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Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений 3 курс
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«Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений 3 курс»
Автономное учреждение
профессионального образования
Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры
«СУРГУТСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»
Методические рекомендации
по выполнению практических работ
по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык
для студентов очной формы обучения
Специальность:
08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений
Наименование профиля: технический
Сургут, 2016
Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ
по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык
Специальность: 08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений
Составитель: А.М. Фахрутдинова, преподаватель
Методические указания по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов III курса по специальности: 08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений очной формы обучения и преподавателей профессиональных учебных заведений, соответствует действующей программе и содержит методические рекомендации и систему заданий для аудиторных практических работ.
Рекомендовано к печати Методическим советом Сургутского политехнического колледжа
Протокол № 10 от 06 «июня» 2016г.
Настоящие методические рекомендации представляют собой практикум для развития навыков профессионально ориентированного речевого общения и предназначено для студентов III курса обучающихся по специальности 08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация заданий и сооружений.
Предлагаемый курс построен по тематическому принципу, включает 28 разделов и призван развивать у студентов профессионально-ориентированную грамматическую и коммуникативную компетенцию, обеспечить совершенствование навыков правильного грамматического оформления речи.
В данном пособии отражен коммуникативный подход в обучении. Для успешного овладения иностранным языком обучаемые должны знать не только языковые формы (т.е. грамматику, лексику и произношение), но также иметь представление о том, как их использовать для целей реальной коммуникации. Представленный учебный материал знакомит обучаемых с функциональным аспектом изучаемого языка и предлагает соответствующую систему упражнений. В данном пособии показаны основные приемы коммуникативно - ориентированного подхода к обучению иностранного языка.
Каждый раздел (Unit) включает в себя тексты для ознакомительного, изучающего и просмотрового чтения, которые содержат актуальную информацию из аутентичных источников. Тексты сопровождаются подробным словарем, а также значительным количеством иллюстраций, что привлекает внимание студентов и облегчает понимание представленного им материала.
Целью учебного пособия является развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков устной речи в деловой и общепрофессиональной коммуникации, формирование профессионально ориентированной лингвистической компетентности студентов. Формальные аспекты языка: грамматика, лексика и фонетика представлены в коммуникативном контексте так, что обучаемым сразу становится понятно их использование в речи. Кроме того, обучаемым предлагаются приближенные к реальной жизни задания, в ходе выполнения которых систематически развиваются иноязычные речевые умения. Такой поход предполагает создание на занятиях атмосферы доверия и сотрудничества, когда обучаемые вовлечены в процесс обучения.
Учебное пособие может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории, так и для самостоятельной работы.
При составлении данного пособия был соблюден общедидактичексий принцип «от простого к сложному», то есть отбор материала по уровню сложности, что позволяет определить последовательность введения нового материала и его количество, а также темп его изучения.
Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом по иностранным языкам и квалификационными требованиями к содержанию и уровню профессиональной подготовки студентов вузов.
Практическая работа №1
Этапы развития строительной сферы
Building Construction is a procedures involved in the erection of various types of structures. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from handcrafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of ever larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site.
Another characteristic of contemporary building, related to the latter trend, is the greater amount of dimensional coordination; that is, buildings are designed and components manufactured in multiples of a standard module (10 cm being standard in the U.S.), which drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting required on the building site. A third trend is the production or redevelopment of such large structural complexes as shopping centers, entire campuses, and whole towns or sections of cities.
1. Answer the questions:
1. How do we call procedures involved in the erection of various types of structures?
2. What is the difference between handcrafting at the building site and on-site assembly of prefabricated parts?
3. What later trend characteristic of contemporary building do you know?
4. What is the advantage of the building components manufactured in multiples?
5. What innovation in the construction industry drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting on the building site?
6. Is it common in present day construction industry production and redevelopment of huge projects? Name some of such huge projects.
7. What is the difference between production and redevelopment in construction industry?
8. How do you understand the procedure of redevelopment of whole towns and sections of cities?
2. Fill in the gabs:
1. The procedure of the erection of various types of structures is called … .
2. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from … at the building site.
3. On-site assembly of larger, more integrated … manufactured away from the site is one of the major trends in construction industry today.
4. Another characteristic of contemporary building is the greater amount of … coordination.
5. Dimensional coordination means that buildings are designed and components manufactured in … of a standard module.
6. … drastically reduces the amount of cutting and fitting required on the building site.
7. Third major trend in contemporary building is the production or redevelopment of … complexes.
3. True of False:
1. Building Construction is a procedure involved in the erection of continuous production lines.
2. The major characteristics in present-day construction is handcrafting at the building site.
3. Larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured are usually manufactured at construction site.
4. Another characteristic of 19-th century building construction was the greater amount of dimensional coordination.
5. Application of dimensional coordination means that buildings are designed and components manufactured in multiples of a standard module.
6. Dimensional coordination drastically increases the amount of cutting and fitting on the building site.
7. An important present day characteristic in the construction industry is the production or redevelopment of large structural complexes.
8. Large structural complexes include: hospitals, schools, kindergartens and shops.
4. Translate into English:
1. Building construction is an ancient human activity.
2. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.
3. The history of building is marked by a number of trends.
4. Early building materials were perishable, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides.
5. The present state of building construction is complex.
6. There is a wide range of building products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types or markets.
7. The design process for buildings is highly organized.
8. The construction process includes the manufacturers of building products and systems and the craftsmen who assemble them on the building site.
9. Building construction today is a significant part of industrial culture.
Практическая работа №2
Особенности строительной сферы сегодня.
Building construction is the product of a diverse group of subindustries, with many individuals and organizations involved in the construction of a single structure, from the manufacture of necessary components to final assembly. As a general rule, state laws require a registered architect or engineer, or both, to execute the design and to make sure that the design complies with public health, zoning, and building-code requirements. The design must at the same time conform to the requirements of the owner. The architect or engineer converts these requirements into a set of drawings and written specifications that usually are sent to interested general contractors for bids. The successful bidder or bidders in turn subcontract plumbing, painting, electrical wiring, structural frame construction and erection, and other jobs to firms specializing in these crafts.
Contractors ordinarily carry out their work under the observation of an architect and or engineer, who acts as agent of the owner. State and local inspectors review the work for general compliance with the local building code. The immediate responsibility of the contractor, architect, and engineer ends when the local authorities approve the building for occupancy and the owner accepts the building. However, the contractor, architect, and engineer are legally responsible for any deficiencies in the construction or design for a period of several years after acceptance, the time depending on the terms of the contract and local laws.
1. Answer the questions:
1. Is building construction a product of a diverse group of sub industries, with many individuals and organizations involved?
2. What industries are engaged in the manufacture of necessary components for construction and final assembly of buildings?
3. Do State laws in Russia require a registered architect or engineer to execute the design?
4. Who is responsible for making the design to comply with public health, zoning, and building-code requirements?
5. Are owners’ requirements taken into consideration by city council authorities?
6. Who is responsible to make the design to conform to the requirements of the owner?
7. What are the next steps taken after a set of drawings and written specifications ready?
8. Who usually perform plumbing, painting, electrical wiring, structural frame construction and erection, and other jobs after the design is approved?
9. Under whose observation the contractors ordinarily carry out their work?
10. When does the immediate responsibility of the contractor, architect, and engineer end?
11. Who are legally responsible for any deficiencies in the construction or design for a period of several years after acceptance?
2. Fill in the gabs:
1. Building construction is the product of a diverse group of … .
2. In building construction many … and … are involved in the construction of a single structure.
3. The design is usually executed by a registered … and … .
4. The design should … with public health, zoning, and building-code requirements.
5. The … must conform to the requirements of the owner.
6. Drawings and written specifications are converted into a set of … and … .
7. Contractors carry out their work under the observation of an … and … .
8. Construction inspectors review the work for general compliance with the local … .
9. Contractor, architect, and … are legally responsible for any defects in the construction or design.
3. True or False:
1. Building construction is the product of a single group of construction industry.
2. Building construction involves final assembly only.
3. As a general rule, state laws permit to execute the design to any company engaged in manufacturing of building materials.
4. Any building construction design should comply with public health, zoning, and building-code requirements.
5. The design must conform to the requirements of the architect.
6. The owner of a building converts requirements of local authorities into a set of drawings and written specifications.
7. The architect and the engineer subcontract construction and erection jobs to firms specializing in these crafts.
8. Contractors carry out their work under the observation of an architect and an engineer.
9. State and local inspectors review the work for general compliance with the local building code.
10. The contractor, architect, and engineer are legally responsible for any financial difficulties of the owner during the construction period.
4. Translate into English:
1. Строительная индустрия в России является одной из крупнейших отраслей промышленности.
