Методические указания 1 курс 7 часть (ТОР)

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (Английский язык)»

для студентов I курса 7 часть

Тема 15. Достижения и инновации в области науки и техники

Тема 16. Машины и механизмы. Промышленное оборудование

Тема 17. Современные компьютерные технологии в промышленности

Тема 18. Отраслевые выставки

для специальности 23.02.07 «Техническое обслуживание

и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей»

Разработали: преподаватели иностранного языка Воронина М.В., Булкина Т.А.

Красные Баки

2021

Тема 15. Достижения и инновации в области науки и техники

Lesson 1

Достижения и инновации

1. Translate the following words:

Science, cover, broad, deal with, relationship, wide, variety, search for, clue, universe, origin, cell, research, solve, complicated, unity, attempt, happen, consider, prove, divide, major, grow (grew), complicated, boundary, clear, numerous, overlap, interconnect, influence, provide, discovery, invention, shape, Universe, tool.

2. Read the text and translate it:

The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the Universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researches investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unity facts. Scientific theories consist of general principals or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social and technical sciences. As science, knowledge grew and became more complicated. Many new fields of science appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields became less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our life. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the Universe.

3. Find in the text the English for:

большая область знаний, иметь дело с, отношения между, большое множество, и происхождение Вселенной, решать проблемы, граница между, различать, близко взаимосвязаны, оказывать влияние, сформировать взгляд на.

4. Find in the text the synonyms for: 

learn, a large number of, look for, decide, difficult problems, try, scientific research, major groups, various.

5. Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph:

1) The fields of scientific research.

2) Different groups of sciences.

3) The importance of science.

4) What is science?

5) Methods of scientific research.

6. Ask questions to the following sentences.

1. The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”.

2. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts.

3. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural.

4. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts

5. Science has great influence on our life.

7. Scientific disciplines. They are particular branches of scientific knowledge.

1. Geography 2. History 3. Astronomy 4. Biology 5. Ecology 6. Maths 7. Physics 8. Chemistry 9. Economics 10. Botany

a. the scientific study of the universe and of objects that exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets, and stars. b. the scientific study of the natural processes of living things. c. the scientific study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them. d. the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other. e. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react or combine. f. the scientific study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. g. the scientific study of the system by which a country’s wealth is made and used. h. the scientific study of plants. i. the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. j. the scientific study of past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country, or subject

8. Match the names with their discoveries and inventions.

1. Gallileo Gallilei	a) paper
2. Isaak Newton	b) thermometer and microscope
3. Alexander Bell	c) low of universal gravity
4. Alexander Popov	d) diesel engine
5. John Logie Baird	e) telephone
6. Rudolf Diesel	f) table of chemical elements
7. Dmitry Mendeleev	g) radio
8. Tsai Lun	h) television
9. Nicolas Cugnot	i) automobile
10. Thomas Edison	j) light bulb

9. Write the achievements and innovations in Russia by your specialty (8-10):

Achievement or innovation	Inventor	Date

Lesson 2

Модальные глаголы

№1. Запишите таблицу в тетрадь:

Модальный глагол	Значение
Can / could	1)умение, способность 2)возможность, разрешение 3)просьба в вежливой форме
to be able (to)	физическая способность или возможность
must	1)обязанность, долженствование, твёрдая необходимость, логическое заключение 2)приказание или совет 3)выражение предположения, которое говорящий считает вполне правдоподобным
to have (to)	вынужденность, обязанность
to be (to)	долженствование в силу договорённости или плана
should	1)обязанность (менее сильная, чем must) 2)совет, рекомендация 3)упрёк, порицание, сожаление
ought (to)	1)моральный долг 2)настоятельный совет, строгая рекомендация 3)сожаление
shall	1)намерение 2)предложение
to be obliged (to)	быть обязанным
to be allowed (to)	разрешение
may	1)разрешение, при not – запрещение 2)предположение с сомнением
need	необходимость
dare	сметь, посметь (в вопросе и отрицании – не сметь), дерзнуть, осмелиться

№2. Вставьте can или can’t

1) I … ride a bicycle, but I … swim.

