ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Государственное бюджетное профессиональное
образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области
«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (Английский язык)»
для студентов I курса
Тема 15. Физические и природные явления
Тема 16. Экологические проблемы. Защита окружающей среды. Безопасность жизнедеятельности
Тема 17. Достижения и инновации в области естественных наук
Тема 18. Участие в отраслевых выставках
для специальности 35.02.01 Лесное и лесопарковое хозяйство
| | Разработали: преподаватели иностранного языка Воронина М.В., Булкина Т.А.
|
Красные Баки
2021
Lesson 1
Физические явления
1. Translate the words
| force – power – strength – speed – size – length – color – shape – temperature – | capacity – volume – mass – weight – smell – pace – contrast – absence – presence – | state – noise – resistance – tension – kilogram – meter – inch – mile – pound – |
2. Read and translate the text «Physical Laws»:
A physical law or scientific law "is a theoretical statement inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present." Physical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations over many years and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community. The production of a summary description of our environment in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of science.
The main characteristics of physical laws. They are:
True, at least within their regime of validity. By definition, there have never been repeatable contradicting observations.
Universal. They appear to apply everywhere in the universe.
Simple. They are typically expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation.
Absolute. Nothing in the universe appears to affect them.
Stable. Unchanged since first discovered (although they may have been shown to be approximations of more accurate laws).
Omnipotent. Everything in the universe apparently must comply with them (according to observations).
Often expressions of existing homogeneities (symmetries) of space and time.
Typically, theoretically reversible in time (if non-quantum), although time itself is irreversible.
3. Find the words in the text:
выводимые, применимые, определенное, выводы, наблюдения, создание краткого описания, цель, достоверность, по определению, применять, всемогущий, подчиняться, обратимый
4. Read the text «Janies Prescott Joule» and answer the questions:
James Prescott Joule, famous British physicist, was born in 1818, in England. Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity. In the course of his research of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule’s law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.
Joule determined the numerical relation between heat and mechanical energy, or the mechanical equivalent of heat, using many independent methods. The unit of energy, called the joule, is named after him. It is equal to 1 watt/second. Together with the physicist William Thomson (Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the temperature of a gas falls when it expands without doing any work. This phenomenon, which became known as the Joule-Thomson effect, lies in the operation of modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
1. In what field did Joule make his research?
2. What law did Joule formulate?
3. What is Joule-Thomson effect? Where is it used?
5. Answer the questions using first conditional.
a) What will happen if you a paper clip in a glass of water? Will it sink or float?
b) What will happen if you put a needle in a glass of water? Will it sink or float?
c) What will happen if you put a coin in a glass of water? Will the coin look larger or smaller?
d) What will happen if you put a pencil in a glass of water? Will the pencil look larger, smaller, or broken?
e) What will happen if you put a piece of modeling clay in a glass of water? Will it sink or float?
6. Translate into English:
Типы физических явлений:
- тепловые (это явления, когда из-за воздействия температуры некоторые тела начинают трансформироваться (изменяется форма, размер и состояние); например, под воздействием теплого весеннего солнца тают сосульки и превращаются в жидкость, с наступлением холодов лужи замерзают, кипящая вода становится паром)
- механические (эти явления характеризуют смену положения одного тела по отношению к остальным; например, часы идут, мяч прыгает, дерево качается - все они находятся в движении)
- электрические (например, при резком снятии с себя шерстяного свитера слышится небольшой треск, если проделать это, отключив в комнате свет, то можно увидеть искорки)
- световые (тело, участвующее в явлении, которое связанно со светом, называют светящимся; например, всем известная звезда нашей Солнечной системы – Солнце, а также любая другая звезда, лампа и даже жучок-светлячок)
- звуковые (распространение звука, поведение звуковых волн при столкновениях с препятствием, а также иные явления)
- оптические. Они происходят благодаря свету. Так, например, человек и животные способны видеть, потому что есть свет. В эту группу также включены явления распространения и преломления света, его отражение от предметов и прохождение сквозь разные среды.
Lesson 2
Природные явления
№1. Translate into Russian:
hurricane, earthquake, tsunami, storm, avalanche, fog, flood, wildfire, rainbow, drought, tornado, landslide, volcano, thunder, lightning, typhoon, hailstones
№2. Fill in the correct word:
flood, foggy, rainbow, drought, hot, cold, windy, icicles, tornado, summer, snow, spring, sunny, cloudy, thunder, rainy, winter, autumn
When it is ________ you see water drops fall from the sky.
In _________ people often go skiing.
The noise you hear after a flash of lightning is called __________ .
The white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold weather are called __________.
Flowers bloom in ___________ .
________ are long thin pointed pieces of ice hanging from a roof or other surface.
In __________ the leaves fall from the trees.
You see the __________ when there is both sun and rain.
People like sunbathing when it is ________ .
It is ___________ when there are a lot of clouds.
If it is ___________ there is a lot of wind.
A ____ is a very violent storm that makes the air spin very quickly and causes a lot of damage.
People sweat when it is very __________ .
When it is ___________ it is very difficult to see.
There is serious __________ in this area since it hasn’t rained for months.
You wear warm clothes when it is _________ .
Days are longer in _________ than in winter.
