Методическая разработка по английскому языку для специальности " Технология обслуживания и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей"

Английский язык

для автомехаников

Учебное пособие

3 курс

CONTENTS

Vocabularly

Text 1. From the History of Russian Automobile Engineering

Text 2. Automobile Production

Text 3. Components of the Automobile

Text 4. Gearbox

Text 5. Clutch

Text 6. Brakes

Text 7. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

Text 8. Frame

Text 9. Steering System

Text 10. Chassis

Text 11. Using Computer

TEXT 1: История автомобилестроения в России

Работа с текстом

1.Прочтите текст и найдите ответы на вопросы, помещенные перед текстом.

2.Кратко перескажите текст.

QUESTIONS

1.What Russian experts in mechanics must be remembered in the history of automobile engineering?

2.Who was the first Russian inventor of the automobile?

3.What did Mamin designed?

4.What did Blinov constructed?

TEXT

From the History of Russian Automobile Engineering

The automobile industry in our country has been developed since 1916. Before that time Russia had no automobile industry at all, tech­nical schools had no departments to train specialists in automobile engineering.

But in the history of the automobile such names as Shamshurenkov, Blinov, Mamin and other Russian experts in mechanics must be re­membered.

The first automobile built by Shamshurenkov, a Russian inventor, was put into motion by the pedalling of the driver himself.

Blinov designed and constructed tractor driven by steam engine. Mamin was one of the pioneers in Russian internal combustion en­gines.

Today Russian automobiles are engineered and built in such a manner that they are able to withstand heavy loads for long periods of operation.

The modern automobile is much more than a means of riding from one place to another. The passenger's safety and comfort must be con­sidered as much as the car's reliable performance and ability to travel on the highways.

The modern automobile must have a steel body and a steel roof and this roof must be insulated against the summer's heat and winter's (old. Ventilation is also of great importance. The comfort and conven­ience of the driver must be taken into consideration too. The automo­bile must have a heater with special defrosting devices which insure clear vision to the driver.

The automobile must have great power for riding, have depend­able clutch and brakes, have good riding qualities, good lights, depend­able starting and ignition systems, low fuel consumption, as well as long service life.

TEXT 2: Производство автомобилей

Работа с лексикой

technician — техник

deal with manufacturing cars - иметь дело с производством автомо­билей

work out the technology of manufacturing processes — разрабатывать технологию производственных процессов

put into mass production — запустить в массовое производство

subject to tests — подвергать испы­таниям

dependable brakes - надежные тор­моза

driving safety — безопасность упра­вления автомобилем

long service life - долгий срок службы

rapid acceleration — приемистость

ease of maintenance — простота техоб­служивания

meet up-to-date demands (require­ments) — отвечать современным требованиям

be stable on the road — быть устойчи­вым на дороге

ignition system — система зажигания

fuel consumption — расход топлива

car — легковой автомобиль

truck - грузовой автомобиль

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на термины.

1. After graduating from the college I shall become a technician.

2. I shall deal with manufacturing cars.

3. The production of the automobile comprises five phases, such as: designing, working out the technology of manufacturing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production.

4. The automobile of today must have high efficiency, long serv­ice life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and be stable on the road.

5.The automobile must meet up-to-date demands, that is, it must have rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, dependable ignition system.

6.Before the car is put into mass-production it must be subjected to laboratory and road tests.

7.Technicians should know the technology of manufacturing processes

Упражнение 2*. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Specialist, automobile, industry, production, phase, technology, process, test, mass, fact, service, comfortable, ecological, method, type, corrosion, material, optimal, problem, mechanism, control, system.

Упражнение 3*. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на значение суффиксов.

Industry — industrial; to produce — production — producer; to de­sign — designer; technology — technological — technologically; to re­quire — requirement; efficient — efficiency — efficiently; safe — safely — safety; to maintain — maintenance; comfort — comfortable; ecology — ecological; to resist — resistance — resistant; to operate — operation — operational; to accelerate — acceleration; to construct — construction.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Automobile Production

I study at the college, at the automobile-construction department. When I graduate from the college I shall become a technician. All spe­cialists in automobile industry dealing with manufacturing automo­biles (cars or trucks) must know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

1. -designing;

2. -working out the technology of manufacturing processes;

3. -laboratory tests;

4. -road tests;

5. -mass manufacturing (production).

Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them, as before the automobile is put into mass production it should be properly designed and the car must meet up-to-date requirements. What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driv­ing safety, ease of handling and maintenance, pleasant apperance. Also it must be comfortable and ecological. In order to obtain these quali­ties the specialists should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is im­portant to know computer sciences because computers offer quick and optimal solutions of the problems. Besides they are used for better op­eration of mechanisms in cars.

Before the car is put into mass production the units of the car are subjected to tests in the Works laboratory and then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? They are needed because the modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, de­pendable ignition system, low fuel consumption and be stable on the road.

Послетекстовые упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What department do you study at?

2.What will you become after graduating from the college?

3.What should automobile specialists know?

4.What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5.What requirements must modern automobiles meet?

6.Why are automobile units and mechanisms subjected to labo­ratory and road tests?

7.What qualities are required of the automobile?

8.Why are computers used in cars?

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

1. An automobile specialist deals with ....

a.working out technological processes;

b.constructing and manufacturing cars;

c.producing new resistant to corrosion light materials.

2. The production of the automobile comprises ....

a.designing and mass production;

b.manufacturing and tests;

c.designing and working out technological processes, labora­tory and road tests and mass production.

3.The cars are subjected to tests in order....

a.to work out new technological processes;

b.to meet up-to-date requirements;

c.to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing.

4.The qualities required of the automobile are ....

a.high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance;

b.smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems;

c.new types of resistant to corrosion materials.

5. The car must have the following units:....

a.high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance;

b.smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems;

c.new types of resistant to corrosion materials.

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

Anton: Where do you study?

Boris: I study at the automobile construction college.

A: Whom does the college train?

B: It trains specialists for the automobile industry.

1. A: Why did you decide to become a technician?

2. B: I enjoy working with machines. I enjoy learning about a car. I understand every part of it.

   1. A: What can you tell me about the car?

B: Well, the car of today must be rapid in acceleration, it must have dependable clutch, brakes, and steering system, be stable on the road and have pleasant appearance.

A: Do you enjoy the course?

B: Yes, very much. I have learned a lot of things. For example, I know that the production of the car comprises five phases.

A: What are they?

B: They are designing, working out the technology, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production.

1. A: And why are laboratory and road tests needed?

B: The cars are subjected to tests in order to meet up-to-date de­mands.

A: And what are these demands?

B: They are high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and so on.

A: I think you will become an expert in automobile engineering.

B: I'll try. The cooperative plan of an academic program with prac­tice at a plant will help me to become a good specialist.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте диалога английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и выражений и запишите их:

Учусь в автомобилестроительном колледже, техник, люблю работать с машинами, современный автомобиль, надежные тормоза, плавное сцепление, приятный внешний вид, массовое производство автомобилей, стендовые испытания, отвечать современным требованиям, долгий срок службы, легкость техобслуживания, надежность, быстро разгоняться (при­ёмистость), подвергаться жестким дорожным испытаниям

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, подобрав соответствующие по смыслу слова (или словосочетания), приведенные ниже.