2) … you play chess?

3) Mary always late for work because she … get up early.

4) … your husband cook?

5) Their daughter’s only six months old, so she … talk or read.

6) … you speak any foreign languages?

7) I’m sorry, I … understand this sentence.

8) My sister … play the violin brilliantly.

№3. Допишите ответы на вопросы.

1) Can you cook? – Yes, I …

2) Can your parents speak English? – No, …

3) Can Jim play football well? – No, …

4) Can your daughter read and write? – Yes, …

5) Can you swim? – No, …

6) Can your son write music? – Yes, …

7) Can your friends play tennis? – Yes, …

№4. Переведите предложения.

1) Он должен перевести текст дома.

2) Умеешь ты говорить по-английски?

3) Мне следует учиться усердно.

4) Могу я войти?

5) Не мог бы он поехать в город?

№5. Выпишите из предложений модальные глаголы и основные глаголы по образцу. Переведите предложения.

Ex.: Weather can change very quickly. – Погода может меняться очень быстро. (can – модальный глагол, change – основной глагол)

1. We should find a better job.

2. They can understand French.

3. The little John couldn`t speak Spanish.

4. Jane must find her cousin.

5. May I shut the door?

6. Can your brother help me with mathematics?

7. You needn't do it today

8. Should Jack come to college on time?

9. They may stay here now.

10. Must we learn the poem today?

№6. Переведите на русский язык. Выпишите модальные глаголы.

1. Her grandmother can knit very well. 2. I can answer the questions. They are very easy. 3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can’t afford it. 4. She can type. She can speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she's looking for. 5. Can You go to have lunch with me? - I'm sorry. I can't. 6. Mike can run very fast. 7. They can understand French. 8. Kate can speak English very well. 9. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 10. Can you speak Spanish?

Lesson 3

Машины и механизмы

1. Write out the words (24) and translate them:

2. Read and translate the text:

What is Simple Machines?

A machine is something we use to make work easier. We can classify machines as simple machines and complex machines. Simple Machines have few or no moving parts. When you put simple machines together you can get a complex machine. All machines need energy to work.

A simple machine is something that reduces the effort needed to do work. Machines come in all shapes and sizes and can be very basic; a bottle opener, a screw, and even your skeleton, work as machines. They magnify the effort that we apply to a task and enable us to do many things that our muscular strength alone could not manage. The amount of effort saved by using a machine is known as its mechanical advantage. The greater the mechanical advantage of a machine, the less effort is required relative to the load. There are six different types of simple machines: pulley, inclined plane, screw, wheel and axle, wedge and lever.

 

3. Complete the sentences:

A) A … is an object with at least one slanting edge. We use it to cut objects.

B) A … uses a Wheel and a rope to lift or lower an object.

C) A … is a circular object that turns around. We use it to lift or move objects.

D) A … is a rigid bar with a support called a fulcrum.

E) An … is a slanting surface that connects a low level with a high level.

F) A … is a type of inclined plane. We use it to hold things together or lift objects.

4. Complete the sentences using these words:

simple      pulley      ramp      electricity       levers      resistance

A) When doing work, a lever has 2 forces: an effort and a …

B) A … is an inclined plane used to lift and lower objects.

C) A … has a Wheel, an axle and a rope.

D) … machines have few parts.

E) The handlebar and pedals on a bike are …

F) Many complex machines use energy from … to work.

5. Write the name of the cars:

6. Match the words with the definitions.

headlight engine hood windshield wiper windshield window trunk taillight steering wheel horn dashboard gas pedal / throttle clutch brake (pedal)

a) A folding cover on a car b) One of the large lights at the front of the vehicle c) The part that produces power to make it move d) One of the two rear lights at the back of a vehicle e) A space or an area of glass in the wall of a building or vehicle that lets in light f) A piece of glass or plastic placed at the front of a car to protect the passengers or drivers/riders g) The part at the back of a car where you can put tools, luggage h) A long thin piece of metal with a rubber edge that moves across a windscreen to remove rain i) A wheel that you turn to control a car j) The part in front of the driver that has the controls in it k) The signal at a car you use to make a loud sound as a signal of warning l) The pedal you press to change gear or shift m) The pedal you press with your foot to make the car go faster n) The pedal you press to make the car stop

7. Separate the parts of the cart into two groups:

EXTERNAL PARTS	INTERNAL PARTS

8. Write, translate the words. Underline the wrong word

1) bonnet, engine, silencer, monarch, bumper.