The area suffered _________ damage as a result of the heavy rain
№3. Choose the right word and write the sentences:
a) The sky was full of dark clouds/rain.
b) Before the storm started, we heard booming/thunder.
c) It was very cold and the river was frozen/iced.
d) It won’t rain for a long time. It’s only a shower/bath.
e) When the wind whistlers/blows, all the trees move.
f) We sat on the beach and enjoyed got sunshine/sunburn.
g) It started raining, and everyone got watery/wet.
h) During the storm the sky lit up with rain/lightning.
№4. Choose the right definition and write the sentences:
1. hurricane
(A) a storm over high mountains, usually accompanied by snow.
(B) a tropical storm with strong winds and rain.
(C) a very quick, but very heavy, rain shower.
2. tornado
(A) a long, heavy snow shower, accompanied by strong winds.
(B) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry.
(C) a violent storm with a whirlwind.
3. volcano
(A) a violent shaking of the earth's surface.
(B) a strong wind caused by a drop in air pressure.
(C) a mountain with a hole in the top through which lava, ash and gas can come out.
4. drought
(A) a storm, usually without rain, which happens in hot countries.
(B) a very long period of rain.
(C) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry.
5. flood
(A) a large amount of water over land which is usually dry.
(B) a large area of dry land which should usually be wet (e.g., a dry lake).
(C) a lake or river which has been poisoned by pollution.
6. earthquake
(A) a long, heavy snow shower, accompanied by strong winds.
(B) a shaking of the earth caused by, for example, volcanic activity.
(C) a large area of dry land which should usually be wet.
7. tsunami
(A) a tropical storm with strong winds and rain.
(B) a huge wave in the sea, caused by an underwater earthquake.
(C) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry
№5. Read and translate the text. Choose best title for the text from your point of view: Volcanoes / What happened to Pompeii / Digging up the past / Mount Vesuvius
North of Pompeii there is a mountain called Mount Vesuvius. It is a volcano. The people who lived in Pompeii two thousand years ago were not afraid of the volcano. It had been quiet for eight hundred years.
Then in August one year strange things started to happen. People heard noises under the ground. The water in their wells disappeared. Birds flew away from the town. Animals were frightened. On August 24th Mount Vesuvius erupted. There was a loud explosion. Hot dust and rock was thrown 20 kilometres into the air. Red-hot lava and rock poured down the sides of the mountain. The wind was blowing towards Pompeii and the hot dust fell on the town. It made breathing difficult for people. Many people ran away but many people stayed there. They did not know that a wall of lava was coming towards the town at more than 1000 kilometres an hour. The next day the town of Pompeii was buried under four metres of lava. Everyone who had stayed in the town died. The town stayed buried until 1860 in that year archaeologists started to move the rock which covered the town. They found temples, theatres, shops and houses, paintings, jewelry and coins. They found the town just as it was nearly two thousand years ago when it disappeared under the lava from Mount Vesuvius.
Vesuvius has erupted many times. The last big eruption was in 1944. Will Vesuvius erupt again? Nobody knows. If it does, it might be a small eruption or a big one. Some people live close to Vesuvius because the soil around it is good for growing crops. But it is also very dangerous.
№6. Read these sentences and say whether they are true or false”.
The people of Pompeii were frightened of Mount Vesuvius.
Nothing unusual happened before the volcano erupted.
It was a very big eruption.
The lava moved slowly.
When the volcano erupted, everybody left the town.
The town was buried for nearly 2,000 years.
№7. Answer the questions:
What is Vesuvius?
Where is Vesuvius?
When did Vesuvius erupt?
What was there after eruption?
When was the last big eruption of Vesuvius?
Why do some people live close to Vesuvius? Is it dangerous?
№8. Here is some information about the earthquake in Armenia. Match the beginning of the sentence with the correct second part.
| 1. The earthquake struck at 11.41.am. … 2. Snow fell during the next few days … 3. At first it was thought 55,000 people had died … 4. As soon as the news of the tragedy had been broadcast, … 5. A plane carrying humanitarian aid crashed … 6. Restoration of the affected area began … 7. A government official promised the town would be rebuilt … | a) … when trying to lend. b) … as the people of Spitak, Armenia, were busy with their morning work. c) … by the end of the following year. d) … two weeks after the earthquake. e) … but later the figure was put at 25,000. f) … which made rescue operation difficult. g) … aid worth millions of dollars began to pour in. |
Lesson 3
Животные в опасности
1. Write new words:
danger- опасность
species-вид, виды
extinct- вымирающий
to hunt- охотиться
to damage- наносить ущерб, разрушать
the World Wildlife Fund- Всемирный фонд дикой природы
priest- священник
giant panda- большая панда
rare- редкий
to disappear- исчезать
to survive- выживать
whale- кит
to weigh- весить
mammal- млекопитающие
high-pitched- высокочастотный
cruel-жестокий
2. Read and translate the text
ANIMALS IN DANGER
At present a thousand species are almost extinct because we hunt them or damage their environment. Here are some of the animals in danger. The World Wildlife Fund is fighting to save them.
The French priest, Pierre David, was the first European to see a giant panda in China in 1869. Today the giant panda is one of the rarest species in the world. There are perhaps only 300 of them left. Giant panda likes to live in bamboo forests, but these are slowly disappearing.
The giant panda can live for up to 20 years, and big male can weigh 150 kilograms. A new-born panda weighs only 125 grams and measures less than 15 centimetres. The female panda is 800 times heavier than the baby at birth and the baby is 3-4 months old before he can crawl. It is pinkish-white at birth without dark markings and the familiar black eyes.