2. В строительную промышленность входят такие отрасли как: производство строительных материалов и изготовление металлоконструкций.
3. Любая строительная компания должна иметь в своем штате дипломированных инженера строителя и архитектора.
4. Строительный проект должен соответствовать требованиям строительных норм и правил.
5. Архитектор и инженер строительного проекта выполняют чертежи и составляют спецификации, по которым строители проводят работы.
6. Генеральный подрядчик проводит тендеры на проведение сантехнических, отделочных, электромонтажных и других работ.
7. Подрядчики выполняют все строительные работы под наблюдением архитектора и главного инженера проекта.
8. Все работы на строительных объектах выполняются в строгом соответствии со строительными нормами и правилами.
9. Генподрядчик архитектор и главный инженер проекта юридически ответственны за все нарушения строительных норм и правил.
Практическая работа №3
Виды строительных сооружений
Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified according to the role in the Community. The types of buildings may be domestic, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The common and necessary conditions are:
a) its suitability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to particular human activities;
b) the stability and permanence of its construction.
Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. Group housing provides home for many families and is at once public and private. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the availability and character of materials but also by the total technological development of society.
The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two factors:
1) one is economic – the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with a minimum of materials, labour and time;
2) the other is expressive – the desire to produce meaningful form.
Large housing programmes have tended to stimulate technological change in the building industry. Modular design (i.e. design in which the elements are dimensioned in combinations of a fixed unit) has led to standardization of elements, interchangeability of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with resultant economies. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sec- tions manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.
In order to build a house first an excavation is dug by bulldozers. Then a foundation is laid to carry the load of a structure and to keep the walls and the floors from the contact with soil. Floors divide a building into storeys and carry the loads too. The upper part of a structure is a roof; it ties a building, gives the firmness to the structure and protects people from rain, wind, snow, etc. Doors, windows, stairs, lifts are integral elements of a building and they are always precast or prefabricated.
When a structure is ready builders start to decorate it. When decoration work is over a building is considered to be finished. The built-in space of an apartment should be carefully thought of as well. There is a consider- able trend toward built-in furniture. Rooms should be both efficient and visually satisfying. The extent of built-in cabinets must be determined. Drawers and shelves can often be concealed behind walls, freeing valuable floor space.
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What do types of buildings depend upon? 2. In what way may be they classified? 2. What are the common and necessary conditions? 4. What is the function of group housing? 5. The evolution of techniques is conditioned by several factors, isn’t it? 6. What is modular design?b7. Why is it used? 8. What is the aim of entire apartment assemblages? 9. What methods are used to produce reinforced concrete homes? 10. Where are large sections manufactured and erected? 11. What is necessary to first in order to build a house? 12. Why is the foundation laid? 13. What is the upper part of a structure? 14. What elements are integral? 15. Who starts to decorate the structure? 16. When is a building considered to be finished? 17. What do we call the built-in space of an apartment? 18. Should rooms be both efficient and visually satisfying? 19. What must be determined? 20. Where can be drawers and shelves concealed?
2. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. Types of buildings may be classified according to a special rule. 2. One of the necessary conditions of a building is its adaptability to par- ticular human activities. 3. The apartment houses are mostly built to suit people who live in them. 4. The techniques of construction are influenced only by the availability and character of materials. 5. Large housing programmes have tended to stimulate technological change in the building industry. 6. Modular design is of no use in our country. 7. The techniques of assemblage are very expensive. 8. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by good work of engineers. 9. Large sections manufactured in all building factories are of great use in residential construction. 10. In order to build a house it is necessary to have a project. 11. Floors are used for a flat to be warm. 12. Roofs protect people from cold. 13. When a structure is ready special specialists are invited to decorate it. 14. When decoration work is over a commission comes to decide if the dwelling is ready for living. 15. The built-in space of an apartment is not convenient by the living standards. 16. Rooms should be both efficient and adaptable for living in them.
3. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1. … upon social functions. 2. The types of buildings may be … . 3. The apartment houses are mostly built … . 4. Group housing provides … and is at once public and private. 5. The methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced by the total …. . 6. Large housing programmes have tended to … . 7. Modular design is … of a fixed unit.
8. … are available and are being used to … . 9. … is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. 10. Various methods of const- ructing … use of large sections. 11. In order to build a house first … . 12. Floors divide a building into … . 13. Doors, windows, stairs, lifts are integral elements of … . 14. … toward built-in furniture.
4. Choose a word to put into each gap:
Public, resultant, technological, private, meaningful, stability, assem- blages, techniques, standardization, the load, the firmness, reinforced concrete, interchangeability, foundation, roof, mechanization, precast, built-in, the evolution, permanence, freeing, modular, a building.
1. Among the common and necessary conditions are … and … of the construction. 2. Group housing provides home for many families and is at once … and … . 3. The … of construction are influenced by the total … development of society. 4. One of the factures influenced … of techniques is the desire to produce … form. 5. … design has led to … of elements, … of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with … economies.
6. Entire apartment … are available and are being used to an increasing extent. 7. The high degree of … and standardization is successfully achieved by … blocks and units. 8. A … is laid to carry … of a structure and to keep the walls and the floors from the contact with soil. 9. … ties a building and gives … to the structure. 10. Doors, windows, stairs, lifts are integral elements of … and they are always … or prefabricated. 11. There is a considerable trend toward … furniture. 12. Drawers and shelves can often be concealed behind walls, … valuable floor space.
Практическая работа №4
Виды строительных работ
he first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple – a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.
The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.
As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artificial material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.
The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great or small sizes.
The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. There should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.
Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.
Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.
Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or sewerage.
Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.
The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.
Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.
Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.
The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start-up and adjustment operations.
After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.
As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.
The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance.
Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.
Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertaking involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.
1. Translate into Russian:
1) artificial material; 6) stability of the structure; 2) external walls; 7) fire-resisting material;
3) poor heat conductivity; 8) technical handbooks; 4) ferro-concrete details; 9) guarantee test;
5) water supply; 10) designed performance.
2. Translate into English:
1) промышленные цели; 6) размер стен; 2) система отопления; 7) слои краски;
3) строительство здания; 8) запасные части; 4) ниже уровня земли; 9) период гарантии;
5) строительство «под ключ»; 10) предпусковые работы.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What were the first houses built for?
2. What is brick?
3. What are called floors?
4. What should any building be provided with?
5. What is framework?
6. What are roofs?
Практическая работа №5
Строительные инструменты
Whether it is building houses, apartment buildings, hospitals, schools, or any other type of structure, the construction industry needs skilled workers. Not only does this include engineers and architects, but also carpenters and masons. There are often tasks that carpenters and masons can complete that do not require a great deal of skill or experience, making it possible for beginners to work at all manner of job sites.
They use many tools to lay out a "square" or right-angle, many of which are made of steel, but the title steel square refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially of angles, as well as simple right-angles. Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the framing square. It consists of a long arm and a shorter one, which meet at an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle). It can also be made of metals like aluminum, which is light and resistant to rust.
Utility knives are strong, sharp, and useful in situations that call for a heavy-duty blade. Swiss Army knives are more versatile, housing numerous small tools in a single handle. However, the tools tend to not be as strong as the blade of a utility knife is. Choosing one or the other depends on what the project calls for. Swiss Army knives are better suited towards highly detailed work and utility knives for situations that call for a strong, sharp blade.
A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind.
The chisel must be a good quality tool; these tools take an awful lot of punishment in their daily life. The normal width would be 100mm as this is the general size of the width of a brick and block. There are other small chisels you may use, but i would buy these as you need them to avoid getting dozens of chisels you will never use.
The Level is another tool you should not buy cheap. A good spirit level can set you back £80 and is worth every penny, cheap levels tend to be very weak and due to the nature of bricklaying, will always leave you with the fear they have gone out of level. I find a 1200mm level is the best for building corners and a smaller 600mm for general levelling, especially when setting out the first course of blockwork to make sure that course is upright.
The bricklaying trowel will become an extension of your arm in time. You will spend many hours of your life holding it, if you buy nothing else from a shop; buy your trowel from a builder`s merchant so you can get the feel for it. Trowels come in many shapes and sizes and cost. Don`t buy the cheapest or the biggest, big trowels can make your brickwork look messy and be difficult to handle. A bricklayer will tend to have 2 trowels, one for face brickwork and one for mass blockwork.
1. Choose letter and word for the answer
Used for spreading mortar
Used for a variety of pointing called “bucket handle”
Designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal or
vertical
Used for carving or cutting a hard material such as
wood, stone, or metal by hand.
Used to chip off edges or small pieces of stone, cut brick.
Used for digging and planting in soft, tilled soil
Used for brickwork painting
Used for marking on rough surfaces, such as concrete or stone
Are a tool designed specifically for the purpose of cutting wire.