1. I study at

2. After graduating from the college I shall become

3. I shall deal with

4. All specialists must know that the production of the automo­bile comprises

5. It is necessary to know these facts because the automobile of today must meet

6. The modern automobile must have

7. In road tests the automobile undergoes

A technician, a specialist in automobile industry, the production of the automobile, designing, working out the technology of manufac­turing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production, high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance, rigid quality control, rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gear­box, dependable brakes, dependable steering system, the automobile construction college, up-to-date demands (requirements).

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. 1.What college do you study at?

2. 2.What will you become after graduating from the college?

3. 3.What will you deal with?

4. 4.What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5. 5.Why are the cars subjected to laboratory and road tests?

6. 6.What qualities must the car have?

7. 7.What units must the car have?

Производство автомобилей

Словарь урока

construct — конструировать

construction — конструкция

constructor — конструктор

deal with - иметь дело

demand - требовать, требование

dependable brakes — надежные тормоза

design - проектировать, проект

designer - проектировщик, кон­структор

develop - разрабатывать

development — разработка

driving safety — безопасность езды

efficiency - эффективность, КПД

engineer — инженер

fuel consumption - расход топлива

handling - эксплуатация, уход

ignition system — система зажигания

maintenance — техобслуживание

manufacture – производить

manufacturer — промышленник,изготовитель

manufacturing — производство

mechanics - механик

mechanism — механизм

produce — производить

producer — промышленник (тот, кто производит)

production - производство

put into mass production - запустить в массовое производство

quality — качество

rapid acceleration — быстрый разгон (приёмистость)

require - требовать, просить

requirement - требование, запрос

rigid quality control — жесткий кон­троль качества

science - наука

scientist - ученый

service life - срок службы

silent gearbox — бесшумная коробка передач

smooth-acting clutch - плавное сцеп­ление

solution — решение

steering system - система рулевого управления

subject to tests — подвергать испы­таниям

technician — техник

technologist – технолог

technology — технология

undergo tests — проходить испыта­ния

unit — узел, агрегат

up-to-date – современный

release the engine — отсоединить дви­гатель

running gear — ходовая часть

source of power — источник энер­гии

TEXT 3: Строение автомобиля

Работа с лексикой

engine (power plant) — двигатель(силовая установка)

chassis — шасси

body — кузов

power train — силовая передача

running gear — ходовая часть

steering system - рулевое управление

brakes — тормоза

clutch - сцепление

gearbox — коробка передач

propeller shaft — карданный вал

final drive - главная передача

differential - дифференциал

rear axle — задний мост

axle shafts — полуоси

frame with axles — рама с осями

wheels and springs — колеса с рессо­рами

hood — капот

fenders — крылья

heater - отопитель

windshield wiper — стеклоочиститель

include — включать в себя

consist of — состоять из

as well — также

in turn — в свою очередь

source of power — источник энергии

fuel — топливо

cooling — охлаждение

lubricating — смазка

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Automobile, chassis, electric, system, control, differential, venti­lator, cylinder.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Components of the Automobile

The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.

The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders

The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a run­ning gear, steering and braking systems as well.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.

The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.

The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?

2.What is the function of the engine?

3.What systems does the engine include?

4.What does the chassis consist of?

5.What units does the power transmission comprise?

6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?

7.What has the body?

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.

1. The automobile is made up of...	1. a power transmission, run­ning gear, steering and brak­ing systems.
2. The engine is ...	2. the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential and axle shafts.
3. The engine includes ...	3. a hood, fenders and accesso­ries.
4. The chassis consists of...	4. the engine, the chassis and the body.
5. The power transmission com­prises ...	5. a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
6. The running gear consists of.. .	6. the source of power.
7. The body has ...	7. fuel, cooling, electric and lu­bricating systems.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты предложений и запишите их.

1.Автомобиль состоит из трех основных частей: двигателя, шасси и кузова.

2.Двигатель — это источник энергии.

3.Двигатель включает в себя топливную, охлаждающую, смазывающую и электрическую системы.

4.Шасси включает в себя силовую передачу, ходовую часть, рулевую и тормозную системы.

5.Силовая передача (трансмиссия), в свою очередь, состоит из сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей.

6.Ходовая часть включает в себя раму с осями, колеса и рессоры.

7.Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: отопитель, стеклоочистители, магнитолу, кондиционер и т. п.

Строение автомобиля

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

A: Do you know what parts the automobile is made up of?

В.: Certainly. It is made up of the engine, the chassis and the body,

A: What is the source of power?

B:The source of power is the engine. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.

1. A:And what does the chassis consist of?

B:It consists of a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking systems. By the way, the power transmission, in turn, comprises the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, dif­ferential, rear axle and axle shafts.

1. A:And what has the body?

B:The body has a hood, fenders and accessories, such as: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner and so on.

1. A:Thank you very much for your information.

   1. B:Don't mention it. I am glad to help you.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в диалоге слова и словосочетания, эквивалентные русским словам и словосочетаниям, приведенным ниже.

Сделан из; шасси; кузов; включать в себя; топливная, охлаждающая, смазывающая и электрическая системы; трансмиссия; ходовая часть; рулевая и тормозная системы; карданный вал; главная передача; дифференциал; задний мост; полуоси; капот; крылья; вспомогательные устройства; стеклоочистители.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.

A:What parts does the automobile ... ?

B:It is made up of...

A: What is...?

В: The source of power is the ...

A:What systems does the engine ...?

В.:It includes ...

A: What does the chassis ... ?

В.:The chassis ....

A: What does the power train include?

B:The power train includes ...

A:What units does the body comprise?

B:It comprises ... and accessories such as ...

A.:Thank you for your ....

Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems.

Домашние задания

Упражнение 1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?

2.What is the function of the engine?

3.What systems does the engine include?

4.What does the chassis consist of?

5.What units does the power transmission comprise?

6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?

7.What has the body?

Упражнение 2. Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм.

1.Mechanism which is used to stop the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

2.Mechanism which is used to guide the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3.Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

4.Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.

5.Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

6.Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.

a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.