Fortunately the Chinese government now protects the panda, so it should survive. The World Wildlife Fund uses panda as its symbol.
The story of the whale has been another great wildlife tragedy. Some of these are the largest animals that have ever lived. A blue whale can weigh over 125 tonnes. Whales are mammals, not fish and they are highly intelligent. They send messages to each other over very long distances with high-pitched sounds.
Whales are now in great danger because hunters have killed too many of them. Modern ships and machines have made it easy to hunt these animals, and they are often killed in a very painful and cruel way. Some countries have agreed to protect the whale, but others have not and still kill too many.
3. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones
1.The World Wildlife Fund is an organization fighting to save animals in danger.
2. It uses the whale and the panda as its symbols.
3. At present about ten hundred species are almost extinct.
4. It happens because people hunt them.
5. Today the panda is one of the rarest species in the world.
6. Whales and giant pandas are in great danger.
7. A whale is a giant fish: a blue whale can weigh over 125 tonnes.
8. Whales communicate witch each other with high-pitched sounds.
9. Fortunately the Chinese Government now protects whales.
10. Nevertheless, other countries still kill too many of them.
4. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words:
Greenpeace, oxygen, jungle rain forests, ecology, breathing, nature, wildlife, flora and fauna
Who can save our planet?
People depend on the planet, on the Sun, on animals and plants around them. People must take care of the Earth. Our … becomes worse and worse with every new day. People destroy … and cut down trees to make furniture. They forget that they can’t live without trees and plants, because they fill the air with … . Oxygen is necessary for our … . We can’t stay indifferent to these problems.
There are a lot special organizations which are trying to save our nature. One of them is… . Their aim is to help … to survive, to rescue animals, to save …, which are in danger of destruction. We must find the right way to save our land, people and animals. We must take care of … because we are a part of it.
5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
The Most Dangerous Animal
| Polar bears may appear to be all soft and cuddly, but they are the (1)… of their species and extremely dangerous. But (2) … that to Canadian animal trainer Mark Dumas, whose (3) … friend happens to be a big cuddly snow white polar bear! Their unusual friendship (4) … when the bear was just six weeks old. The wild animal trainer adopted her from a zoo and raised her. While Agee (5) … at home anymore, the bond between her and Mark (6) … . Even as the cute baby (7) … into a 16-year-old 800-pound adult, the two (8) … to be (9) … pals. They (10) … playing, swimming, and even wrestling together - something Mark (11) … could be fatal if Agee (12) … aggressive. However, the trainer who (13) … with bears for over 40 years says he is able (14) … their body language and knows when to back off. | (1) LARGE (2) NOT MENTION (3) GOOD (4) BEGIN (5) NOT LIVE (6) WEAKEN (7) GROW (8) CONTINUE (9) GOOD (10) SEE (11) REALIZE (12) TURN (13) WORK (14) READ
|
6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What animals do you know?
2. What wild animals do you know?
3. What domestic animals do you know?
4. What meat-eating animals do you know?
5. What grass-eating animals do you know?
7. Write 5 words with translations for each category:
| Mammals: Rodents: Reptiles: Fishes: | Trees: Flowers: Insects: Birds: |
8. Talk about how we can save our nature using the following prompts.
People depend on...
At present … are in danger.
To save our planet…
To save natural resources…
9. Sort the words/phrases into categories
| Where wildlife exists | Problems | Solutions |
|
|
|
|
woodlands, ponds, hedgerows, rivers, playgrounds, gardens, sand; building roads, houses; litter, poisonous chemicals from farms & factories, threaten animals’ habitats, write to councils, wildlife charities, don’t litter/pick up litter, create habitats.
Lesson 4
Gerund
1. Study the information:
Герундий - это неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками как глагола, так и существительного. Подобной формы в русском языке нет.
Как и глагол, герундий имеет формы времени и залога, может определяться наречием.
Формы герундия
| Форма причастия | Действительный залог | Страдательный залог |
| Indefinite | reading | being read |
| Perfect | having read | having been read |
На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием, глаголом в личной форме или придаточным предложением:
Students often have considerable difficulties in understanding the difference between the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite.
Учащиеся часто испытывают значительные трудности в понимании различия между настоящим совершенным временем (глагола) и прошедшим неопределенным. (или: «в том, чтобы понять различие...»)
Функции герундия в предложении
В предложении герундий может употребляться в следующих функциях:
1. Подлежащего:
Your coming now and saying "I'm her father" doesn't change my feellings. - To, что вы пришли сейчас и говорите: «Я - ее отец»,- не меняет моих чувств.
2. Именной части сказуемого:
Seeing is believing. - Увидеть - значит поверить.
3. Дополнения (прямого, предложного):
The teacher has aimed at teaching students to speak in correct English. - Учитель поставил цель научить учащихся правильно говорить на английском языке.
4. Определения:
The difficulties of rebuilding the plant were successfully overcome. - Трудности, связанные с перестройкой завода, были успешно преодолены.
5. Обстоятельств:
You can help him by supporting him. - Вы можете помочь ему тем, что поддержите его.
После таких глаголов, как to like, to dislike, to prefer и др., в качестве дополнения может употребляться как герундий, так и инфинитив.