2) racing car, wiper, lorry, motorcycle, sports car.

3) battery, river, ocean, pond, sea.

9. Read the following definitions and match them with the words given below. Choose the right word.

1) An induction system component intended to filter particulate matter from the incoming air.

a) battery; b) wiper; c) air cleaner

2) A foot-operated device which allows the driver to vary the degree of opening of the induction system throttle.

a) engine; b) accelerator pedal; c) bonnet

3) An on-board electrical storage component which may be used to activate electrical devices or systems, such as starter, ignition, etc.

a) battery; b) wiper; c) wheel

Lesson 4

Машины и механизмы

1. Read and translate the text “Inside the car”:

Mechanisms are widely used in all branches of modern technology. The same types of mechanisms having the same computation and design methods are used in machines of various branches.

The term "machine" covers a great number and variety of objects used by a man for labour and physiological functions. The following definition is common: “The machine is a device intended for transformation of energy, materials and information”.

The machines are means of production that use the forces nature of to facilitate work. From the point of view of functions, carried out by machines, it is possible to classify all machines into the following groups:

a)  Power machines;

b)  Material-working machines;

c)  Information (supervisory control) machines;

d)  Cybernetic.

The power machine is a machine intended for conversion of energy from one form to another (transforming any kind of energy into mechanical one – the machine-engine, and vice versa – machine-generator).

The material-working machine is a machine for conversion of materials. The working machines are subdivided into transport and technological ones.

The transport machine is a working machine, in which conversion of materials consists only in changes of their position in space.

The technological machine is a working machine, in which the conversion of a material consists in changes of the form, location or properties of a material or machined object.

The information machine is a machine for conversion of information. These machines are subdivided into supervisory control machines and computing ones.

 The cybernetic machine is a machine replacing or simulating various mechanical, physiological or biological processes, inherent to a man and animate nature.

If the processes of energy or materials conversion are carried out without direct participation of man, the machines performing such operations are named automatic-machine devices.

The set of the automatic-machine devices connected with each other and intended for performance of certain technological processes, is called an automatic transfer line.

The set of the machine-engine, transmission, working machine and supervisory control machine is called a machine unit. It can be represented by the diagram:

Mechanism is a system of bodies intended for conversion of motion of one or several bodies into the required motion of other ones. By the functional purpose all mechanisms are subdivided into the following kinds:

1. Mechanisms of engines and converters.

2. Transmissions.

3. Executive mechanisms (actuators).

4. Mechanisms of control and regulation.

5. Feeders, transporters, sorters of machined objects.

6. Mechanisms of the automatic count, weighing and packing.

The mechanisms which are included in the structure of a machine can incorporate firm, liquid, gaseous bodies, electrical and magnetic devices, which work according to the basic principles of mechanics, thermal physics, electrical engineering and electronics.

2. Translate the words

1. Act - action - active - activity – interaction

2. Different - difference - differentiate – indifference

3. Locate - located – location

4. Apply – application

5. Engine - engineering – engineer

6. Create - creation - creative – creativity

7. Performance - performing – perform

8. Similar - similarity – similarly

9. Technology - technological - technician – technique

10. Produce - production - productivity – productive

3. Match the words with their definitions

machine elements	замещать
branches of engineering	средства
automatic counts	взаимоотношение
converter	автоматический приборный механизм
transmission	сортировочное устройство
replace	детали машин
automatic-machine device	отрасли инженерии
sorter of machined objects	коробка передач
means	автоматический подсчет
interrelation	преобразователь

4. Insert the words into the sentences:

a device energy material a working machine property information an automatic transfer line a machine unit

1. The machine is … intended for transformation of energy, materials and information.

2. The power machine is a machine intended for conversion of … from one form to another.

3. The material-working machine is a machine for conversion of … .

4. The transport machine is … , in which conversion of materials consists only in changes of their position in space.

5. The technological machine is a working machine, in which the conversion of a material consists in changes of the form, location or … of a material or machined object.