Строение автомобиля

Словарь урока

accessories — вспомогательные устройства

cooling — охлаждение

as well — также

axle shafts – полуоси

body — кузов

conditioner - кондиционер

consist of — состоять из

device — устройство

disengage — отключать, отсоединять

engage — включать, соединять

engine — двигатель

fenders — крылья

final drive — главная передача

fix — крепить

flywheel — маховик

frame — рама

fuel – топливо

gearbox — коробка передач

heater - отопитель

hood — капот

in turn - в свою очередь

include — включать в себя

lubricating (lubrication) — смазка

measure — измерять

pedal — педаль

power train (transmission) – силовая передача (трансмиссия)

power plant — силовая установка

propeller (cardan) shaft - карданный вал

rear axle - задний мост

speed — скорость

speedometer - спидометр

springs — рессоры

tachometer — тахометр

wheel — колесо

windshield wipers - стеклоочисти­тели

TEXT 4: Коробка передач (Gearbox)

Работа с лексикой

gear — шестерня, передача

gearbox - коробка передач

gearing - зубчатое соединение

road conditions — дорожные условия

forward speed — передняя скорость

reverse drive - обратный (задний) ход

low gear - первая передача

sliding-mesh gearbox - коробка пере­дач со скользящими шестернями

constant-mesh gearbox- коробка передач с постоянным зацепле­нием шестерен

epicyclic (planetary) gearbox - эпици­клическая (планетарная) коробка передач

ordinary gearing — стандартное зуб­чатое соединение

characteristic feature — характерная особенность

fixed axes - зафиксированные (не­подвижные) оси

rotate bodyly — вращаться корпусом

axis - ось

axle — вал

secure — обеспечить

shifting – переключение

in direct line-важно

assemble — собирать

breather channel — канал сапуна

disassemble - разбирать

drain hole - сливное отверстие

gearbox casing — картер коробки пе­редач

get into trouble — попасть в беду

lubrication - смазка

oil level — уровень масла

repair — ремонтировать

repairing shop (workshop) — ремонтная мастерская

stand — стенд

thin oil — легкое (жидкое) масло

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык интерна­циональные слова.

Principal, function, construction, constructional, class, classify, type, planet, planetary, history, historical.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Gearbox

The gearbox is placed between the clutch and the propeller shaft. The principal function of the gearbox is to vary the speed of the car movement to meet the road conditions. The gearbox provides four for­ward speeds and one reverse, as follows:

1. First or low gear;

2.Second gear;

3.Third gear;

4.Fourth gear;

5. Fifth or top gear;

6.Reverse gear.

There are many constructional arrangements of gearboxes, which can be classified as follows:

1.Sliding-mesh type;

2.Constant-mesh type;

3.Epicyclic (planetary) type.

The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one and is the oldest histori­cally. The constant-mesh type is the most widely used type. They are termed "ordinary" gearing, the characteristic feature of which is that axes of the various gears are fixed axes. The gears simply rotate about their own axes.

The characteristic feature of epicyclic (planetary) gearing is that one gear rotates about its own axis and also rotates bodily about some other axis.

To secure the several speeds of the car the clutch shaft is mounted In direct line with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox shaft carries on it the sliding gears which are used for shifting to secure the forward speeds and the reverse drive.

Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.Where is the gearbox situated?

2.What is the function of the gearbox?

3.What speeds does the gearbox provide?

4.What types of gearboxes do you know?

5.Why is the clutch shaft mouned in direct line with the gearbox shaft?

Упражнение 2. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

Gearboxes are assembled and disassembled on special stands us­ing special mechanisms. In case of trouble in change-speed gearbox it can be repaired only in the workshop. But in order not to get into trou­ble you should do the followings steps:

a).check the oil level in the gearbox casing;

b).wash the breather channel;

c).change the oil in accordance with the lubrication schedule;

d).wash the gearbox with a thin mineral oil;

e).drain the used oil through the drain hole.

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите диалог и разыграйте его в парах.

DIALOGUE

Mike: Peter, do you remember what our teacher told us last time?

What do you know about gearboxes?

Peter: I know that the gearbox is used to change the speed of the car.

M.: And how many speeds does the gearbox provide?

P.: It can provide five forward speeds and one reverse.

M.: Into what types are the gearboxes divided according to their arrangements?

P.: They are divided into sliding-mesh type, constant-mesh type

and epicyclic type.

M.: What type is the simplest?

P.: The sliding-mesh one.

M.: Thank you very much for you help.

P.: You are welcome. Glad to help you.

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Коробка передач предназначена для изменения скорости движения автомобиля.

2.Коробка передач обеспечивает пять передних скоростей и задний ход.

3.Коробки передач могут быть: со скользящими шестерня­ми, с постоянным зацеплением шестерен и планетарного типа.

4.Самыми простыми являются коробки передач со сколь­зящими шестернями.

5.Коробки передач с постоянным зацеплением шестерен используются наиболее часто.

6.Скользящие шестерни на валу коробки передач ис­пользуются для обеспечения передних скоростей и обратного хода.

TEXT 5: Сцепление (Clutch)

Работа с лексикой

friction device — фрикционное устройство

pressure disc — нажимной диск

hard-wearing material – износо-стойкий материал

connect — соединять

gearbox — коробка передач

frictional force - сила трения

start the car - завести автомобиль

clutch pedal — педаль сцепления

release the engine — отсоединить

at rest — в покое

engaged — включено(подсоединено)

fix — крепить (устанавливать)

flywheel - маховик

is disengaged - отключено

friction disc (plate) — фрикционный диск

run idly - работать вхолостую

car wheels - колеса автомобиля

clutch - сцепление

control — управлять

disconnect – отсоединять

disengage - отключать

engage — включать

friction plate (disc) - фрикционный (ведомый) диск (сцепления)

frictional force — сила трения

gear — шестерня; передача

press down the pedal - нажимать на педаль

principle of operation — принцип дей­ствия

release – отпускать

running engine — работающий дви­гатель

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Start, disc, friction, frictional, material, base, principal, control, pedal.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Clutch

The clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for disconnecting the engine from the gear­box, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.

The clutch is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gear­box und consists of two plates (discs): the friction disc and the pressure disc. The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure plate and has a hard-wearing material on each side.

The basic principal operation of the clutch is a frictional force acting between two discs. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal. When the pedal is at rest the clutch is engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox. When the pedal is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.

Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и напишите их русские эквиваленты.

Friction device, clutch, gearbox, to free, to start, to release, fly­wheel, pressure plate, basic principle of operation, to fix, hard-wear­ing material, to consist of, to be controlled by, running engine, to run idly, to engage, to disengage, to press down, to be at rest.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What device is the clutch?

2.What units does it connect?

3.What is the clutch used for?

4.Where is the clutch placed?

5.What plates does the clutch consist of?

6.What is the basic principal operation of the clutch?

7.What is the clutch controlled by?

8.What takes place when the clutch pedal is at rest?

9.When does the engine run idly?

Упражнение 3. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее логике окончание.

1. The clutch is a device connecting ....

a).the rear axle and axle shafts.

b).the gearbox and differential.

c).the engine and the gearbox.

2.The clutch is situated between ....

a).the gearbox and cardan shaft.

b).the flywheel and the gearbox.

c).the gearbox and rear axle.

3.The clutch is controlled by ....

a). the brake pedal

b). the clutch pedal.

c).the gearbox and rear axle.

4.The clutch is engaged ....

a).when the clutch pedal is pressed down.

b).when the clutch pedal is at rest.

5.The clutch is disengaged ....

a).when the clutch pedal is at rest.

b).when the clutch pedal is pressed down.

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите диалог и разыграйте его в парах

DIALOGUE

A.: What is the function of the clutch?

В.: You see, it serves three functions. It is used for freeing the en­gine from the gearbox, for starting the car and for freeing the engine from car wheels.

A.: Is it a friction device?