После таких глаголов, как to avoid, to need, to mind (в значении возражать), to remember, to require, в качестве дополнения употребляется только герундий:
I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment... - Помню, как однажды я ходил в Британский Музей, чтобы изучить способ лечения какого-то легкого недомогания...
Глаголы to stop, to forget в зависимости от того, следует за ним герундий или инфинитив, имеют разные значения:
Не stopped to speak to me. - Он остановился, чтобы поговорить со мной.
Не stopped speaking. - Он перестал разговаривать.
После некоторых глаголов с предлогами и наречиями, а также после некоторых словосочетаний с предлогами употребляется только герундий. К ним относятся:
to give up
to be afraid of
to be famous for
to be fond of
to be interested in
to be worth of
to be proud of
to depend on
to insist on (upon)
to know of
to object to
to prevent from
to think of
to go on
После составных предлогов because of, on account of, thanks to, due to, owing to, instead of, in spite of, for the purpose of, with a view of, of (no) use употребляется только герундий.
2. Translate into Russian
He always suggested staying here.
The job involves travelling to Germany once a month.
I proposed having party at the beach.
I promised to care for the cat but I’m not much good at babysitting.
He is capable of standing on his head and playing the saxophone.
You’d better start digging the garden.
Writing letters is more boring than phoning.
It is not worth helping him do this job.
My wife apologized for being late.
I’m very excited about attending tomorrow’s game.
She ran away without looking behind her.
He has a habit of smoking in the morning.
My sister has got a talent for learning languages.
I insisted on taking the dog for a walk myself.
She is scared of being alone at night.
3. Translate into English
Мой дядя бросил курить и сейчас предпочитает есть.
Пожалуйста, прекратите шептаться.
Мне нравится быть одному. Я никогда не чувствую себя одиноко.
Я перешел дорогу, не посмотрев.
Подумай хорошо (carefully), прежде чем принять решение.
Попробуй нажать на кнопку!
Как насчет последнего стаканчика?
Она закончила красить свою квартиру.
Ты можешь представить свою жизнь без ТВ?
Я правда не могу терпеть ждать автобус.
Я не мог не засмеяться.
Мы попытались открыть окно, но на улице было так жарко, что это не помогло.
Вам следует прекратить курить, это плохо для Вашего здоровья.
Я сожалею, что рассказал Джулии свой секрет; она рассказала всем.
Он всех поблагодарил за то, что пришли.
4. Choose the right form:
1. I want (to see/seeing) Paris.
2. We enjoy (to swim/swimming).
3. I would like (to live/living) in a small town.
4. I hope (to visit/visiting) you next week.
5. My brother hates (to help/helping) me with my homework.
6. We stayed in the house until it stopped (to rain/raining).
7. I don’t really mind (to cook/cooking).
8. We would prefer (to buy/buying) a new house.
9. I love (to travel/travelling) by train.
10. We like (to learn/learning) English.
5. Choose gerund or infinitive
I am planning (to visit/visiting) my granny next week.
When they finish (to eat/eating) their lunch, they’ll go to the office.
He suggested (to buy/buying) some food.
Does Sally enjoy (to go/going) to the gym?
Don’t put off (to write/writing) a report till the end of the month.
John refused (to answer/answering) my question.
My brother intends (to get/getting) married soon.
I think she didn’t mean (to hurt/hurting) you.
Keep (to beat/beating) the eggs.
Fred can’t afford (to travel/travelling) this year.
Lesson 5
Кто спасёт планету
1. Read the dialogue “A Plastic Ocean”:
Narrator: I remember the first time I saw a blue whale.
Man: Look, look! (… Wow!)
Narrator: I’d followed them since childhood.
Diver: Where do you think it’s from? Is it from a ship?
Narrator: I could see plastic everywhere. Every year 8 million tons of plastic are dumped into our oceans
Presenter: We were in what we thought was a relatively pristine environment. I started to wonder what was happening in oceans elsewhere on the planet.
Narrator: Growing up, my world was the ocean. It’s where I feel the most spiritual.
Diver: As a free diver, it was a place where I proved myself to myself. Finally have the opportunity to pay the sea back.
Narrator: Only a fraction of the plastic that we produce is recycled.
Man: This is never going to degrade. It’s got nowhere to go.
Narrator: It’s something that these animals are forced to endure because it was man-made and we put it into their environment.
Diver: The record is two hundred and seventy-six pieces of plastic inside one ninety-day-old chick. If the plastics are in the food chain for the dolphin, then they're also in our food chain.
Lady: Exactly!
Narrator: Communities are built on these landfill sites … So sweet potatoes, corn, sugar cane, all growing on forty years of garbage. Do you have anything not wrapped in plastic?
… No! Save our future!
Narrator: We have to make our life better for our kids' children. We need a wave of change.
Narrator: Change is possible! It starts with us!
2. Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–h next to the numbers 1–8.
| 1. a crisis 2. to degrade 3. a landfill site 4. to dump 5. to endure 6. a free diver 7. a fraction of something 8. pristine | a. an area where waste is buried under the ground b. a small part of something c. a difficult or dangerous situation that needs urgent attention d. a diver who holds their breath under water e. in perfect condition f. to get rid of something quickly without worrying about it g. to suffer
h. to break down into smaller substance |
3. Check your understanding: multiple choice
1. When did the first narrator start following blue whales?
a. When he was a teenager
b. When he was a child
c. When he was an adult
2. How many tons of plastic are dumped into the oceans every year?
a. 8 million
b. 5 million
c. 9 million
3. What does the narrator do for a living?
a. He’s a TV presenter.
b. He’s a diver.
c. He’s a journalist
4. How does the free diver feel about her work helping to clean the oceans?
a. That more people should do it
b. That it’s her way to pay back the ocean for all the pleasure it has given her
c. That it’s an impossible job
5. Why is the plastic in the ocean never going to degrade?
a. Because it has nowhere to go
b. Because there is too much of it
c. Because more and more is being dumped daily
6. How many pieces of plastic were found in a ninety-day-old chick?
a. 256
b. 266
c. 276
7. What has been built on the landfill sites?
a. Beaches – including resorts for tourists
b. Factories – including plastic bottle factories
c. Communities – including their food production
8. What does the main narrator believe is possible?
a. He believes change is possible and it starts with us.
b. He believes change is possible if we stop buying plastic bottles.
c. He believes change is possible if we stop throwing bottles in the ocean
4. Answer the questions:
What is the air polluted by?
Are power stations and factories dangerous?
Why are toxic fumes so serious for our nature?
Are our rivers polluted? What are causes of it?
Can you see pollution at the seaside?
What do you know about acid rain?
Why do many people not drink pure water?
What is happening to the sea animals?
Why have many species of birds and animals disappeared?
Why do the people cut the trees down?
Why is it so important to save the forests?
Is litter a problem in your city?
5. Match the word from the left column to those from the right one:
| 1 To get rid of 2 To ban 3 To fine for 4 To reduce 5 To donate to 6 To destroy 7 To save 8. To heal | a) pollution b) animals c) littering d) hunting e) violence f) our souls g) natural habitat h) water |
6. Learn the poem “Hug the Earth” by Lorraine Bayes:
The earth is a garden
It’s a beautiful place.
For all living creatures,
For all the human race.
Helping Mother Earth.
We can peacefully roam.
We all deserve a place.
We can call our home.
And I would like
to thank you Mother Earth
I like to see you dressed
in green and blue
I want to be by you.
7. Put the words from the box into the gaps in the text:
Save our planet.
| hundreds rubbish cold 36 pollute atmosphere produce plants plastic bags warmer amazing |
There are many________ places on Earth. Forests are home to over half of the world’s animals and plants. Trees clean the air and ________oxygen for us to breathe. Every day we throw away ________of trees in paper and card and we destroy more than __________football fields of forests.
The oceans are home to millions of marine animals. They absorb the sun’s heat, transfer it to the ____________and move it around the world. A lot of the ___________we produce on land pollutes the oceans. Turtles mistake ________ for jellyfish and die when they eat them.
At opposite sides of the world, The Arctic and Antarctic are freezing cold lands. It is so _______that that the see is covered in ice. The fuel we use for energy makes the climate_______. As it gets warmer, the ice melts and the sea rises. The land disappears.
Rivers collect rainwater and carry it to the oceans. Along the way, __________absorb and clean the water so it is safe for us to drink.
Farm and factories _______the rivers with pesticides and chemicals. Every day we flush 50 litres of dirty water down the toilet. We must save our nature so that we and our children can live a long and healthy life!
Lesson 6
Причастие
Причастие – это неличная форма английского глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, наречия и прилагательного. Английские причастия делятся на причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) и причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II).
Формы причастия
| Active | doing | - | having done |
| Passive | being done | done | having been done |
|
| выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого | выражает действие, одновременное или предшествующее глаголу-сказуемому | выражает действие, предшествующее глаголу-сказуемому |
Отрицательная форма причастия
Not knowing the truth he felt unconcerned. - Не зная правды (так как он не знал
правды), он не волновался.
Not having found the book he rang up his friend. - Не найдя книгу, он позвонил другу.
Функции причастий в предложении
Причастие настоящего времени может употребляться в предложении в следующих функциях:
1. Именной части сказуемого:
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing. -Я посмотрел на книжную полку: одной книги не хватало.
2. Определения:
Women from 111 countries and belonging to 132 national organisations took part in the meeting in Prague in 1986. -Женщины, принадлежащие к 132 национальным организациям из 111 стран, приняли участие во встрече, которая состоялась в Праге в 1986 году.
3. Обстоятельств:
Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine. - Зная хорошо английский, он смог прочитать этот журнал.
4. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие настоящего времени образует формы продолженных времен:
In a large, hot, richly-furnished drawing-room two women were sitting. - В большой, душной, богато меблированной гостиной сидели две женщины.
Причастие прошедшего времени может употребляться в предложении в следующих функциях:
1. Именной части сказуемого:
Russia's climate is as varied as her scenery. - Климат России такой же разнообразный, как и пейзаж.
2. Определения:
The Professor did not exaggerate when he spoke of the widespread interest excited by his new psycho-physiological experiment. - Профессор не преувеличивал, когда говорил о широко распространившемся интересе, вызванном его новым психофизиологическим экспериментом.
Случаи употребления причастий в роли определений:
Причастие I (Present Participle) говорит о человеке или предмете через его действие: a dancing girl – танцующая девочка, falling snow – падающий снег.
Причастие II (Past Participle) характеризует чувства человека, которые вызывает предмет или явление: a bored man – скучающий человек_ I am interested in sports – я интересуюсь спортом.