Used for carrying loads
a wheelbarrow
brick hammer
Level
Wire cutters
masonry brush
Jointer
Chisel
carpenter pencil
Trowel
flat point shovel
Практическая работа №6
Свойства строительных материалов
Some of the most important building material are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.
Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purpose are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.
However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.
A brick is best described as a “building unit”. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6 ½ to 9 Ib.
There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.
The shape and convenient size of brick enable a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
It is necessary, therefore, for the “would be” bricklayer to practice handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.
The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.
Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.
Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.
Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.
Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.
Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.
A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders’ tools.
Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.
Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.
Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.
Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.
Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.
For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.
1. Translate into Russian:
1) building purposes; 6) foamed glass; 2) building construction; 7) heat insulating material;
3) railway engineering; 8) wall panels; 4) eight-hour working day; 9) resistance to frost;
5) raw material; 10) high sound adsorption.
2. Answer the questions:
1. What are the most important building materials?
2. What groups are timbers divided into?
3. What is brick made of?
4. What are marble, granite and sandstone used for?
5. What is natural stone used for?
6. What is the main raw material for plastics?
7. What is a foamed glass?
Практическая работа №7
Природные строительные материалы
Materials are solid substances of which manufactured products are made. A variety of materials are used in different products. Basic types of materials range from wood, which has been used for thousands of years, to composite materials, which are still under development
Materials belong to two groups: (1) natural materials and (2) extracted materials.
Natural materials, which include stone, wood, and wool, are used much as they occur in nature.
Extracted materials, such as plastics, alloys (metal mixtures), and ceramics, are created through the processing of various natural substances.
Natural materials generally are used as they are found, except for being cleaned, cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy.
Natural materials include stone and biological materials.
Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as building stone. There are two types of building stone—crushed stone and dimension stone.
Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal. Common plant materials include wood and various fibers such as cotton.
Animal materials include leather and fibers such as wool.
Natural materials generally are used as they are found, except for being cleaned, cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy.
Natural materials include stone and biological materials.
Certain types of rock are extremely strong and hard, and are therefore used as building stone. There are two types of building stone—crushed stone and dimension stone.
Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal. Common plant materials include wood and various fibers such as cotton.
Animal materials include leather and fibers such as wool.
1. Choose letter for the word
| masonry | a mixture of cement, sand, small stones and water |
| brick | brick work |
| concrete | white rock often used for making cement |
| mortar | a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime |
| limestone | a reddish-brown rectangular block used to build walls and houses |
Практическая работа №8
Искусственные строительные материалы
Buildings are constructed using materials from the Earth. A brick can be composed of clay, sand, and lime, or concrete materials.
Glass is made from sand and limestone. Concrete and mortar are made using cement
Cement is produced by heating limestone, clay and adding gypsum. Some ‘cut rocks’, including granite, marble and limestone, make excellent building materials. Limestone is an attractive pale yellow or grey stone. Limestone is used during the production of other building materials including:
Cement and concrete, mortar and glass.
Blocks of cut limestone are used as a material for buildings and statues.
Cement is used as a binder in concrete and mortar. Cement is made by heating limestone or clay and adding gypsum (a compound from limestone). This mixture is then ground into a powder.
Mortar is made from cement, water and sand. It is used in bricklaying and stonework.
An even layer of mortar is spread between the bricks or stones to hold them firmly together.
When the powder is mixed with water, it will harden to form a strong glue.
How is concrete made?
Concrete is made from sand, cement and water but it is harder than mortar because it also contains gravel.
Concrete is harder than mortar. It is sometimes described as an artificial rock.
It is used for the foundations of buildings and for large structures, such as car parks.
What is reinforced concrete?
Although concrete is a very hard material, it is not very flexible. This means that when it is stretched it can break. Concrete has a low resistance to tension forces.
Steel rods are used to increase the strength and flexibility of concrete. This is called reinforced concrete or ferro concrete. Reinforced concrete has many uses, including lamp-posts, railways and as a structural material to support buildings.
Limestone is a valuable material because it can be used as the starting point for many other materials. Nowadays plastics is a popular modern building material and used everywhere. But plastics are used now not only for decoration.
Laminate is a strong material.l As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work just for flooring. Laminate gives the tough surface.
Ex.1. Translate sentences using the text. Then retell it.
Стекло сделано из песка.
Известняк также используется в стеклопроизводстве.
Кирпичи can be composed of глины, песка, извести или компоненты бетонной смеси.
Цемент производится путем нагревания известняка, глины и добавления гипса. Затем смесь измельчается в порошок.
Строительный раствор сделан из песка, воды и цемента. Он используется
Бетон сделан из гравия, песка, воды и цемента. Он используется для основания зданий и крупных сооружений.
Железобетон is used for supporting зданий, фонарных столбов, железных дорог.
Пластик-популярный на сегодня современный стройматериал и используется везде.
Ламинат-прочный материал. Рекомендуется для внешний отделки как настил.
Практическая работа №9
Обжиговые строительные материалы
Masonry construction is a method that has been used for centuries around the world. It is usually used for walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. The most frequent type of masonry is brick, but concrete block is also becoming more and more popular. Brick was one of the first building materials that man used and has been used since the times of the ancient Egyptians because it offers a great number of advantages. First of all, it has an affordable price and it is made of accessible raw material, which has long durability and good insulating properties. It is a strong material and is perfect for load-bearing systems where the loads are compressive. It is the size of a man's hand and therefore simple to use. The appearance of the final work depends on the ability and expertise of the bricklayer. Another advantage of using brick is that, like stone, it offers increased comfort in the heat of the summer and the cold of the winter. Being heat resistant, this material also offers good fire protection.
One of the disadvantages of using this material is that masonry must be built on a firm foundation to prevent settling and cracking, and in the presence of expansive soils the foundation may need to be elaborate. Moreover, this is a heavy material, consequently the structural requirements will have to be increased, especially if the area is subject to earthquakes.
1. Fill in the table:
| Advantages |
|
| Disadvantages |
|
2.Retell the text:
The text is about …
At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …
Then the author describes (suggests, states that) …
After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}
At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…
Практическая работа №10
Лесные строительные материалы
Timber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the form of trees or felled and turned into boards for construction. Some people may also refer to timber as lumber, or differentiate between timber as unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged for commercial sale. The timber industry around the world is huge, providing wood for a variety of products from paper to particle board.
Before timber is felled, it must be assessed by foresters, who determine how valuable it is and whether or not it is safe to harvest. In many regions of the world, a timber harvest plan must be filed with a government agency, indicating intent to fell trees in a particular region. If the plan is approved, a logging company sends in loggers and support staff to fell the trees and prepare them for shipment to an offsite mill. In some cases, a mill may be established in the forest, if there is a lot of timber which needs to be processed.
Timber, arguably the original building material, retains its prime importance within the construction industry because of its versatility, diversity and aesthetic properties. About 20% of the earth’s land mass is covered by forests, divided roughly two thirds as hardwoods in temperate and tropical climates and one third as softwoods within temperate and colder regions. Approximately a third of the annual worldwide timber harvest is used in construction, and the rest is consumed for paper production, as, or wasted during the logging process.
The main constituents of timber are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are natural polymers. Cellulose, the main constituent of the cell walls, is a polymer made from glucose, a direct product of photosynthesis within the leaves of the tree. Glucose molecules join together to form cellulose chains containing typically 10,000 sugar units. Alternate cellulose chains, running in opposite directions to each other, form a predominantly well-ordered crystalline material. It is this crystalline chain structure which gives cellulose its fibrous properties, and accounts for approximately 45% of the dry weight of the wood.
Commercial timbers are defined as hardwoods or softwoods according to their botanical classification rather than their physical strength.
Hardwoods are from broad-leafed trees, which in temperate climates are deciduous, losing their leaves in autumn, although in tropical climates, when there is little seasonal variation, old leaves are constantly being replaced by new. Hardwood flooring has a proven track record for durability and aesthetic impact. Both solid timber and plywood laminates with a 4 mm hardwood wearing layer are commercially available. The standard timbers are the European oak, beech, birch, ash, chestnut, walnut and maple, but additionally some imported hardwoods with darker grain colours are available and interesting effects are produced with bamboo. The timbers are frequently offered with minimal knots and uniform graining or as rustic with knots and a larger variation of colour. Laminates are usually prefinished but solid timber may be sealed with oil or lacquer after installation on site.
Softwoods are from conifers, characteristically with needle-shaped leaves, and growing predominantly in the northern temperate zone. Mostly they are evergreen, with the notable exception of the European larch and they include the Californian redwood, the world’s largest tree with a height of over 100 metres. Western red cedar has long been the preferred timber for external timber cladding because of its durability and warm colour. However, recently the popularity of larch and Douglas fir as softwood cladding has increased as greater emphasis is placed on the use of renewable resources from sustainable forests due to its moderate durability to decay and more resistance to impact damage.