6. The information machine is a machine for conversion of …

7. The set of the automatic-machine devices connected with each other and intended for performance of certain technological processes, is called …

8. The set of the machine-engine, transmission, working machine and supervisory control machine is called …

5. Find the definitions of these words in the text:

1. A machine

2. A mechanism

6. Answer the questions: 

1. What types of mechanisms are used in machines of various branches?

2. In what groups is it possible to classify all machines?

3. What are all mechanisms subdivided into?

4. What can the mechanisms which are included in the structure of a machine incorporate?

Lesson 5

Промышленное оборудование

1. Read and translate the text “Hand Tools”:

In mechanical engineering hand tools are widely used. The fitter’s tools firstly include a work bench and a vice. The vice is secured to the table and is used to hold an object for working by a cut or a needle file. The fitter’s working place contains hammers, chisels, pliers, files, spanners, screw drivers, various marking and measuring tools, etc. Cold chisels are used for work on metals which are in a cold state. The cold chisel is used for chipping off, or cutting away, small pieces of metal and also for cutting out works from sheet metal. Pliers are used for gripping or holding small objects by manual operation. The most common type is the plain or straight-jaw type pliers. Among other types of pliers there are round-nosed pliers, gas pliers, pincer pliers, etc.

Other tools may also have several varieties. Files, for example, are divided according to their degree of roughness (по степени шероховатости насечки, а именно по классам точности). There are the following hand files: rasp or rough cuts, bastard cuts, smooth cuts, dead smooth cuts. As to their shape files may be flat, round, half-round, square, three-cornered, etc. Files used for delicate work are called needle files.

Spanners or wrenches are used for tightening up or unscrewing nuts and bolts. There are two chief types of open-jaw spanners: the single-ended and the double-ended. If the bolt head or nut are in position difficult to access ordinary spanners either a box spanner or socket wrench may be used. To serve several sizes of nuts and bolts adjustable spanners, or monkey wrenches are applied.

Among other hand tools used in craftman’s work there are hand shears, hack saws, drift punches, hand drills, grind stones and others. Besides, in mechanical job the application of thread screwing tools is also required. The tools comprise two forms: for internal thread cutting (screw taps) and for external thread formation (stock and die, screw plate). In addition to hand tools employed by a fitter electric and pneumatic tools are also used. Thus, a hand tool is a device for performing work on a material or a physical system using only hands. To such tools a punch may also belong. A punch is a hard metal rod with a shaped tip at one end and a blunt butt at the other that is usually struck by a hammer. A center punch is typically used as an aid to drilling operations. A center punch forms a small dimple in which the tip of the drill (if it is small) will fit. A prick punch serves an entirely different purpose. A prick punch is primarily used for the purposes of layout. A transfer punch is a punch of a specific outer diameter that is non-tapered and extend the entire length of the punch (except for the tip). It is used to transfer the center of the hole from one surface to another. A pin punch is used as a driving tool to affix a fixture to a rotating shaft. A doming punch is used in conjunction with a doming block to make spheres or hemispheres out of sheets of metal. The punch is generally made of tool steel, but can be made of wood. A drift punch, or drift pin. is used as an aid in aligning bolt or rivet holes prior to inserting a fastener. A drift punch is constructed as a tapered rod, with the hammer acting on the large end of the taper.

 

2. Translate the words from the text in the form of Gerund into Russian:

working, measuring, cutting, gripping, holding, tightening, unscrewing, performing, screwing, marking, measuring, inserting.

 

3. Translate word combinations into English:

рабочий инструмент, рабочее место, измерительный инструмент, разметочный инструмент, режущий инструмент, затяжная гайка, нарезное приспособление, операция сверления, шаровой кернер, крепежный болт.