3. Обстоятельства:
When discussed by the meeting the Appeal to All the Women of the World was adopted by it.- После того, как «Воззвание ко Всем Женщинам Мира» было обсуждено собранием, оно было принято.
4. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие прошедшего времени образует формы страдательного залога:
The flat of Hercule Poirot was furnished in a modern style. - Квартира Эркюля Пуаро была обставлена в современном стиле.
5. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to have причастие прошедшего времени образует формы совершенных времен:
Europe has twice this century been the scene of a destructive war that has spread to global proportion. - В течение этого столетия Европа дважды была местом разрушительной войны, которая распространилась на весь мир.
Перфектное причастие употребляется в предложении в функции обстоятельств:
Having done the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to write a composition. - Выполнив вопросно-ответные упражнения, учащиеся начали писать сочинение.
№1. Образуйте все виды причастий от данных глаголов:
Например: do – doing – having done – being done – done – having been done
to go, to leave, to stay, to break, to drive, to fail, to stop, to sleep, to buy, to come
№2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Например: Look at that walking man. - Посмотри на того шагающего мужчину.
1. We saw the child’s shining eyes.
2. The girl watched the falling snow.
3. We looked at the closed gate in surprise.
4. She found her lost notebook on her father’s bookshelf.
5. The cars filling the street moved very slowly.
6. A fish taken out of water cannot live.
7. The pupils taking part in the competition must be here at 4 o’clock.
8. The language circle organized by our English club meets every Wednesday and Friday.
9. We watched the birds flying in the sky.
10. Suddenly they noticed a cloud of smoke rising into the air.
№3. Употребите причастия в форме настоящего времени действительного залога.
She was sitting and watching the sunset. - She sat watching the sunset.
1. The man who is sitting at the window is waiting for you.
2. As he was a rich man he could buy the car.
3. As she was ill she had to stay at home.
4. As she was proud of her son she often spoke about him.
5. What is the name of the man who is talking to Jack?
6. As he was late he took a taxi.
7. The child who was crying looked unhappy.
8. At last I found the page which was missing.
9. As he was interested in the subject he read a lot of books about it.
№4. Употребите причастия в форме страдательного залога.
He was being followed and felt uneasy. - Being followed he felt uneasy.
1. As he hadn’t been introduced to the other guests he felt a stranger.
2. As she was being looked at she felt confused.
3. He had been taught good manners and that was why he was admired by everybody.
4. The clothes, which are being sold here, are expensive.
5. As the cup was broken it was of no use.
6. He hadn’t been asked to come in and felt hurt.
7. As the flowers had been kept without water for a long time they faded.
8. As the house was being reconstructed it was empty.
9. As he had not been told the truth he didn’t know how to act.
№5. Переведите на английский язык.
Города, расположенные на побережье, часто являются портами.
Поля, разделенные живыми изгородями, всегда выглядят очень привлекательно.
Места, связанные с Шекспиром, находятся главным образом в Стратфорде-на-Эйвоне.
Как мы называем людей, живущих в Шотландии и говорящих на шотландском диалекте?
Дети, взволнованные цирковым представлением, решили стать акробатами.
Есть ли в Британии местности, покрытые лесами?
Lesson 7
Достижения и инновации
1. Translate the following words:
Science, cover, broad, deal with, relationship, wide, variety, search for, clue, universe, origin, cell, research, solve, complicated, unity, attempt, happen, consider, prove, divide, major, grow (grew), complicated, boundary, clear, numerous, overlap, interconnect, influence, provide, discovery, invention, shape, Universe, tool.
2. Read the text and translate it:
The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.
Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the Universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researches investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.
Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unity facts. Scientific theories consist of general principals or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.
Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social and technical sciences. As science, knowledge grew and became more complicated. Many new fields of science appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields became less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.
Science has great influence on our life. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the Universe.
3. Find in the text the English for:
большая область знаний, иметь дело с, отношения между, большое множество, и происхождение Вселенной, решать проблемы, граница между, различать, близко взаимосвязаны, оказывать влияние, сформировать взгляд на.
4. Find in the text the synonyms for:
learn, a large number of, look for, decide, difficult problems, try, scientific research, major groups, various.
5. Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph:
1) The fields of scientific research.
2) Different groups of sciences.
3) The importance of science.
4) What is science?
5) Methods of scientific research.
6. Ask questions to the following sentences.
1. The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”.
2. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts.
3. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural.
4. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts
5. Science has great influence on our life.
7. Scientific disciplines. They are particular branches of scientific knowledge.
| 1. Geography
2. History 3. Astronomy
4. Biology
5. Ecology
6. Maths
7. Physics
8. Chemistry 9. Economics
10. Botany | a. the scientific study of the universe and of objects that exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets, and stars. b. the scientific study of the natural processes of living things. c. the scientific study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them. d. the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other. e. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react or combine. f. the scientific study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. g. the scientific study of the system by which a country’s wealth is made and used. h. the scientific study of plants. i. the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. j. the scientific study of past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country, or subject |