1. Answer the questions:
1. Why is timber considered to retain its prime importance within the construction industry?
2. What climate areas do hardwoods and softwoods cover?
3. Which are natural polymers? Characterize each of them.
4. What is commercially available among hardwoods?
5. What kinds of trees are mentioned in the text?
6. How can you characterize softwoods?
7. What softwoods are preferable for external timber cladding? Why?
2. Give the English equivalents to the following:
строительная промышленность; покрыто лесами; приблизительно 2/3; ежегодные лесозаготовки; природный полимер; составлять около 45%; согласно чему-либо; широколиственный; срок службы; покрытие из древесины твердых пород; наросты; преимущественно; возобновляемые ресурсы.
3. Scan the text, but at six points fragments have been removed. Study the list with the missing fragments and decide where they go:
Timber, as a natural product, is rarely free from blemishes or defects. Timber imperfections 1) _____: natural, conversion and seasoning defects, according to whether they were present in the living tree, or arose during subsequent processing. Additionally, timber may be subjected to deterioration by weathering, fungal and insect attack and fire.
On prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind and rain, 2) _____ their natural colours and turn grey. Sunlight and oxygen break down some of the cellulose and lignin into water-soluble materials which are then leached out of the surface leaving it grey and denatured. Moisture movements, 3) _____, raise the surface grain, open up surface checks and cracks and increase the risk of subsequent fungal decay. Provided the weathering is superficial, the original appearance of the timber can be recovered by removing the denatured surface.
Wood preservatives contain pesticides in the form of insecticides and fungicides. Their use is therefore strictly controlled 4) _____ environmental damage.
Timber is an organic material and therefore combustible. Surface treatments, 5) _____, include antimony trioxide flame-retardant paints which are suitable for both interior and exterior use. Intumescent coatings, which swell up and char in fire, are suitable for most environments if overcoating is applied. However, 6) _____ may be negated by unsuitable covering or removal by redecoration.
a) associated with repeated wetting and drying cycles;
b) to limit unnecessary or accidental;
c) which cause the evolution of non-combustible gases in fire;
d) the protection afforded by surface treatments;
e) can be divided into three main categories;
f) external timbers gradually lose.
Практическая работа №11
Металлические строительные материалы
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Metal is used in prefabricated structures which can be seen in large cities. It requires a great deal of human labour to produce metal, especially in large amounts needed for building industries. Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
The history of building in iron and steel is more than a hundred years old. The construction of the first railways has given considerable impetus to cast and wrought iron production. The commonest quality of steel for building construction is known as mild steel (m.s.). Several qualities of high tensile steel are widely used everywhere. They vary both in their chemical composition and their mechanical properties.
Steel is a metal alloy. Its major component is iron. And it is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.
The elements used for most steel structures are the hot-rolled sections, produced in a great variety by the rolling mills.
Aluminium is the most important of the light metals used in the building industry. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. The major characteristics of aluminium in which the architect is interested are its durability and its light weight.
Magnesium is still lighter, but it has not yet become a building material. It is used only as an alloying metal in conjunction with aluminium. Copper is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties. These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes.
Copper is incorporated into roofing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements.
Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.
1. Answer the following questions:
1. Where is metal used? 2. It requires a great deal of human labour to produce metal, doesn’t it? 3. What is metal’s prime enemy? 4. What do the qualities of steel depend on? 5. What is the major component of steel? 6. What are the major characteristics of aluminium? 7. How is magnesium used? 8. What do you know about copper? 9. What metal is more expensive: steel or titanium?
2. Read and translate the following sentences:
1. The history of building in iron and steel is more than a hundred
years old. 2. The commonest quality of steel for building construction is
known as mild steel. Aluminium is the most important of the light metals
used in the building industry. The lower density and better corrosion
resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater
cost. Magnesium is still lighter than aluminium. Titanium can be used for
structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel.
3. Put in the missing prepositions:
1. Modern buildings can be divided ... two types. 2. These buildings
are made ... stone and brick. 3. Metals are used... the development ... new
constructions. 4. Glass is employed ... the construction ... industrial
buildings. 5. Timber was one ... the first materials used ... man.
Практическая работа №12
Стальные строительные материалы и сплавы
Alloy steels play an important role in all fields of industry. They are produced by the introduction of certain non-ferrous metals into low-carbon steels, notably tungsten, manganese, nickel and chromium.
One of the earliest alloy steels was introduced by R.F.Mushet who by adding tungsten to steel discovered self-hardening steel in 1868. Tools made by this method revolutionized machining processes, and it was also upon Mushet’s self-hardening steel that the experiments were based, which led to the production of the high-speed steels developed later in America.
In 1893 Robert Hadfield made an important step forward in this field by incorporating manganese in steel. This alloy was found to possess remarkable tensile strength, elongation and hardness, and became invaluable for all machinery and plant subject to abrasive action such as railway crossings, dredger buckets and the like. These types of steel, however, did not provide a steel suitable for general constructional purposes, a start in this direction being made by J.Riley of Glasgow, who in 1889 by small additions of nickel to steel markedly increased the strength and toughness without decreasing the ductility. By addition of a further alloying element, chromium, H. Brearley in 1913 founded a class of constructional steels which, in addition to strength and resistance to wear, were also resistant to corrosion.
These alloy steels heralded in the Alloy Steel Age, and so great was their development that at the outbreak of the 1939 war there were no less than 2,000 different specifications dealing solely with alloys having various proportions of nickel, chromium and small additions of other elements. With such developments as jet propulsion, nuclear fusion as a source of power and space technology, the acceleration in alloys is likely to continue.
1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word-combinations given below:
во всех отраслях промышленности; сталь с низким содержанием углерода; вольфрам; хром; марганец; революционизировать процесс обработки; растяжимость; значительно повысить твердость стали; конструкционная (строительная) сталь; возвестить; реактивное движение; слияние ядер.
2. Match the English words and word combinations given below with their Russian equivalents.
1. self-hardening steel 1. предел прочности при растяжении
2. high-speed steel 2. испытывающее действие трения
3. railway crossings 3. и тому подобное
4. tensile strength 4. накануне
5. the like 5. ускорение развития сплавов
6. subject to abrasive action 6. иметь дело исключительно с
7. at the outbreak of 7. дальнейшая разработка сплавов
8. dealing solely with 8. быстрорежущая сталь
9. the acceleration in alloys 9. дисперсно-твердеющая сталь
3. Give a written Russian translation of the following passages
1.There are carbon steels and alloy steels. Low-carbon steels are tough, yet easy to shape. High-carbon steels are hard and brittle, but can be given sharp cutting edges. Alloy steels contain a range of metals, each giving the steel a special property. Chromium, nickel, and steel make stainless steel, which is hard-wearing and does not rust.
2. Steel can be shaped in a variety of ways. Rolling stretches and squeezes ingots of steel into sheets, tubes, or strips. In drawing, rolled steel is pulled through a hole to make a wire. In casting, it is left to cool in a mould. Forged steel is made by squeezing hot steel.
3. Most iron is converted into steel in a basic oxygen furnace. A mixture of iron and steel scrap is poured into the furnace, and a jet of oxygen is blown over it. Oxygen combines with the carbon in the iron, carrying it away as carbon monoxide. It takes a basic oxygen furnace just 40 minutes to produce 350 tonnes of steel.
4. The ladles of molten steel are poured into moulds to make ingots, or a reservoir that serves a continuous casting process. Most steel is continuously cast because it is cheaper and better quality. These blocks of steel, called billets, can then be shaped by rolling, forging or casting.
Практическая работа №13
Стеклянные строительные материалы
Практическая работа №14
Гипсовые строительные материалы
Gypsum is one of the widely used construction material mainly in interior designing. Properties and products of gypsum to be used as building material in construction works are discussed.
Gypsum is used as surface materials. Its application is prominent in wall and ceiling construction. The use of gypsum can also be done at the field in the form of plaster.
It is also manufactured as a prefabricated unit, like gypsum board which is bought at the time of installation.
The ability of gypsum to give a comfortable and aesthetic ambiance as a construction material increase the demands of gypsum. It is a nature’s product that is commonly available. It is free of odor. Nowadays many of the interior and the exterior construction features are mostly governed by gypsum construction or gypsum products.
The advancement of gypsum construction in a continuous process is due to its reduced time and cost of construction. With time, gypsum products gain increasing properties like increased fire resistance, acoustic properties for noise insulation etc.
Advantages of Gypsum as a Building Material
A set of outstanding advantages is shown by gypsum as a construction material. Some of the main advantages are mentioned below:
Delivers Smooth Surface – It is used as a plaster material if properly done would provide us with a smooth white finish, which is free of cracks as well as scars. This is a highlighting property when it comes to indoor finishing.