В.: Yes, of course. It is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and

the gearbox and usually consists of two discs.

A.: What discs?

В.: The friction disc (driven disc) and the pressure disc.

A.: I suppose the principle of operation of clutches is a frictional

force between discs. Am I right?

В.: Yes, you are. When the clutch is fully engaged the frictional force makes discs rotate at the same speed.

A.: And by what is the clutch controlled?

B:.By the clutch pedal. When it is at rest the clutch is engaged and when it is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine is disconnected from the car wheels.

A.: Thank you. And what types of clutches do you know?

B.: Positive clutches and gradual engagement clutches.

A.: Thank you very much for your information.

B.: Not at all. Glad to help you.

Упражнение 1. Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.

A.:What three functions does the clutch ... ?

B.:It is used for ....

A.:Where is it... ?

B.:It is ... between the flywheel of the engine and the ....

A.:By what is the clutch ... ?

B.:It is ...by the....

A.:What takes place when the pedal is ... ?

B.: The clutch is ....

A.: And when the driver pushes down on the pedal?

B.: The clutch is ....

freeing the engine from the gearbox, serve, fixed, gearbox, controlled, starting the car, freeing the engine from the car wheels, pedal, at rest, engaged, disengaged, do, located.

Домашние задания

Упражнение 1. Подберите из правой колонки русские эквиваленты английским словам из левой колонки и проверьте себя по ключу.

1.	a friction device	a.	завести автомобиль
2.	gearbox	b.	фрикционный диск
3.	to start the car	c.	маховик
4.	to release the engine	d.	износостойкий материал
5.	is fixed	e.	работать вхолостую
6.	flywheel	f.	соединяться
7.	the friction disc	g.	сила трения
8.	the pressure disc	h.	разъединяться
9.	hard-wearing material	i.	фрикционное устройство
10.	frictional force	j.	находиться в покое
11.	the clutch pedal	k.	закреплен
12.	to be engaged	l.	педаль сцепления
13.	to be at rest	m.	нажать на педаль
14.	to be disengaged	n.	отсоединить двигатель
15.	to press down on the pedal	o.	нажимной диск
16.	to run idly	p.	коробка передач

Упражнение 2. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения.

1. Сцепление — это фрикционное устройство.

2. Сцепление соединяет двигатель и коробку передач.

3. Сцепление расположено между маховиком двигателя и коробкой передач.

4. Как правило, сцепление состоит из двух дисков: ведомого и нажимного.

5. Сцепление управляется педалью сцепления.

6. Когда педаль сцепления находится в покое, диски сцепле­ния соединены и работающий двигатель соединен с ко­робкой передач и колесами.

7. Когда водитель нажимает на педаль сцепления, диски отходят, сцепление отсоединятся и двигатель работает вхолостую.

TEXT 6: Тормоза (Brakes)

Работа с лексикой

brakes — тормоза

force the fluid — подавать жидкость

performance - работа

under pressure - под давлением

safety — безопасность

brakes are applied — тормоза срабатывают

depend — зависет

slow – замедлять

braking effort - тормозное усилие

divide - разделять

push down on the brake pedal - нажать на тормозную педаль

namely - именно

drum brakes — барабанные тормоза

band brake — ленточный тормоз

disk brakes - дисковые тормоза

shoe brake — колодочный тормоз

hydraulic assisted brakes — тормоза с гидравлическим приводом

brake shoes — колодки тормоза

brake fluid — тормозная жидкость

brake pedal - тормозная педаль

master cylinder - главный цилиндр

air brakes - пневматические тормоза

bund brake - ленточный тормоз

brake drum — тормозной барабан

common axle — общая ось

control - управление

disk brakes — дисковые тормоза

drum brakes — барабанные тормоза

electric brakes — электрические тор­моза

fluid – жидкость

foot brake — ножной тормоз

force (cause) — заставлять

hand brake - ручной тормоз (стоя­ночный)

hydraulic brakes – гидравлические тормоза

leakage — утечка

left wheel — левое колесо

master cylinder — главный цилиндр

mechanical brakes - механические тормоза

poor — плохой, слабый

proofhess – стойкость

release — отпускать, разъединять

right wheel - правое колесо

sticking - заедание, прилипание

tightness — герметичность

troubles — неисправности

wheel cylinder — колесный тормозной цилиндр

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Mechanism, passenger, type, hydraulic, cylinder, vacuum, func­tion, classify, classification, mechanical, electric, electromagnet.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper

performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be di­vided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classi­fied as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system con­sists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylin­ders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).

The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

Рис. 3. Brake System

Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских терминов и выпишите их.

Тормоза, безопасность пассажиров зависит от правильной работы тормозов, барабанные тормоза, дисковые тормоза, тормоза с усилителем, гидравлический привод тормозов, жидкость под давлением, тормоза срабатывают, тормозное усилие, нажать на тормозную педаль.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1.Тормоза являются наиболее важным механизмом авто­мобиля.

2.Они используются для замедления движения или оста­новки автомобиля.

3.Тормоза можно разделить на два типа, а именно: барабан­ные тормоза и дисковые тормоза.

4.На большинстве автомобилей используется гидравли­ческий привод или пневматический привод.

5.Тормоза срабатывают, когда водитель нажимает на тормозную педаль.

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.

1.performance	a. зависеть от
2.the safety of passengers	b. барабанные тормоза
3.to depend upon	c. тормоза срабатывают
4.namely	d. тормоза с гидравлическим
5.drum brakes	приводом
6.disc brakes	e. работа (действие)
7.brakes are applied	f. именно
8.hydraulic assisted brakes	g. тормоза с усилителем
9.power assisted brakes	h. под давлением
10.to press down on the brake	i. нажать на тормозную пе­
pedal	даль
11.under pressure	j. дисковые тормоза
	k. безопасность пассажиров

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

Прочитайте диалог и разыграйте его в парах

Alex: Why are brakes used?

Boris: They are used to stop or to slow the car.

A.: Well, it is one of the most important mechanisms of the car, isn't it?

B.:Of course, the safety of the passengers depends upon their proper performance.

A.:What types of brakes are used today?

B.:Drum brakes, disk brakes and others.

A.:And in what way are they applied?

B.:They are applied by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the pedal they are applied.

A.:Thank you. It was very nice of you to tell me this information.

B.:Don't mention it. I was glad to serve you.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Тормоза используются для замедления движения или остановки автомобиля.

2.В зависимости от привода тормоза классифицируют на механические, гидравлические, пневматические и электрические.

3.Тормоза управляются тормозной педалью.

4. Тормоза срабатывают, когда водитель нажимает на тормоз­ную педаль (тормозные колодки прижимаются к тормоз­ным барабанам).

5.В пневматических тормозах для создания тормозного уси­лия используется сжатый воздух.

6.В электрических тормозах для создания тормозного уси­лия используется электромагнит.

7.В современных автомобилях используются тормоза с при­водом на все колеса

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the function of the brakes?