 

4. Complete the sentences:

1. The first fitter’s tools are …

2. The vice is used to …

3. The cold chisel is used for …

4. Files are divided according to …

5. The different types of files are …

6. According to their shape files may be …

7. Files used for delicate work are called …

8. Spanners (wrenches) are used for …

9. A punch is …

10. A hand tool is a device for …

 

5. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. (Ручные инструменты) are widely used in mechanical engineering.

2. The fitter’s working place firstly included (верстак) and (тиски).

3. The fitter needs in (отвертки), (стамески) and (напильники).

4. The fitter also needs in (разметочных) and (измерительных инструментах).

5. (Напильники) used for delicate work are called (надфили).

6. (Гаечные ключи) are used for (закрепления) or (раскручивания) (гаек и болтов).

7. (Гаечные ключи) may be (раздвижными) and (нераздвижными).

8. The tool used for (нарезки внутренней резьбы) is called (клупп).

9. The tool used for (нарезки внешней резьбы) is called (винторезная доска).

10. (Кернер) is usually used in (сверлильных) operations.

 

6. Find English equivalent to the Russian word:

1. инструмент

а) instrument; b) tool; c) device; d) equipment;

2. верстак

a) board; b) plate; c) bench; d) support;

3. гаечный ключ

a) hammer; b) pliers; c) jaws; d) spanner;

4. напильник

а) chisel; b) wrench; c) screw driver; d) file;

5. надфиль

a) cut; b) needle file; c) smooth cut; d) bastard cut;

6. резьбонарезной инструмент

a) grinding stone; b) riveting tool; c) thread-screwing tool; d) tap wrench;

7. резьба

а) screw; b) needle; c) thread; d) punch;

8. шаблон

a) divider; b) square; c) pattern; d) screw tap.

7. Translate into English:

1. В машиностроении часто используется такое оборудование, как ручные инструменты.

2. Рабочее место слесаря оборудовано, как правило, тисками, плоскогубцами, напильниками и измерительными инструментами.

3. Ручные инструменты используются для обработки металлов в холодном состоянии.

4. Напильники бывают различных видов, в зависимости от класса точности обработки детали.

5. Напильники могут иметь различную форму: плоскую, круглую, полукруглую, квадратную и треугольную.

6. Гаечные ключи используются для затягивания или раскручивания гаек.

7. Накидной гаечный ключ или торцевой применяются там, где обычные ключи не работают.

8. Резьба делается с помощью резьбонарезного оборудования.

9. Пробойник – это прочный металлический стержень с острым концом с одной стороны.

10. Различные виды пробойников используются для пробивания отверстий.

Lesson 6

Компьютерные технологии

1. Read and translate the text:

The availability of electronic gadgets has multiplied over the years, and the technology of these devices has only improved. They exist for every facet of life, from entertainment to education and from work to play. Entertainment gadgets include mp3 players, book e-readers, portable movie players, cell phones, and digital cameras. Gadgets for work include cell phones, portable computers and tablets, digital watches, and many more. Gadgets seem to be available to suit any need in the modern age.

The general purpose of most electronic gadgets is to make life easier, more fun, or more efficient. Computers are perhaps the most sought-after electronic gadgets that fall into just about any category. Tablets are thin, small computers that are touch-screen activated and navigated. Another gadget close to such tablets is the smart phone, which is a combination of a computer, telephone, and camera.

Digital cameras are increasingly popular electronic gadgets because they have become much easier to use and produce better pictures than ever before. The photos can be uploaded quickly to computers for display on websites or printing onto traditional photo paper. Smaller cameras are so small as to fit in one's pocket, and now even high definition video cameras are made to fit too, yet still high quality enough to produce sharp, attractive videos.

The impact of all these products can be tremendous, in fact, new technology can completely revolutionize the way we play, communicate, work and live our lives.