Balance Indoor Atmosphere – It is of natural origin. They have a natural capability of balancing the indoor climate as well as humidity.
It is environmental friendly
It is fire resistant in nature
It has high thermal and acoustic insulation
It provide good aesthetic and functional features – The creativity of architects is boosted by the incorporation of gypsum products, within the budget. It provides a variety of stunning design options.
Ease of Installation – Using gypsum products, for example, for an internal wall construction, we just need to fix the frame and fill up the joints. The full process is clean, easy and fast. Using gypsum plaster as a final finish reduces the work of additional painting. The white finish itself give a clean appearance.
Variety of Gypsum Products – A large variety of gypsum products is available that meets several practical and aesthetic requirements. The choice of the right product is made with the help of unique packages that is given by the manufacturers with adequate technical assistance.
Практическая работа №15
Строительные растворы
Building mortar is the name of a mixture containing a binding agent, water and fine aggregate acquiring a stone-like monolithic structure as a result of hardening. Prior to hardening a building mortar is called a building mix. Building mortars often contain different additions – dispersed (clay), hydraulic and surface-active.
By composition and properties building mortars are similar to concrete, but they contain no coarse aggregates.
Building mortars are intended for filling joints and as a binder in free-stone and brick masonry, for the preparation of decorative and protective plasters and production of small-size articles (brick, tile, etc.).
Building mortars are made with different properties and composition depending on application.
In respect to binding agents and additions there are cement, lime, lime-cement and cement-clay mortars.
In respect to the properties of the binding agent mortars are divided into air-setting, incorporating air-setting binding agents and hydraulic mortars made with hydraulic agents.
In respect to aggregates mortars are classified as heavy, incorporating ordinary sand and light, having porous aggregates (pumice, sands, etc.).
By composition mortars are classified as: simple including one binding agent (cement, lime, etc.) and combined including two or three binding agents (cement-lime, lime-gypsum, etc.).
Air-setting building mortars are used in structures serving in dry environments and hydraulic mortars – in moist environments.
| mortar agent aggregate addition coarse masonry plaster application cement hydraulic porous pumice lime air-setting environment | вещество, реагент гидравлический, гидротехнический дополнение, прибавка, пристройка заполнитель известь, известняк кладка крупный, крупнозернистый пемза пористый, ячеистый, рыхлый применение, нанесение, аппликация раствор, строительная смесь среда, окружение твердение на воздухе цемент штукатурка, гипс, шпаклевка |
Практическая работа №16
Теплоизоляционные строительные материалы
1
.
2.
Практическая работа №17
Гидроизоляционные строительные материалы
Building mortar is the name of a mixture containing a binding agent, water and fine aggregate acquiring a stone-like monolithic structure as a result of hardening. Prior to hardening a building mortar is called a building mix. Building mortars often contain different additions – dispersed (clay), hydraulic and surface-active.
By composition and properties building mortars are similar to concrete, but they contain no coarse aggregates.
Building mortars are intended for filling joints and as a binder in free-stone and brick masonry, for the preparation of decorative and protective plasters and production of small-size articles (brick, tile, etc.).
Building mortars are made with different properties and composition depending on application.
In respect to binding agents and additions there are cement, lime, lime-cement and cement-clay mortars.
In respect to the properties of the binding agent mortars are divided into air-setting, incorporating air-setting binding agents and hydraulic mortars made with hydraulic agents.
In respect to aggregates mortars are classified as heavy, incorporating ordinary sand and light, having porous aggregates (pumice, sands, etc.).
By composition mortars are classified as: simple including one binding agent (cement, lime, etc.) and combined including two or three binding agents (cement-lime, lime-gypsum, etc.).
Air-setting building mortars are used in structures serving in dry environments and hydraulic mortars – in moist environments.
1. Match the English words and word combinations given below with their Russian equivalents.
| application containing structure composition preparation decorative plaster production hydraulic servе | водный нанесение обслуживать приготовление производство содержание состав строение художественный штукатурка |
Практическая работа №18
Кровельные строительные материалы
What most home owners desire is a roof that is not too expensive, requires no maintenance, and lasts forever. But most roofs are replaced - or at least repaired - every ten years. By carefully choosing your home's roofing material, you can reduce the cost of replacement.
You can realize other environmental benefits from your roofing choices. If you select a light-colored surface or a material that does not absorb heat from the sun, you significantly reduce your home's cooling needs. When your attic stays cooler, your cooling bills go down.
There is a wide choice of materials used to roof a house, ranging from thatch – dried grass, to slate – pieces of stone. Modern products like plastic, fiberglass and concrete are available, and some innovative, energy-efficient homes are being roofed with sod. New products are being developed to overcome the shortcomings of older roofing materials, meet the demands of modern building techniques, and conform to increasingly stringent building codes.
Cost alone does not determine quality. But by carefully selecting the right material, making sure it's installed properly and performing modest maintenance occasionally, you can have a roof that functions properly for 20 to 50 years – or even longer.
1. Use the words below to complete the sentence:
Wood shakes offer a 1) _____ look with a lot of character. Because of variations like color, width, thickness, or cut of the wood, no two shake roofs will ever be the same.
Wood offers some 2) _____ benefits, too: it helps to insulate the attic, and it allows the house to breathe, circulating air through the small openings under the felt rows on which wooden 3) ______ are laid.
A wood shake roof, however demands proper 4) _____maintenance and repair, or it will not last as long as other products. Mold, rot, and insects can be a problem. The 5) _____ cost of a shake roof may be high, and old shakes can't be recycled.
Most wood shakes are unrated by fire 6) _____safety codes. Many use wipe or spray-on fire 7) _____ which offer less protection and are only effective for a few years. There are pressure-treated shakes, however, that are 8) _____ with fire retardant and meet national fire safety standards.
Installing wood shakes is more complicated than roofing with composite shingles, and the quality of finished roof depends on the experience of the contractor as well as the 9) _____ of the shakes you use. The best shakes come from the heartwood of large old 10) _____ trees. Care should be taken when selecting shakes as the quality varies greatly from different shake mills.
| shingles, safety, cedar, natural, impregnated, retardants, energy, caliber, lifecycle, maintenance |
2. Make 5 questions to the text.
3. Use the words below to complete the sentence:
Concrete tile is now a roofing material. Shingles, simulated wood shakes, lighter-weight tiles and concrete panels are being manufactured 1) _____ a variety of fiber-reinforced cement products. Some are coated 2) _____ plastics, enamels, or thin metals, and some contain recycled material. Although the products themselves are not yet recyclable, they are a good choice 3) _____ durability and resource efficiency.
The advantages of concrete roofing vary from product 4) _____ product, but generally they all have a long lifespan, require low maintenance, offer good fire protection and are resistant 5) _____rot and insects. Many tiles mimic the appearance of wood shakes, while improving 6) _____the durability and fire protection that real wood affords. It can approximate the look of clay tile or slate while mitigating the structural problems caused 7) _____the weight of the real material.
Concrete is more expensive than some roofing materials, and early types 8) _____concrete roofing had problems with the material curling, breaking and changing color. Technology has improved, however, and these problems have mostly been overcome. Style and color choices are expanding, and 9) _____ mixing the cement 10) _____additives, manufacturers make lighter products.
| by(x2) from for of on to (x2) with(x2) |
Практическая работа №19
Отделочные строительные материалы
Sanding removes tool marks and makes wood surfaces smooth for finishing. Sanding should not begin until the wood has been cut to its final size. Most abrasive paper manufactured for use by hand has rough particles of the minerals flint or garnet. Aluminum oxide is a common sanding material used in such machines as a portable belt sander or a vibrating sander. Portable belt sanders work better than vibrating sanders on large wood surfaces.
Woodworkers use a variety of finishes to protect wood and to bring
out the beauty of the grain. A stain is a dye that colors wood without hiding the pattern and feel of the grain. Paint covers the grain of the wood and provides a color of its own. Varnish, shellac, and lacquer add a hard, glossy finish while exposing the beauty of the wood. Wax protects varnish and has a smooth, shiny finish when polished. Enamel is a type of glossy paint.