8. Match the names with their discoveries and inventions.
| 1. Gallileo Gallilei | a) paper |
| 2. Isaak Newton | b) thermometer and microscope |
| 3. Alexander Bell | c) low of universal gravity |
| 4. Alexander Popov | d) diesel engine |
| 5. John Logie Baird | e) telephone |
| 6. Rudolf Diesel | f) table of chemical elements |
| 7. Dmitry Mendeleev | g) radio |
| 8. Tsai Lun | h) television |
| 9. Nicolas Cugnot | i) automobile |
| 10. Thomas Edison | j) light bulb |
9. Write the achievements and innovations in Russia by your specialty (8-10):
| Achievement or innovation | Inventor | Date |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Lesson 8
Модальные глаголы
№1. Запишите таблицу в тетрадь:
| Модальный глагол | Значение |
| Can / could | 1)умение, способность 2)возможность, разрешение 3)просьба в вежливой форме |
| to be able (to) | физическая способность или возможность |
| must | 1)обязанность, долженствование, твёрдая необходимость, логическое заключение 2)приказание или совет 3)выражение предположения, которое говорящий считает вполне правдоподобным |
| to have (to) | вынужденность, обязанность |
| to be (to) | долженствование в силу договорённости или плана |
| should | 1)обязанность (менее сильная, чем must) 2)совет, рекомендация 3)упрёк, порицание, сожаление |
| ought (to) | 1)моральный долг 2)настоятельный совет, строгая рекомендация 3)сожаление |
| shall | 1)намерение 2)предложение |
| to be obliged (to) | быть обязанным |
| to be allowed (to) | разрешение |
| may | 1)разрешение, при not – запрещение 2)предположение с сомнением |
| need | необходимость |
| dare | сметь, посметь (в вопросе и отрицании – не сметь), дерзнуть, осмелиться |
№2. Вставьте can или can’t
1) I … ride a bicycle, but I … swim.
2) … you play chess?
3) Mary always late for work because she … get up early.
4) … your husband cook?
5) Their daughter’s only six months old, so she … talk or read.
6) … you speak any foreign languages?
7) I’m sorry, I … understand this sentence.
8) My sister … play the violin brilliantly.
№3. Допишите ответы на вопросы.
1) Can you cook? – Yes, I …
2) Can your parents speak English? – No, …
3) Can Jim play football well? – No, …
4) Can your daughter read and write? – Yes, …
5) Can you swim? – No, …
6) Can your son write music? – Yes, …
7) Can your friends play tennis? – Yes, …
№4. Переведите предложения.
1) Он должен перевести текст дома.
2) Умеешь ты говорить по-английски?
3) Мне следует учиться усердно.
4) Могу я войти?
5) Не мог бы он поехать в город?
№5. Выпишите из предложений модальные глаголы и основные глаголы по образцу. Переведите предложения.
Ex.: Weather can change very quickly. – Погода может меняться очень быстро. (can – модальный глагол, change – основной глагол)
1. We should find a better job.
2. They can understand French.
3. The little John couldn`t speak Spanish.
4. Jane must find her cousin.
5. May I shut the door?
6. Can your brother help me with mathematics?
7. You needn't do it today
8. Should Jack come to college on time?
9. They may stay here now.
10. Must we learn the poem today?
№6. Переведите на русский язык. Выпишите модальные глаголы.
1. Her grandmother can knit very well. 2. I can answer the questions. They are very easy. 3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can’t afford it. 4. She can type. She can speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she's looking for. 5. Can You go to have lunch with me? - I'm sorry. I can't. 6. Mike can run very fast. 7. They can understand French. 8. Kate can speak English very well. 9. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 10. Can you speak Spanish?
Lesson 9
Отраслевые выставки
1. Study the information:
Types of question
1) Общий вопрос
Общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или nо:
Do you like ice-cream? - Yes, I do.
Can you speak English? - Yes, I can.
Are you a schoolboy? - No, I am not.
Have you bought a text book? - Yes, I have.
Порядок слов в общем вопросе
1) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),
2) подлежащее (существительное или местоимение),
3) смысловой глагол (или дополнение).
2) Специальный вопрос
Специальный вопрос относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:
What is your name? - My name is Peter.
Where do you live? - I live in Rostov.
Порядок слов в специальном вопросе
1) вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т.д.),
2) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),
3) подлежащее,
4) смысловой глагол,
5) дополнения,
6) обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).
В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему в Present и Past Indefinite, не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов: Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?
3) Альтернативный вопрос
Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:
Do you like coffee or tea? - Вы любите кофе или чай?
Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.
4) Разделительный вопрос
Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть - это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой — краткий вопрос (tail - «хвостик»):
You are a pupil, aren't you? - Вы ученик, не правда ли?
Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй - отрицание.
Если в повествовательной части - отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, - утверждение:
You are a student, aren't you?
You don't go to school every day, do you?
2. Put the 4 types of questions to the following sentences:
He must work hard today.
It is not cold today.
Ann has already begun to read a new book.
We learn English at school.
They will show you how to get there.
I didn't feel well that evening.
3. Write the abbreviations:
SIMM - Международная выставка машиностроительных технологий и металлообрабатывающей промышленности
CIMT - Китайская международная выставка станков и машинного оборудования
USETEC - международная выставка подержанных машин и оборудования
AMITEC - Выставка автозапчастей, оборудования для станций техобслуживания и автозаправочных станций
IMTS - Международная выставка производственных технологий
MSV - Международная машиностроительная выставка
VIIF - международная промышленная выставка Вьетнама
Mashex - международная специализированная выставка оборудования, комплектующих, материалов, технологий и услуг для металлообработки и машиностроения
MWCS - Китайская международная выставка металлообрабатывающей и станкостроительной промышленности
EMAF - международная выставка машин, оборудования и услуг для промышленности
METALEX - Международная выставка и конференция по машиностроению, станкам и металлообрабатывающему оборудованию
СТАНКОСТРОЕНИЕ — международная специализированная выставка
Лесдревмаш - международная выставка «Машины, оборудование, принадлежности, инструменты и приборы для деревообрабатывающей, мебельной, лесной и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности»
4. Read, translate the text and make up 8 your own questions. Answer the questions:
What role do the specialized exhibitions play?