2. What types are brakes divided into?

3. What brakes do you know according to their mode of opera­tion?

4. What braking systems are used today?

5. By what are brakes controlled?

6. When are brakes applied?

TEXT 7: Принцип действия четырехтактного бензинового двигателя

Работа с лексикой

bottom dead center - нижняя мертвая точка

charge of fuel — заряд топлива

combustion — сгорание

combustion chamber – камера сгорания

compression stroke — такт сжатия(смеси)

connecting rod - шатун

crankshaft — коленчатый вал

cylinder - цилиндр

diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

engine — двигатель

exhaust stroke — такт выпуска

four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл

fuel injection — впрыск топлива

ignite — воспламенять

ignition — воспламенение

intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

mixture — смесь

operating cycle - рабочий цикл

petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель

piston — поршень

power stroke — рабочий ход

pressure - давление

reciprocating movement — возвратно-поступательное движение

residual gas — остаточный газ

rotary movement — вращательное движение

spark plug — свеча зажигания

stroke — ход (поршня);

top dead center — верхняя мертвая точка

valve – клапан

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Principle, cycle, piston, center, cylinder, atmosphere.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1.

1. During the inlet (intake) stroke the inlet valve opens and a charge of fuel (mixture) flows into the cylinder.

2. During the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed and the fuel is compressed by the rising piston.

3. During the power stroke both valves are closed, pressure rises in the combustion chamber, and the spark ignites the mixture.

4. During the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released and the residual gases flow into the atmosphere through the exhaust valve.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).

To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the pis­ton begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is re­leased, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (ex­haust stroke).

The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary move­ment of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.

1 - intake 2 - compression 3 - power 4 - exhaust

Рис. 1. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

1. intake - такт впуска 3. power — рабочий такт

2. compression — такт сжатия 4. exhaust — такт выхлопа

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильные по смыслу ответы на вопросы.

1. Why is the engine called the internal combustion engine?

2. What stroke is called the inlet one?

3. What is a compression stroke?

4. What takes place in the cylinder on power stroke?

5. What takes place on the exhaust stroke?

6. By means of what is the reciprocating movement of the pistons converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft?

1.It is called so because the fuel (the mixture) is burned…

a)directly inside the engine;

b)outside the engine.

2. The inlet stroke is called so because during moving down the piston…

a) the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylin-der;

b)the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed.

3.The compression stroke is a stroke

a) when the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder;

b) when the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed.

4. On power stroke

a)the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves are closed dur¬ing its combustion;

b)the exhaust valve is opened and the residual gas flows through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.

5.On the exhaust stroke

a)the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves are closed dur¬ing its combustion;

b)the exhaust valve is opened and the residual gas flows through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.

6. It is done

a)by means of pistons;

b)by means of the connecting rods.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу вариант окончания.

1.The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned…

a)outside the engine;

b)inside the engine.

2.On the inlet stroke

a)the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

3. On the compression stroke

a). the intake valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

4. On the power stroke

a).the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

5. On the exhaust stroke

a).the exhaust valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

Tracing a Fault

Nick: Peter, I know you are a good driver. I would like you to have a

look at my car.

Peter: What's wrong with your car?

N.: I don't know.

P.: Let me have a look. When did you have your plugs checked?

N.: Three days ago. I thought I had run out of fuel but the tank is half full.

P.: The carburettor is in order but the engine is misfiring. I guess

the battery has run down. It needs recharging.

N.: Too bad.

P.: Don't get upset about it. It won't take you long to have your

battery recharged.

N.: Do you really think so?

P.: I am sure of it. I advise you to have the engine greased.

N.: I'll follow your advice. Thank you, Peter.

P.: Don't mention it, Nick. I'm very sorry I couldn't help you.

N.: Well, you helped me to find the fault. Thanks a lot. Good-bye.

P.: See you later.

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Прочтите диалог и расскажите, о чем в нем идет речь.

DIALOGUE

At the Repairing Shop

Client: Good afternoon! Can you help me? There is something wrong with the engine.

Master: Hi! What is wrong with it?

С.: I don't know. It wouldn't start. Maybe the pistons and valves are in disorder.

M.: Let's have a look! Well, they are quite right.

C.: And what about the crankshaft, or electric spark plugs. I know absolutely nothing about the operating cycle of the engine.

Just a moment. Don't worry! We shall check up all units and how they work together.

Some time later

M.: My God! There is no petrol in the tank. How can you move drive?

C.: Really? Oh, I have forgotten to fill in the tank! I beg your par­don to trouble you!

M.: No trouble, at all. You are welcome!

Принцип действия четырехтактного бензинового двигателя

Словарь урока

1.as a result - в результате

2.assume — предполагать

3.bottom dead center — нижняя мертвая точка

4. burn – гореть

5.by means of — посредством

6.charge of fuel - заряд топлива

7.combustion — сгорание

8.combustion chamber — камера сго­рания

9.compression stroke — такт сжатия(смеси)

10.connecting rod — шатун

11.convert — преобразовывать

12.crankshaft — коленчатый вал

13.cylinder — цилиндр

14. descend - спускаться, опускаться (опоршне)

15.describe — описывать

16.diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

17.directly - непосредственно

18.don't get upset — не расстраивайтесь

19.engine — двигатель

20.exhaust stroke — такт выпуска

22.follow sb's advice - последовать чье-му-л. совету

23. four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл

24.fuel injection — впрыск топлива

25.have a look — взглянуть

26.heat — тепло

27.I guess — я полагаю

28.ignite — воспламенять

29.ignition — воспламенение

30.in order — в порядке (в исправном состоянии)

31.intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска

32.internal combustion –внутреннее сгорание

33.engine—двигатель внутреннего сгорания

34.mixture — смесь

35.operating cycle — рабочий цикл

36. petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель

37.piston - поршень

38.power stroke - рабочий ход

39.pressure — давление

40.reach — достигать

41.recharge — подзарядить (аккуму­лятор)

42.reciprocating movement - возвратно-поступательное движение

43.residual gas - остаточный газ

44.rise – подниматься

45.rotary movement — вращательноедвижение

46.run down - сесть (об аккумуляторах)

47.run out of fuel — закончилось топливо

48.spark plug — свеча зажигания

49.stroke — ход (поршня)

50.tank — топливный бак

51.top dead center - верхняя мертвая точка

52.trace the fault - искать (проследить)неисправность

53.valve — клапан

TEXT 8: Рама

Работа с лексикой

frame — рама

twist - кручение

support — опора

suspension - подвеска

body - кузов

channel section — полая секция

longitudinal members - лонжероны

weld — сваривать

cross members — поперечины

rivet — заклепывать

reinforce — усиливать

insulate — изолировать

rigid — жесткий

rubber pad - резиновая прокладка

mining - прочный

unibody construction — конструкция

withstand strains — выдерживать с несущим кузовом нагрузки

strengthen – укреплять

aligment - выравнивание

attach — прикреплять

conventional frame - общепринятая рама

extremely rigid — очень жесткая

fasten — скреплять, закреплять

firm structure — крепкая (прочная)

конструкция

heavy steel — прочная сталь

integral frame — рама, выполненная воедино

pad — подушка

provide — обеспечивать

rubber insulator — резиновая прокладка

suspension system - система подвески

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык интернациональные слова.