1. Find English equivalents in the text:
следы от инструмента – ___________________________________
поверхность дерева – _____________________________________
наждачная бумага – ______________________________________
грубые частицы – ________________________________________
шлифовальный материал – ________________________________
ленточно-шлифовальная ручная машина – __________________
вибрационный шлифовальный станок – _____________________
целый ряд покрытий – _____________________________________
показать красоту – _______________________________________
не скрывая структуру – ___________________________________
строение (структура) дерева – ______________________________
глянцевая поверхность – __________________________________
глянцевая краска – _______________________________________
красота структуры дерева – _______________________________
такие минералы как кремень или гранит – _________________
2. Translate the text and say whether these statements are true or false:
1. Finishing makes wood surfaces smooth for sanding.
2. Before sanding the wood should be cut to its final size.
3. Most abrasive paper manufactured for use by hand is very soft.
4. Vibrating sanders are the best machines used for sanding large wood surfaces.
5. A variety of lacquers is used to protect wood.
6. A stain is used for painting wood and hiding the pattern of the grain.
7. Finishes cover wood and provide a color of its own.
8. Varnish, shellac, and lacquer are used for exposing the beauty of the wood.
9. Wax is used for providing a smooth and shiny finish.
3. Choose the right variant:
1. Most abrasive paper manufactured for use by hand has rough particles …
а) Большую часть наждачной бумаги производили для использования вручную, которая имела грубые частицы …
б) Большинство наждачки выпускалось вручную и имело грубые частицы..
в) Большая часть наждачной бумаги, произведенной для использования вручную, имеет грубые частицы …
106
2. Aluminum oxide is a common sanding material used in such machines …
а) Оксид алюминия – это общий материал для шлифования и использовался в таких машинах …
б) Оксид алюминия – это распространенный материал для шлифовки, используемый в таких машинах …
в) Оксид алюминия является шлифовальным материалом общим для таких машин…
3. A stain is a dye that colors wood without hiding the pattern …
а) Морилка – это красящее вещество, которое окрашивает дерево, не скрывая его структуру…
б) Морилка – это красящее вещество под цвет дерева, которая не скрывает его структуру …
в) Морилка – это красящее вещество, используемое для того, чтобы цвета дерева не скрывали структуру …
4. Varnish, shellac, and lacquer add a hard, glossy finish while exposing the beauty of the wood.
а) Глазурь, шеллак и лак добавляют твердости глянцевой поверхности, показывая красоту дерева.
б) Глазурь, шеллак и лак делают поверхность твердой и глянцевой, демонстрируя красоту дерева.
в) Глазурь, шеллак и лак придают твердой поверхности глянец, когда дерево выставляется напоказ.
Практическая работа №20
Техника безопасности при работе со строительными материалами
Accidents to people in industrial enterprises are called industrial traumatism (injury). They occur when workers have not acquired the requisite for skill and lack the necessary experience in handling tools and equipment. Accidents are also caused through neglect of safety rules and regulations in the factories and training workshops.
The purpose of safety engineering is to prevent accidents and to create such conditions of work in industry which will ensure maximum productivity of labour.
When taking up new duties or when first going to work at any industrial enterprise each worker is obliged to acquaint him thoroughly with, and to master the safety instructions.
You need many kinds of safety equipment on a building site. Housebuilders and other workers have to wear safety boots, helmets, gloves, and sometimes goggles and dustmasks. Ear protectors (ear plugs) should be used near noisy machines. Ladders and scaffoldings are used when working at heights. Ladders must be placed right and they must be strong enough to carry the load of the workers. Scaffoldings must also be carefully erected, so that they
don't collapse. At bigger building sites both ladders and scaffoldings are usually made of metal, but sometimes also wooden ones are used. Here are some other points to keep in mind:
A very important thing is to keep your working place tidy and clean.
You must not leave empty tins or dirty buckets on floors or in yards.
Tools must be kept in the right places, in toolkits and sheds.
Nails and screws must be kept in boxes, so that they will not be wasted.
All the used boards should be collected into one place as well as other
garbage.
On a building site you should always be careful with fire.
Paints and solvents catch fire very easily.
Make sure that you have insurance.
You should have put on overalls to protect your clothes when working
with paints or solvents.
1.Найдите и составьте инструкцию с помощью текста. Выучить наизусть.
1. Несчастные случаи с людьми на предприятии называются производственной травмой.
Они случаются, когда у рабочих нет опыта или они пренебрегают правилами безопасности на заводах или в мастерских.
Цель техники безопасности-предотвратить несчастные случаи и создать условия такие условия в промышленности, которые обеспечат максимальную производительность труда.
Приступая к новым обязанностям вы должны ознакомиться с правилами безопасности и освоить их.
2. На стройплощадке строители должны носить ботинки со стальным носком, каски, перчатки, наколенники, пыле защищающие маски, защитные маски, защитные очки, беруши. Вы должны носить беруши, когда вы рядом с шумным оборудованием. Вы должны использовать лестницы, строительные леса, страховочные ремни, когда работаете на высоте. Вы должны надевать спецодежду, чтобы защитить свою одежду при работе с краской и растворителями. Вы должны знать предупреждающие знаки. И очень важно держать свое рабочее место в порядке и чистоте.
2.Match the columns.
| 1. Wear safety boots! 2. Don’t enter! 3. Don’t use a mobile phone here. 4. Emergency exit this way! 5. Be careful. Dangerous liquid! 6. Don’t touch! 7. Wear safety goggles in the area! 8. Don’t park here! 9. Be careful! Explosive material! 10. Don’t switch on! 11. Danger of an electric shock! 13. Wear a hard hat! 1 | a) Руками не трогать! b) Парковка запрещена! c) Осторожно! Взрывоопасные вещества. e) Не включать! f) Осторожно! Высокое напряжение! h) Запасной выход! i) Осторожно! Опасно! k) Не входить! l) Для безопасности оденьте очки! m) Осторожно! Опасные растворы! n) Надеть каску! |
4. Watch out! Danger! 3.
Практическая работа №21
Прямая и косвенная речь в повествовательных предложениях. Правила перевода на русский язык.
My friend says, “I work at a plant.”
My friend asked me, “Do you work at a plant?”
He asked me, “Will you study at the Institute?”
При превращении прямой речи в косвенную применяется правило согласования времен. При этом необходимо обратить внимание на правильное употребление личных и притяжательных местоимений, так как в косвенной речи передаются чужие слова. Если в прямой речи употреблено вопросительное предложение,
то прямой вопрос превращается в косвенный, который вводится
союзами if или whether.
My friend says that works at a plant. Мой друг говорит, что он работает на
заводе.
My friend asked me if (whether) I worked Мой друг спросил меня, работаю
at a plant. ли я на заводе.
He asked me if I should study at the Он спросил меня, буду ли я учиться в
Institute. институте.
1. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into Indirect
Once a French cabman played a good joke on Conan Doyle.
When Conan Doyle arrived in Paris it was raining heavily. He took a cab and asked the cabman to take him to the Ritz Hotel as he had reserved a room there a few days before.
The cabman brought him to the hotel. When he had received his fare he said, "Thank you, Mr. Conan Doyle". "How do you know my name?" asked Conan Doyle.
"Well, sir," replied the driver, "the other day I saw in the papers that you were coming from the South of France to Paris. Your appearance told me you were British, and I also saw you had had your hair cut in the South of France. So I decided it was you. "You are a wonderful detective," said Conan Doyle. "Were there any other things about me, that could help you to think it was I?" "Well," said the cabman, "there was also your name on your suit-case, sir".
2. Convert into INDIRECT SPEECH.
1. "He is a good architect. Nobody can offer a better project", remarks the boss.
2. "I asked the manager some questions on construction works", said Peter.
3. The engineer pointed out to the workers, "Only the best devices can be used here".
4. The students said, "It is not easy to study such subject as architecture."
5. He said to us, "Don't use this cement. It is not of a good quality".
6. He said to the students, "Almost everyone saw the construction of a building".
7. Our contractor promised, "I'll undertake all my endeavors to supply equipment".
8. My friend asked me, "What natural stones do you know?"
9. The guide told us, "This city is famous for its cement industry".
10. The manager wondered, "Are you specialized in civil engineering?"
Практическая работа №22
Указательные местоимения и наречия места и времени в косвенной речи. Употребление прямой и косвенной речи в беседах
Указательные местоимения this, that имеют формы единственного и множественного – these, those.
This is a table.
These are tables.
That is a building.
Those are buildings.
Это стол.
Это столы.
Там здание.
Там здания.
Местоимения this и these употребляются для обозначения близлежащих предметов, that, those – для обозначения более отдаленных предметов.
1. Замените повторяющиеся слова местоимениями that или those
1. Metal has properties different from properties of plastic.
2. The work of the new machine is much more efficient than the work of the old one.
3. The price of wood in this area is higher than the price of concrete.
4. There are a few machines at the building site similar to the machines described in this journal.
5. The results of this construction project were much better than the results of the previous one.
6. The canals in Europe are much larger than the canals in Great Britain.
7. The buildings in New York are considerably higher than the buildings in London.
2. Переведите предложения
1. There are few residential areas in this city.
2. When you mix the mortar, don't pour too much water.
3. Take a little sand and cement, and add a little water.
4. Skilled painters know a lot of different materials like paints and wall coverings and they know a lot of different painting techniques as well.