What can you see on the specialized exhibitions?
There are two types of fairs and exhibitions: specialized, showing of one or several industries, and general, covering many different field. A fair or an exhibition is always an event which attract serious businessman and the general public. At many exhibitions there are stands and stalls selling all kinds of goods. The businessman can get acquainted of the new goods, establish business contacts, sign a contract for the purchase. The themes and mottoes of the exhibitions are different but the keynote remains: it is peace and progress all over the world through trade and cooperation.
Very many national and international specialized exhibitions are held every year in different countries of our world. From year to year the number of companies and countries participating in such exhibitions is growing. The scope of exhibitions is also getting larger. The present exhibitions include a wide range of showpieces showing the important achievements in different fields of science, industry and agriculture of different countries.
5. Read the dialogue and answer the questions
- The exhibition will open in three months. It’s time to start a preexhibition publicity campaign, isn’t it?
- Placing advertisement in the press?
- Not only that. We want to advertise on the radio, television and hoardings.
- That may be very expensive.
- We are sure the expense will be worth it.
- I’ll do all arrangements, buy space in business publications and time on radio and television. We can begin distributing advertising literature.
- We’ve prepared colourful advertising literature for the exhibition.
- Good. I hope we haven’t forgotten anything?
- Oh, yes, another thing. Would you arrange for photographers and journalists to take pictures and give a good write-up of the exhibition?
- OK. Good-bye.
1. In what way did the Organizing Committee want pre-exhibition publicity campaign to be arranged?
2. Do businessmen object spending money on advertising?
3. What kind of proposals did the Organizing Committee come up with?
4. Why did the representatives of the Organizing Committee decide to invite photographers and journalists?
6. Read and translate the text. Make up 5 questions to the text.
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851
The Great Exhibition of 1851was held in London inside an enormous structure of iron and glass known as the Crystal Palace. In five months, from May to October 1851, six million visitors thronged the gigantic trade show, marveling over the latest technology as well as displays of artifacts from around the world.
The stunning display of inventions, works of art, and objects collected in distant lands was something of a precursor of a World's Fair. In fact, some newspapers referred to it as such. And it had a definite purpose: the rulers of Britain intended to show the world that technology was bringing uplifting changes to society and Britain was leading the race into the future.
The idea of the Great Exhibition originated with Henry Cole, an artist, and inventor. But the man who ensured the event happened in spectacular fashion was Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria.
Albert recognized the value of organizing a massive trade show that would place Britain at the forefront of technology by displaying its latest inventions, everything from massive steam engines to the latest cameras. Other nations were invited to participate, and the official name of the show was The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.
7. Translate the text:
Логотип ЭКСПО
Что такое ЭКСПО? Всемирная выставка или Экспо (Expo) — международная выставка, которая является символом индустриализации и открытой площадкой для демонстрации технических и технологических достижений.
Первая выставка в Лондоне. Первая выставка называлась «Великая выставка промышленных работ всех народов» и прошла в 1851 в Англии, в лондонском Гайд-парке. На этой первой мировой выставке были представлены промышленные товары и различные изделия ремесла, машины, полезные ископаемые, а так же произведения искусства.
Хрустальный дворец. Этот огромный выставочный зал (площадью свыше 90 000 кв.м) из железа и стекла был построен в Гайд-парке специально для выставки. По завершении выставки Дворец был разобран и перенесён на новое место, в лондонское предместье Сиднем-Хилл. 30 ноября 1936 Хрустальный Дворец был уничтожен пожаром и не восстанавливался.
Самые интересные экспонаты первой выставки.
Наиболее впечатляющим разделом выставки являлся машинотехнический, где выделялось оборудование для железных дорог: локомотивы, вагоны, рельсы паровые,
Ярмарка в Филадельфии - «Лошадиная сила», 1876 год. Ярмарку устроили в честь столетия основания США. Это первая официальная мировая ярмарка, проведенная в Штатах. Самым важным экспонатом на выставке оказался паровой двигатель мощностью в 1500 лошадиных сил.
Ярмарка в Париже, Эйфелева башня, 1889 год. Устроена в честь столетия штурма Крепости «Бастилия» или же начала французской революции. Но самым главным участником выставки стала Эйфелева башня. На тот момент это самое высокое архитектурное строение в мире.
Ярмарка в Чикаго – «Колесо Ферриса», 1893 год. Хотя Колумб никогда не бывал в этих местах, выставка была названа в его честь. Таким образом отметили 400-ую годовщину со дня открытия Колумбом Нового мира. На этой ярмарке мир впервые увидел колесо обозрения.
8. Answer the questions:
1.What is an exhibition?
2.What does the display of the exhibition include?
3.What are fairs and exhibitions usually crowded with?
4.What are usually established for different goods selling and purchasing?
5.What is one of the purpose of the international fairs and exhibitions?
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