Chassis, structure, system, integral, construction, steel, vibration, passenger, metal, contact.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Frame

The foundation of the automobile chassis is the frame which pro­vides support for the engine, body and power-train members. Cross

members reinforce the frame. The frame is rigid and strong so that it can withstand the shocks, vibrations, twists and other strains to which it is put on the road.

The frame provides a firm structure for the body, as well as a good point for the suspension system. There are two types of frames, namely: conventional frames and integral (unibody) frames (frameless construc­tions).

Conventional frames are usually made of heavy steel channel sec­tions welded or riveted together. All other parts of the car are attached to the frame.

In order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and from there to the passengers of the car, the frame is insulated from these parts by rubber pads.

It is also important to insulate the frame in order to prevent metal- to-metal contacts.

Frameless (unibody) constructions are called so because they are made integral with the body. The body parts are used to structurally strengthen the entire car. Some unibody frames have partial front and rear frames for attaching the engine and suspension members.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты русским терминам.

Лонжероны, поперечины, жесткий, прочный, выдерживать нагрузки, подвеска, обычная (общепринятая) рама, безрамная конструкция, полые секции, сваренные или заклепанные, прикреплять к раме, резиновые прокладки, укреплять.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What does the frame provide?

2.Why is the frame rigid and strong?

3.What types of frames are there?

4.What is the conventional frame made of?

5.By what is the frame insulated from the other car parts? For what purpose?

6.What do you know about unibody frames?

Упражнение 3. Подберите из правой колонки соответствующие окончания для предложений из левой колонки.

1.The frame provides support for....	a. channel sections welded to­gether.
2.Conventional frames are made of....	b. prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the passengers.
3. Tameless constructions are made....	c. cross members.
4.The frame is insulated from other parts in order to ....	d.. the engine, body and power train members.
5.The frame is reinforced by....	e. integral with the body.

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите и переведите диалог, а затем разыграйте его в парах.

DIALOGUE

Stas: Hi! Seen you for ages! How are you?

Vlad: Hi! I'm perfectly well! I am working at a repairing shop. Very interesting I can tell you.

S.: What are you doing there?

V.: Now, we are testing the frame. You see, the driver has got into trouble. Something is wrong with his car. He thinks it is the frame.

S.: Has the car a conventional frame or a unibody frame?

V.: Unibody frame.

S.: I think you have to do a lot of work as body parts strengthen the entire car.

V.: Sure. We are testing all parts in order to find out the damage.

S.: I think you will cope with the problem.

Notes:

seen you for ages — не видел тебя сто лет;

perfectly well — прекрасно;

get into trouble — попасть в беду;

be wrong with — что-то не так;

sure — конечно (без сомнения);

find out the damage — отыскать повреждение;

соре with — справиться (с проблемой)

Домашние задания

Упражнение 8. Переведите текст, не пользуясь словарем.

The frame is a structural centre of any car as it provides support lor the engine, body, wheels and power-train members.

Cross members reinforce the frame and provide support for the engine and wheels. The frame is extremely rigid and strong. The en­gine is attached to the frame in three or four points and insulated in I liese points by some rubber pads to prevent vibration and noise from passing to the frame and thus to the passengers. There are two types of frames: conventional construction and unibody one.

Упражнение 9. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Рама обеспечивает опору для кузова, двигателя и узлов силовой передачи.

2.Она состоит из лонжеронов и поперечин, которые уси­ливают раму.

3.Рама должна выдерживать вибрацию, кручения и другие нагрузки (напряжения).

4.Рамы бывают двух типов: обычные (стандартные) и выполненные воедино с кузовом.

5.Стандартные рамы изготовлены из стальных полых сек­ций, сваренных или заклепанных вместе.

6.Безрамные конструкции выполнены воедино с кузовом.

7.Рама изолируется от кузова резиновыми прокладками, чтобы шумы и вибрации не проходили к пассажирам автомобиля.

TEXT 9: Рулевая система (Steering System)

Работа с лексикой

guide the саг — управлять автомобилем

means of turning — средство поворота

front wheels - передние колеса

steering wheel — рулевое колесо

steering column — рулевая колонка

for this purpose — для этой цели

pivot — шарнир

swing (swang, swung) - поворачи­ваться

steering knuckle arm - рычаг пово­ротного кулака

tie-rod — поперечная тяга

in turn — в свою очередь

pitman arm - рулевая сошка

rack and pinion assembly — рулевоймеханизм с рейкой и шестерней

ball joint — шаровой шарнир

leverage — рычажный механизм

hose — шланг, рукав

steering gear assembly – рулевой механизм

rack and pinion type - реечно-шестеренчатый тип (рулевого меха­низма)

recirculating ball steering - рулевой механизм с шариковой гайкой

worm and sector — червяк и сектор

injury - повреждение

steering box - картер рулевого механизма

absorb — поглощать

air bag - подушка безопасности

bending — изгиб

excessive - чрезмерный

for this purpose — для этой цели

guide the car - управлять автомо­билем

hydraulic pump — гидравлический насос

leakage — утечка

lever — рычаг

leverage - рычажный механизм

linkage — соединение

means of turning - средство пово­рота

pitman arm - рулевая сошка

pitman shaft - рулевой вал

pivot — шарнир

rack and pinion assembly - реечно-шестеренчатый механизм

rack and pinion type steering gear - ру­левой механизм с рейкой и ше­стерней

recirculating ball type steering gear - pyлевой механизм с шариковой гайкой

steering box — картер рулевого меха­низма

steering column - рулевая колонка

steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворот­ного кулака

steering wheel — рулевое колесо

swing (swang, swung) — поворачи­ваться

tie-rod — поперечная тяга

worm and sector type — рулевой меха­низм с червяком и сектором

Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и сопоставьте их с русскими значениями.

column, spindle, system, hydraulic, pump, reservoir, popular, type, effective, effectiveness, effectively, energy, function, to deform, defor­mation.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Steering System

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear as- sembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This move­ment is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knucle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right. The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculating ball type. The

rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to safe the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and col­umn from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What mechanism is necessary to guide the car?

2.How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels?

3.Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right?

4.What does the manual steering system incorporate?

5.What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

Упражнение 2. Переведите текст, не пользуясь словарем.

То turn the car you must have some means of turning the front wheels. For this purpose the steering wheel and steering column are linked to the front wheels. The front wheels are on pivots and can be swung to the left or to the right.

When the driver turns the steering wheel and column the front wheels (being on pivots) attached by the steering knuckle arms to the lie rods are also turned.

Рис. 4. Steering System

1.steering wheel - рулевое колесо

2.steering column, steering mast — рулевая колонка

3.sleering gear - рулевой механизм

4. sleering arm, steering lever, (steering) pitman arm — рулевая сошка

5.steering knuckle — поворотная цапфа, поворотный кулак

6. sleering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

7. single tie-rod - неразрезная поперечная рулевая тяга

8. steering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

9. drag link, steering gear connecting rod, steering drag rod — продольная рулевая тяга

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите диалог и разыграйте его по ролям

DIALOGUE

Stas: Look here. I have some troubles with the steering system.