5. You need many special tools for wallpapering if you want to do a good job.
6. There are few skilled carpenters in your company.
7. Ancient Egyptians built flat roofs because there was little rain in Egypt.
8. The use of precast concrete has many advantages over other building materials.
9. This kind of construction work requires little time.
10. Prefabrication plants produce a lot of standard panels and structures.
Практическая работа №23
Правила изменения прямой речи на косвенную в побудительных и вопросительных предложениях
Вопросительные предложения в косвенной речи в английском языке состоят из вводящего предложения (reporting clause) и придаточного дополнительного предложения, которое вводится:
союзами «if» или «whether», для общего и альтернативного вопросов:
Ian asked me, «Have you talked to my father-in-law? » — Ian asked me if I had talked to his father-in-law. (Ян спросил меня, разговаривал ли я с его тестем.)
при помощи вопросительных слов (what, when, where, who и т.д.):
Peter asked the child minder, «When did you feed George?” — Peter asked the child minder when she had fed George. (Питер спросил няню, когда она кормила Джорджа.)
Просьбы, приказания и команды вводятся при помощи следующих глаголов: to ask, to beg, to tell, to order, to compel (заставлять), за которыми следует существительное или местоимение, обозначающее лицо, к которому обращена команда или просьба, и инфинитив.
Dina said to me, «Close the larder door.” – Dina asked me to close the larder door. (Дина попросила меня закрыть дверь в кладовку.)
Father said to Atif, “Don’t bang the door!” — Father told Atif not to bang the door. (Отец запретил Атифу хлопать дверью.”
1. Do the test:
1. I thought, «I am responsible for the mistake».
I thought that I was responsible for the mistake.
I thought that I am responsible for the mistake.
I thought that me was responsible for the mistake.
2. He says, «I can read faster than you».
He says that he reads faster than me.
He says that he can read faster than me.
He says me he can read faster than me.
3. Jane asked, «When did you see Alice?».
Jane asked me when did I see Alice.
Jane asked when did I saw Alice.
Jane asked me when I saw Alice.
4. Mike asked, «Do you speak Spanish?»
Mike asked me if I spoke Spanish.
Mike asked me do I speak Spanish.
Mike asked if I speak Spanish.
5. The teacher said, «Close your books».
The teacher said us to close the books.
The teacher told us to close the books.
The teacher said to close the books.
6. Parents said, «Don’t open the closet».
Parents told not to open the closet.
Parents said not to open the closet.
Parents said us not to open the closet.
7. Henry said, «We are staying in Paris».
Henry said that they stayed in Paris.
Henry said that they had been staying in Paris.
Henry said that they were staying in Paris.
8. Mary said, «I have never been abroad».
Mary said that she had never been abroad.
Mary told that she had never been abroad.
Mary said that she has never been abroad.
9. The teacher said, «Monkeys are mammals».
The teacher said that monkeys were mammals.
The teacher said that monkeys are mammals.
The teacher told that monkeys were mammals.
10. Mark said, «I am going to the cinema now».
Mark said that he was going to the cinema then.
Mark said that he was going to the cinema yesterday.
Mark said that he was going to the cinema that day.
11. I remembered, «My birthday is next week».
I remembered that my birthday was the following week.
I remembered that my birthday was next week.
I remembered that my birthday was the next week.
12. John said, «I will have a walk».
John said that he will have a walk.
John said that he was going to have a walk.
John said that he would have a walk.
13. The kid promised, «I will never do it again».
The kid promised that he never does that again.
The kid promised that he would never do that again.
The kid promised that he will never do that again.
14. The manager assured, «The contract will be signed tomorrow».
The manager assured that the contract would be signed tomorrow.
The manager assured that the contract would be signed the following day.
The manager assured that the contract was signed the tomorrow.
15. The lady explained, «The entrance is here, by the corner».
The lady explained that the entrance was here, by the corner.
The lady explained that the entrance was that place, by the corner.
The lady explained that the entrance was there, by the corner.
Практическая работа №24
Сложное дополнение. Сложное определение
Сложное дополнение - это сочетание существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (напр.: те, him, us, them) с инфинитивом или причастием 1. Существует в трех основных вариантах:
1. С инфинитивом без частицы to или с причастием 1 после глаголов восприятия:
to see - видеть
to watch - наблюдать
to notice - замечать
to feel - чувствовать
to hear - слышать
l saw him drive the саr. I saw them working in the lab.
We watched the plane land. We watched the children playing in the yard.
Nobody noticed him go out. Не didn't notice that happen.
She felt somebody touch her hand. They didn't feel the train start.
I didn't hear you соmе into the room. I heard her playing piano.
l saw him enter the house. - Я видел, как он вошел в дом.
l saw him entering the house. - Я видел, как он входил в дом.
В первом случае (вышеперечисленные глаголы с инфинитивом без частицы to) подчеркивается факт действия, во втором (эти же глаголы с причастием 1)- процесс действия.
2. С инфинитивом без частицы to после глаголов:
to let – позволять Don't let them play in the street.
to make - заставлять Don't mаkе me laugh.
3. С инфинитивом с частицей to после глаголов:
to want- хотеть
to expect - ожидать
to believe - верить, считать
to know - знать
to advise - советовать
to consider - считать
to order - приказывать
l want you to help mе.
l expect you to соmе in time.
l believe her to bе а very good teacher.
l know him to bе а good student.
l advise you to enter the institute.
English climate is considered to bе mild.
Не is ordered not to bе late.
to allow - позволять They allow to use dictionaries at the ехаm.
to find - находить, считать - I find your story to bе very interesting.
Iwould like - я хотел бы I would like you to finish your work.
1. Раскройте скобки.
1. Не made me (do) it all over again.
2. Her father made her (learn) the lessons.
3. If you want us (make) the work quickly you should let us (start) at once.
4. Would you like me (read) now?
5. They won't let us (leave) the classroom till our control work has been checked.
6. Не wouldn't let the children (play) in his study.
7. Please let те (know) the results of your exam as soon as possible.
8. Не made us (wait) for two hours.
9. 1let him (go) early as he had done his task.
10. I'd like him (enter) the university but 1can't make him (do) it.
11. 1want her (learn) English.
12. 1heard the door (open) and saw my friend (соте) into the room.
13. 1heard her (play) the piano.
14. 1 saw him (go out) of the house.
15. The teacher advised us (use) dictionaries.
16. Her father doesn't allow her (go) to the cinema alone.
17. We expect our basketball team (win) next game.
18. We don't want you (tell) anything.
19. 1 saw them (open) the window.
20. That is too difficult for you to do, let me (help) you.
2. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Вы ожидаете, работа будет сделана скоро? 2. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 3. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь? 4. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен. 7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня? 8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен новый дом. 9. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегодня?
Практическая работа №25
Придаточные предложения условия, времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему
1. Соотнесите фразы таким образом, чтобы получить условные предложения:
1. If you drop a brick into a bucket of water,
2. If you throw a lighted match into a can
of petrol,
3. If you heat water to 100°C,
4. If you pump air into a tyre,
5. If you drop a ball into a tank of water,
6. If you cool water to 0°C,
a. it will boil.
b. it will become bigger.
c. it won't sink.
d. you won't get an electric
shock.
e. it will sink.
f. you won't burn your hands.
2. Закончите предложения, используя will или won’t и слова burn, break, float
1. If a beam of concrete is struck with a small hammer,
2. If a piece of paper is lit with a match,
3. If a bar of steel is dropped on a stone floor,
4. If you bend a rubber tube,
5. If a pane of glass is dropped on a concrete floor,
6. If a stone falls on a safety helmet,
7. If an ice cube is placed in a glass of water,
Практическая работа №26
Абсолютные конструкции в английском языке и способы их перевода на русский язык
Чтобы правильно перевести абсолютную конструкцию, нужно прежде всего уметь распознать ее в тексте. Под «конструкцией» мы имеем в виду все предложение вместе с абсолютным оборотом. Поскольку абсолютный оборот является второстепенным распространенным членом предложения с внутренней предикацией, т. е. с отношениями между членами оборота, близкими к отношениям между подлежащим и сказуемым; вернее, между субъектом и предикатом, однако без глагола в личной форме, то этот оборот легко спутать с обычным второстепенным членом (чаще всего — с дополнением).
The firemen had to pull down the barn, the sheds, the stacks of dry wood being a highly combustible material.
