steamers “Tver”, “Rybinsk” and “Yaroslavl”, which ran between Tver and Yaroslavl, were built at the mouth of the river T’maka.

In February 1918, accelerated command courses were set up in Tver, established on the basis of the Tver Cavalry School (until 1910 – the Junker School), soon the courses were converted into a cavalry school named after Trotsky, and in August 1922 – the school named after the Third International (Kalininskaya Cavalry School).

Already in December 1918 the first issue of the Red commanders

took place.

During the Civil War in Tver, the Teachers’ Institute was renamed Pedagogical (Kalinin Pedagogical Institute), medical and agricultural technical schools were opened (1920), Proletkult established,

in the autumn of 1920

the Society for the Study of the Tver Region was formed, on March 21,

1921 – The RSFSR.

On April 15, 1921 the first issue of the magazine “Our economy”

came in Tver.

At the same time, since 1919, the mass renaming of streets, squares, embankments, organized struggle with the church and church culture, which was an integral part of Russian national culture, began.

In May 1919, for the purposes of propaganda, the relics of St. Prince Michael (600 years old) and St. Arseny the Wonderworker (500 years old)

were uncovered.

On May 20, 1922 “Tverskaya Pravda” reported the seizure of valuables from 35 churches and four monasteries of Tver (over 205 poods of silver, over 5 pounds of gold and 434 diamonds).

Monasteries and churches began to close. In June 1918,

car building factories, “Ursul and KM Meshchersky”, and the Morozov Manufactory were nationalized in Tver .

The victory for Kalinin went at a high price: more than 20 thousand Red Army soldiers were killed. In the city, 7714 buildings were destroyed, 510.3 thousand square meters of living space, which accounted for 56%

of the housing stock.

More than 70 enterprises of the city were put out of order. Until March 3, 1943, until the day of the liberation of Rzhev, the city of Kalinin was subjected to systematic raids

by German aviation.

On March 19, 1942 the fighter pilot Pichugin committed the ramming of a fascist aircraft in an air battle in the sky over Kalinin (posthumously awarded the title of

Hero of the Soviet Union).

The city left the front-line zone and the hard time of reconstruction began, replaced by the rise of industrial construction.

Industrial methods for the subsequent construction of houses on standard projects have given the architectural design of buildings a secondary role.

At the same time, the destruction of old buildings, especially of the religious ones, continued: in 1960,

the trading rows were demolished on the Peasant Square, in 1966 – the church of Philip the Apostle and the German church, in 1983 – the temple of Alexander Nevsky and others.

Tver is an important transport hub.

In 1961, Tver port was created on the deep-water part of the Upper Volga.

There are 5 universities in Tver: Tver State University (founded in 1971), Tver Polytechnic Institute (1958, now Tver Technical University), Tver State Medical Institute (1954, now Tver Medical Academy), Tver Agricultural Institute (1972, Tver Agricultural Academy),

the Military Academy of Air Defense of G.K. Zhukov (1956); a number of scientific research institutes, including the All-Union Research Institute of Synthetic Fiber (VNIISV),

the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Geophysical Methods of Research, Testing and Control of Oil and Gas Prospecting Wells (VNIIGIK, 1982) and other 11 specialized secondary educational institutions, Suvorov Military School 1943, 14 vocational schools, 48 ​​secondary schools.

Interesting Facts about Tver

The city of Tver, rich in culture, has passed through the centuries, largely preserving its historical appearance, despite the fact that the numerous wars have swept through

it more than once.

Now it is an important center of the entire Tver region, in which there is a rapid development of the economy and industry.

• Many Soviet cities suffered greatly during the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War. They restored them in a certain order, since they did not have enough strength for everything at once, and a list was compiled, which included Tver —

a list of a dozen and a half of the most important cities that needed to be restored in the first place.

• In the fertile Tver region, there are quite a lot of reservoirs, six hundred lakes and about eight hundred rivers, mostly small.

• For 59 years, Tver was called "Kalinin", for a long time being, along with Kaliningrad, the second city named after this Soviet

party leader

• Lake Seliger, in the Tver region, is notable for the fact that it has a glacial origin. And its area (as much as 260 square kilometers) is larger than the area of some countries of the world.

• In Tver, the travel palace of Catherine II has been preserved to this day, a very interesting place and a valuable architectural landmark.

• The famous Alexander Nevsky was Prince of Tver for two years.

But later on the Tver throne sat his brother.

• Incredible damage was inflicted on Tver in the Time of Troubles, when the invaders almost ravaged the city, so much so that the process of its restoration stretched for almost a century.

• For a long time, the Tver principality was independent, but Ivan III the Great annexed it to Moscow in the XV century

• It got its name due to the Tvertsy River flowing in these parts.