Vlad: What troubles?

S.: The first is excessive free play of the steering wheel.

V.: You should check free play of the steering wheel and steering gear performance.

S.: The second problem is oil leakage from the steering gear case.

V.: Check the steering gear case for oil leakage visually. Anything else?

S.: Sure. It is disadjustment of the steering gear. And I don't know what to do.

V.: You see, in this case it is better for you to go to a repairing shop. Good specialists should do this job.

S.: Thank you very much.

V.: Not at all.

Notes:

look here — послушай;

troubles — неисправности, неполадки;

excessive free play — чрезмерный свободный ход;

check — проверять;

performance — работа, характеристики;

steering gear case — картер коробки передач,

anything else — что еще

in this case — в этом случае.

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Для управления автомобилем необходима система ру­левого управления.

2.Рулевое управление включает в себя: рулевое колесо и рулевую колонку, зубчатое соединение, рулевую сошку,

рычаги поворотного кулака и шарнирные соединения, рычаги и поперечные тяги.

3.Существуют различные типы рулевых механизмов, а именно: реечно-шестеренчатый тип, механизм с шаровой гайкой, механизм с червяком и сектором.

4.Когда водитель поворачивает руль влево или вправо, то рулевой механизм заставляет рулевую сошку повора­чиваться влево или вправо.

Это движение передается поперечными тягами к рычагам поворотных кулаков и к колесам, заставляя их поворачи­ваться влево или вправо.

TEXT 10: Механизм передачи

Работа с лексикой

unit - узел, блок, агрегат

gear — шестерня

power transmission - силовая

gearbox - коробка передач

передача

tractive effort — тяговое усилие

running gear — ходовая часть

driving wheels — ведущие колеса

steering system — система рулевого управления

brakes – тормоза

shaft — вал

car springs — рессоры автомобиля

flywheel — маховик

rear axle — задний мост

clutch — сцепление

final drive — главная передача

friction device — фрикционное устройство

axle shafts - полуоси

crankshaft — коленчатый вал

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык интернациональные слова.

Transmission, system, mechanism, radiator, friction, automobile, cardan, portion, final, accelerator, pedal, position.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя приведенные в упражнении 1 слова.

1. The chassis includes the running gear, the power transmission and the steering mechanism.

2.The power transmission consists of the clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts.

3.The clutch connects the engine with the driving wheels.

4.The gearbox changes the speed of the car movement.

5.The steering mechanism changes the direction of the car.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Chassis

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the run­ning gear and the steering mechanism. The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts.

At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction de­vice connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car.

The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle. The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached.

The rear axle is capable of moving up and down about the frame. The rear axle is an important part of the transmission. It carries the greater portion of the weight of the car.

The steering mechanism is designed for changing the direction of the car.

The brakes are used for stopping the car, for decreasing its speed and for holding the car position.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.

1.What main units does the chassis consist of?

2.Where is the engine located?

3.Where is the flywheel fixed?

4.Where is the clutch placed?

5.What is the gearbox designed for?

6.By what shaft is the power transmitted to the back axle?

7.What does the rear axle do?

8.. What is the function of the differential?

9. What purpose is the steering system designed for?

10. What is the function of the brakes?

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите диалог и разыграйте его в парах.

DIALOGUE

Transmission Mechanism

Teacher: Let's speak about the transmission mechanism. What main units does the transmission include?

Student:The transmission is the entire mechanism between the en­gine and the rear wheels. It includes the clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft, rear axle, final drive and differential.

T.:What does the clutch connect?

S.:The clutch connects the engine with the gearbox.

T.:And what does the gearbox do?

S.:The gearbox changes the speed of the car.

T.:What does the differential enable?

S.:The differential enables the driving wheels to move at differ­ent speeds when turning the car.

T.: For what purpose is the steering system used?

S.: The steering system is used for changing the direction of the

car movement.

T.: And what is the function of the brakes?

S.: Brakes are used to slow or stop the car.

T.: That's right. You know the subject very well.

Домашние задания

Упражнение 1. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения (при выполнении задания вы можете обращаться к тексту).

1.Основными узлами шасси являются: трансмиссия, ходо­вая часть и рулевой механизм.

2.Радиатор расположен в передней части автомобиля.

3.Маховик крепится на задней части двигателя.

4.Сцепление соединяет двигатель с коробкой передач.

5.Коробка передач предназначена для изменения скорости движения автомобиля.

6.Усилие передается карданным валом.

7.Главная передача снижает высокие обороты двигателя до невысоких оборотов ведущих колес.

8.Дифференциал позволяет ведущим колесам вращаться с разной скоростью при повороте автомобиля.

9.Рулевой механизм предназначен для изменения на­правления движения автомобиля.

10.Тормоза используются для остановки или снижения скорости автомобиля.

Упражнение 2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.

Basic Troubles of Transmission Mechanism

The transmission of the engine torque to the driving wheels of the mitomobile must be smooth. There should be no vibration in the op- c rat ion of transmission mechanism within the range of travelling speeds.

The indications of malfunctions in the transmission mechanism components are as follows:

1.incomplete disengagement of the clutch;

2.difficult engagement or self-demeshing of gears;

3.run out and vibration of the cardan-drive shaft.

What to do in these cases:

1.Check the free travel of the clutch pedal and adjust it.

2.Check the oil level in the gearbox housing and wash breather channel.

3.Check to see that all the fastening bolts are securely tightened and that the trunnion crosses fit properly the bearings, and the bearings, in turn, the universal-joint forks.

Механизм передачи

Словарь урока

1.unjust - регулировать

2.attach - прикреплять

3.be capable - быть способным

4.breather channel - канал сапуна

5.check - проверка

6.decrease the speed — снижать ско­рость

7.driven wheels — ведомые колеса

8.driving wheels - ведущие колеса

9.engine crankshaft — коленчатый вал двигателя

10. fastening bolts — крепежные болты

11.fit properly - подгонять должным образом

12.flywheel — маховик

13.frame - рама

14.free travel - свободный ход

15.gear lever — рычаг коробки передач

16.greater portion of the car weight -большая часть веса автомобиля

17.hold the car position — удерживать автомобиль в нужном напра­влении

18.housing — картер, корпус

19.in turn — в свою очередь

20.incomplete disengagement – неполное отключение (сцепления)

21.level – уровень

24.malfunction — неполадки, неисправ­ная работа

25.mount - устанавливать

26.move up and down — двигаться вверх и вниз (подпрыгивать на неровной дороге)

27.power transmission - силовая пере­дача

28.rear wheels — задние колеса

29.run out - износ

30.running gear — ходовая часть

31.self-demeshing of gears - саморазъе­динение шестерен (саморасцеп­ление)

32.springs — рессоры

33. steering system - рулевая система

32.steering wheel - рулевое колесо (руль)

32.support — поддерживать, (опираться на)