Отделенный запятой абсолютный оборот содержит субъект the stacks и предикат being a highly combustible material, и неопытный переводчик мог бы принять этот оборот за третий член перечисления и перевести так: Пожарные вынуждены были разрушить сарай, пристройки и штабеля сухих дров, этот легко воспламеняющийся материал, что, конечно, было бы ошибочно. «Разрушать дрова» не пришлось, stacks of dry wood не является третьим дополнением: последний член перечисления обычно присоединяется союзом and, который в данном случае отсутствует. Это служит формальным показателем абсолютной конструкции, но решающим является, смысловой критерий. Разумеется, причастие (being a highly combustible material) здесь имеет, не' атрибутивную, а предикативную функцию: не именно эти дрова, которые являются легко воспламеняющимся материалом, а' дрова — легко воспламеняющийся материал (дрова вообще). Абсолютный оборот употреблен в причинной функции. Поэтому правильный перевод предложения:
Пожарные вынуждены были разрушить сараи И пристройки, так как штабеля сухих дров представляли собой легко воспламеняющийся материал.
Абсолютный оборот иногда называют независимым оборотом, так как он не зависит от других членов предложения. Именно поэтому, чтобы избежать ошибки и не принять этот оборот за однородный член, необходимо тщательно проверить характер смысловой связи оборота с остальным предложением. Например:
The reactionaries' general aim is to establish a fascist-like world regime in which the United States would have a monopolist control of world industry, with all other countries compelled to adjust themselves to this... (\V. Foster)
1. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
American imperialists, while driving on to conquer the world in order to keep their bloated, parasitic economic system in operation, are at the same time madly dreaming visions of expansion such as have never been entertained by any ruling class in history. They foresee an empire which could dwarf that of Chenghis Khan, that of Rome, of Great Britain, of Nazi Germany. With American bases dotting the whole globe, and American airplanes dominating the world's airlines, with the American Navy controlling the Seven Seas, with the American army equipped with A-bombs and other superlethal weapons and over-running vast land areas, with American industry monopolizing world capitalist production, with the US government telling the rest of the world what to do, with all loads leading to Washington, - what a paradise of profit and power this could be for the big capitalist world conquerors of Wall Street! It would constitute the perfect empire, the entire globe under our capitalist ruling class, the final realization of all dreams of all the tyrants of world history.
Практическая работа №27
Сложноподчиненные предложения с союзами
Сложноподчиненные предложения, состоящие из главных и придаточных предложений, подразделяются на следующие виды:
1) Придаточные подлежащие (вводятся союзами that что, whether ли, союзными словами who (whom), whose, what, which, where, when, how, why):
That he is one of the best students is a well-known fact.
То, что он является одним из лучших студентов, - хорошо известный факт.
2) Придаточные предикативы (те же союзы и союзные слова, что и для придаточных подлежащих):
This is what I have learned at the University.
Вот, что я узнал в университете.
3) Придаточные дополнительные (вводятся теми же союзами и союзными словами, что и придаточные подлежащие, или без союзов):
I didn’t know (that) he lived in our town.
Я не знал, что он живет в нашем городе.
4) Придаточные определительные (вводятся относительными местоимениями и наречиями who, whom, whose, what, which, that, where, when, why или без союзов):
The house (which) we live in is a new one.
Дом, в котором мы живем, новый.
5) Придаточные обстоятельственные:
а) обстоятельства времени (вводятся союзами when, whenever, while, before, after, as soon as и др.):
Whenever I come to him, he is always reading.
Когда бы я не пришел к нему, он всегда читает.
б) обстоятельства места (вводятся союзами where, wherever где бы ни):
He went where he had been sent to.
Он поехал туда, куда его послали.
в) обстоятельства образа действия и сравнения (вводятся союзами as как, as if, as though как будто):
He walked hastily, as if he was in a great hurry.
Он шел торопливо, как будто он очень спешил.
г) обстоятельства причины (вводятся союзами as, because, since):
I missed lessons, because I was not well.
Я пропустил занятия, потому что я чувствовал себя плохо.
д) обстоятельства следствия (вводятся союзами so … that, so that):
The book was so interesting that I read it the whole night.
Книга была настолько интересная, что я читал ее всю ночь.
е) обстоятельства цели (вводятся союзами that, in order that, so that чтобы, lest чтобы не):
Write down my phone number, lest you should forget it.
Запишите мой номер телефона, чтобы вы не забыли его.
ж) уступительные обстоятельственные предложения (вводятся союзами though (although) хотя, however как бы ни, whoever кто бы ни, whatever что бы ни, whichever какой бы ни):
Although the translation was rather difficult, the students made it well.
Хотя перевод был довольно трудный, студенты сделали его хорошо.
з) условные обстоятельственные предложения (conditional sentences).
1. Переведите сложноподчиненные предложения на русский язык:
1. As loпg as you are working here, we'll have а rest.
2. I'll have а talk with you after I've done my work.
3. They'll соте before the dinner starts.
4. The students had been doing translation since the lesson began.
5. What were you doing when 1came in?
6. 1gave the books to her after 1had read them.
7. The porter dropped the bох as he was bringing it in.
8. How they managed to do it was not clear.
9. Whether the students сап do this work is the main problem.
10. That they have known about the plan seems evident.
11. То bе or not to bе that is the question.
12. As soon as 1find your things, I'll let you know.
13. As soon as 1finished work, 1went home.
14. We had already reached the village when it began raining.
15. They went for а walk after they had finished the work.
2. Переведите сложноподчиненные предложения на английский язык
1. То, что этот вопрос важен, - ясно каждому.
2. Я чувствую, что я простудился.
3. Мои друзья обещают, что помогут мне.
4. Он только что сказал, чтобы мы ушли из этой аудитории.
5. Он сказал, что собирается уехать из нашего города.
6. Преподаватель сказал, что все студенты сдали экзамен.
7. Джон объяснил, почему он опоздал .
8. Он предупредил, что опоздает к обеду.
9. Преподаватель спросил, готовы ли Студенты контрольной работе.
10. Придут ли они вовремя, не важно.
11. Спортсмены должны много тренироваться, чтобы они смогли
принять участие в соревновании.
12. Вы должны быть внимательны, чтобы не сделать ошибок.
Практическая работа №28
Словообразование
1. Образуйте имена существительные от следующих слов
free, to equip, to distribute, to accelerate, wide, important, different, to
contribute, high, to exist, to educate, foreign, to cooperate, to build, to tile, to
insulate, to construct, to paint, to produce, to decorate, to design, to populate,
to continue, to provide, to utilize, to reduce, to mix, to contain, to insulate, to
compress
2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова и переведите их
pressure, building, thermoplastic, regulation, safely, vertical, projection,
horizontal, separately, acting, requirement, hydraulic, structure, equipment,
partition, structural, employment, tensional, lengthen, specially, monolithic,
different, storage, central, directly, basic, durable, flexible, exception, nearly,
limitation, construction, economic, minimize, insulation, scientific, sanitary,
mechanical, quantity, prefabricated, polymeric, harden, compressive, elastic
3. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова и переведите предложения
1. We can easily lift great loads by means of helicopters.
2. Using helicopters means making the job easier on inaccessible construction sites.
3. The use of helicopters is an excellent means of placing in position building units on inaccessible construction sites.
4. By no means can long-wheel-base lorries be used on a building site where access conditions are difficult.
5. The mean speed of manipulating building cranes can easily be calculated.
6. Large-scale mechanization should be introduced into building practice by all possible means.
7. Concrete must be thoroughly worked into the forms to fill them entirely and the reinforcement should be tied together so that it forms a stable framework.
8. A variety of metal forms for concreting are available.
9. As clay forms the soil in many areas, it has been used for brick making.
10. Structural walls are space enclosing elements which form rooms, or a collection of rooms, in a building; thus their form and dimensions must first be determined by the requirements of the plan.
Литература
1. Агабекян, И.П. Английский для инженеров – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2014. – 352с.
2. Агабекян П. П. Английский язык для ссузов учебное пособие . - Москва : Проспект, 2015.- 288 .
3. Безручко Е.Н. Английский для архитекторов. Пособие по английскому языку для студентов архитектурных и строительных специальностей вузов. – Москва: ИКЦ «МарТ», Ростов н/Д: Издательский центр «МарТ», 2015. – 192с.
4. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для строительных специальностей: Учеб. Пособие. – М.: Высшая школа, 2016. – 166с.
5. Рецкер Я. И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. Очерки лингвистической теории перевода / Дополнения и комментарии Д. И. Ермоловича. – М.: «Р. Валент», 2015. – 244 с.
6. Мусихина О.Н., Гисина О.Г., Яськова В.Л. Английский язык для строителей. Практикум/Серия «Высшее профессиональное образование». – Ростов н/Д: «Феникс», 2016 – 352с.
7. Синявская, Е.В. Учебник английского языка для технических вузов [Текст] / Е.В. Синявская. - М.: «Высш. школа», 2016 – 269с. - 50000экз. - ISBN 978-6-08-015128-3.
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