36.tighten — закреплять, затягивать

37.torque - крутящий момент

38.tractive effort — тяговое усилие

39.travelling speed — скорость езды

40.trouble — неисправность

41.trunnion cross - крестовина кардана

42.universal-joint forks - вилки кардана

43.wash — промывать

44.within the range — в пределах

TEXT 11: Использование компьютера (Using Computer)

Работа с лексикой

invent — изобретать

a breaker point ignition — прерывистое зажигание

advanced — усовершенствованный

fire the spark plug – воспламенять свечой зажигания

meet emission control levels — отвечать требованиям по ограничению уровня вредных компонентов в выхлопных газах

gas mileage - пробег в милях на гал­лон топлива

smooth operation — плавная работа

provide – обеспечить

onboard computer system – бортовой компьютер

hardware - аппаратная часть ком­пьютера

software - программное обеспечение

CPU — Central Processing Unit - цен­тральный процессор

integrated circuit — интегральная схема

semiconductor — полупроводник

silicon — кремний

until - пока не

specific sequence — специальная по­следовательность

permanent memory — постоянная память

ROM — read only memory — постоян­ная память, постоянное запоми­нающее устройство, ПЗУ

RAM - random access memory - опе­ративная память, оперативное запоминающее устройство, ОЗУ

PROM — programmable read only memory - программируемое по­стоянное запоминающее устрой­ство, ППЗУ

trouble code — неисправный код

expensive — дорогостоящий

adaptive memory — адаптивная память

Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и сопоставьте их с русскими значениями.

transform, battery, voltage, regulation, system, computer, micro­processor, transistor, diod, chip, material, electricity, magnetic, pro­gram, defective, limit, compensate, variation, code.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Using Computer

Ever since the car was first invented, a breaker point ignition has been used to transform battery voltage into 20,000 volts to fire the spark plugs. With government intervention and regulation, more advanced system was needed. This system had to meet emission control levels, gas mileage, and provide a smooth and continuous operation. The answer was found in an on-board computer system. The computer mounted on modern cars has two components. One is the hardware and the other is the software.

The computer hardware on an automobile uses a Central Process­ing Unit (CPU), which, when made in an integrated circuit, is referred I о as a microprocessor. The integrated circuit (IС) combines transis­tors, diodes, and capacitors, which are placed on a tiny chip of semi­conductor material that is smaller and thinner that an eraser on a pen­cil. The material used most of the time is silicon. Silicon, like any semiconductor, does not conduct electricity until either voltage, a mag­netic field, heat, or light is directed to the semiconductor. A program instructs the microprocessor what to do.

The computer software on a car carries a program. The program (ells the computer what to do, and when to do it in a specific sequence. The program is stored in a permanent memory, which is referred to as Read Only Memory (ROM).The computer knows only what is placed in its memory.

There is another variation, which is called the Program­mable Read Only Memory (PROM), which can be readily removed und replaced, while the ROM cannot. This makes it less expensive if the memory becomes defective. Only the PROM has to be replaced, not the entire microprocessor. The microprocessor contains a ROM (or PROM) and a RAM. RAM stands for Randon Access Memory, which can be accessed with­out going through a specific sequence. The technician interfaces with the RAM whenever trouble codes are accessed. Not all computerized ignition systems have trouble codes, however. Some computers have the ability to learn. This is referred to as an adaptive memory. When a value falls outside of a specified limit, due to engine wear, the adaptive memory makes a slight adjustment in the program to compensate. The car must be driven from 20 to 30 miles, as it takes the computer this long to learn. Any time that power is disconnected from the computer, it will have to relearn everything.

Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Переведите на английский язык.

1.Многие современные автомобили оборудованы борто­выми компьютерными системами для лучшей работы ав­томобиля.

2.Программа такого компьютера имеет только два запоми­нающих устройства: постоянную память (ПЗУ) и опера­тивную память (ОЗУ).

3.Компьютерная программа сообщает компьютеру, что надо делать и когда необходимо выполнить данное действие в соответствующей последовательности.

4.Программа хранится в постоянной памяти компьютера.

5.Микропроцессор содержит в себе постоянную и опера­тивную память.

6. Некоторые компьютеры обладают способностью запоминать (заучивать). Это относится к адаптивной памяти.

Работа с диалогом

Прочтите диалог и разыграйте его в парах

DIALOGUE

Anton: What is the purpose of using computers on board the car?

Vlad: You see. As I know computer is used to advance the engine operation as well as the performance of other units.

A.: What components does the on-board computer consist of?

V.: It consists of two components. One is the hardware and the other is the software.

A.: What is hardware?

V.: The computer hardware uses a Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is referred to as a microprocessor.

A.: What is software?

V.: The computer software on a car carries a program. The pro­gram tells the computer what to do and when to do it.

A.: And where is the program stored?

V.: It is stored in a permanent memory which is called Read Only Memory (ROM).

A.: And what is Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)? What is the difference between ROM and PROM?

V.: In case the memory becomes defective PROM can be readily removed and replaced, while ROM cannot.

A.: And what is RAM?

V.: RAM is Random Access Memory (main memory), which can be accessed without going through a specific sequence. The technician interfaces with RAM whenever trouble codes are accessed.

A.: Thanks a lot for your explanation.

V.: You are welcome. See you later.

A.: Goodbye.

Использование компьютера (Using Computer)

Словарь урока

access — 1. поступать 2. доступ

adaptive memory - адаптивная па­мять

adjustment - регулировка

breaker - прерыватель

breaker point ignition — прерывистое зажигание

capacitor — конденсатор

carry a program — выполнять про­грамму

defective — дефектный, неисправ­ный

due to — из-за, благодаря

engine wear — износ двигателя

eraser — ластик

expensive — дорогостоящий

fall — падать

fire the spark plug – воспламенять свечой зажигания

gas mileage — пробег в милях на гал­лон топлива

hardware — программная часть ком­пьютера

heat — тепло

however — однако

ignition – зажигание

integrated circuit – интегральная схема

invent — изобретать

light — свет (фары)

meet emission control levels — отвечать требованиям по ограничению уровня вредных компонентов в выхлопных газах

on-board computer system – бортовой компьютер

permanent memory — постоянная память

PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory -программируемое постоянное запоминающее устрой­ство, ППЗУ

RAM — Random Access Memory — оперативная память, оперативное запоминающее устройство, ОЗУ

ROM - Read Only Memory - постоянная память, постоянное запоминающее устройство, ПЗУ

semiconductor — полупроводник

Sentral Processing Unit (SPU) - цен­тральный процессорный узел

silicon — кремний

since — с тех пор

spark plugs — запальные свечи

specific sequence - определенная по­следовательность действий

the ability to learn — способность за­поминать (заучивать)

tiny chip — маленький чип

trouble codes — коды, сообщающие о неисправности

Домашнее задание

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.How many components has the computer on modern cars? What are they?

2.How do we call the computer hardware on the automobile?

3.What does an integrated circuit combine?

4.What material is used in the integrated circuit? Why?5.What does the computer software do?

6.Why is the computer used on board the car?

7.What does the program tell to the computer?

8.Where is the program stored?

9.What is ROM?

10.What is PROM?

11.What is RAM?