2. Answer the questions:

1. Can you name some general uses of technology?

2. What is the main purpose of using technology?

3. Among the gadgets mentioned in the text which ones appeal to you the most? Why?

4. Which is people’s favourite gadget?

5. What are new digital cameras so popular for?

3. Decide true or false:

1. Technological advances make life better for everyone.

2. It’s important for adults to find out where their children are going online and who they are talking.

3. Computer technology makes finding information faster and easier.

4. If people let machines do too much for them, eventually people will no longer be able to do things for themselves.

5. Children should be given more freedom in deciding what they do online.

6. It is impossible to become addicted to the Internet.

7. It is dangerous to place too much faith in technology.

8. Children who play computer games often believe that the violent games they play portray life as it actually is.

9. Most teenagers are online too much.

10. Those who worry about the negative effects of technology should think about the modern conveniences available today.

4. Match the words with their definitions:

a. freezer b. cooker c. dishwasher d. iron e. refrigerator f. dryer g. toaster h. washing machine i. vacuum cleaner j. microwave k. oven

1. you wash clothes in it 2. you bake food in it 3. you press clothes flat and remove wrinkles with it 4. you keep food frozen with it 5. you wash your dishes in it 6. you heat food with it using energy waves 7. you dry clothes with it 8. you keep food cold with it 9. you heat pots and pans on it 10. you toast food 11. you clean the floor with it

5. What do you need If you want to…

1. take a picture - ...

2. listen to music - ...

3. type on your computer - ...

4. store digital information - ...

5. send scanned printed material - ...

6. make or recive telephone calls - ...

7. scan images or printed text to convert it to a digital image - ...

8. answer someone calling you while driving - ...

9. cook, bake, defrost, and heat - …

10. catching up on news, soaps, matches and sitcoms - …

11. know the time - …

6. Complete the sentences:

1. My … is almost empty. I only have a few eggs, some cheese and a bottle of beer in it.

2. I think I'd like to buy a/an … which can brown up to four pieces of bread

3. Put the saucepan on the … and simmer for three minutes.

4. Throw your wet clothes into the … . They should be ready in about 20 minutes.

5. Could you get the … out and clean the living room?

6. Many students have a … in their rooms so they can at least cook melted toast and cheese.

7. Put the roast into the … and let it roast for 45 minutes.

8. I bought ten pounds of salmon and put it all into the … to keep until the party next week.

9. There's nothing like a …to make cleaning up after dinner easy.

7. Match the words below with their definitions.

a virus; a newsgroup; a network; the Internet; a homepage; WWW; surfing; a webpage; a website; a web browser

...is a worldwide network of computer links which allows people to have an access to the information and connect to each other.

...is a group of computers linked together to allow them to share resources.

...World Wide Web - a network of information and software.

...is a page on the internet which may contain texts, pictures, movies, animations or sound and opens by web browser.

...is a set of web pages belonging to an organization or individual.

...is a program that can read webpages.

...is a main page of a website of a group, company or organization.

...is a system created to store messages posted from many users at different locations.

...looking through the Internet for something that interests you.

...is a program that penetrates your system, destroying the information stored in the computer.

8. Match Russian words and word combinations with their English equivalents.

1) сообщение, послание 2) электронная почта 3) обслуживающее устройство 4) поставщик 5) программное обеспечение 6) комплектующие для компью­тера (платы, монитор и т.д.) 7) доступ 8) ресурсы 9) источник информации 10) интерактивная переписка 11) модем 12) навязываемая информация (например, реклама) 13) подписаться на рассылку но­востей по электронной почте 14) зарегистрироваться 15) ссылка 16) программа просмотра 17) запрос

a) hardware b) resources c) a modem d) a source of informa­tion e) spam f) message g) e-mail h) to subscribe i) a server j) to create an account k) access 1) reference m) a provider n) a browser o) software p) a query q) a chat

Lesson 7

Завершённо-длительное время

1. Сделайте конспект:

Perfect Progressive
Present	Past	Future
Настоящее завершено-продолженное время	Прошедшее завершено-продолженное время	Будущее завершено-продолженное время
Обозначает действие, которое длилось определённое время и уже завершилось к настоящему моменту	Обозначает действие, которое длилось определённое время и уже завершилось.	Обозначает действие, которое будет длиться определённое время и завершится в будущем
Указатели времени:
since then, for an hour, already, for a long time	since the time when / before he came	when he comes / since two o’clock
Вспомогательные глаголы
have been has been(3 л., ед.ч.)	had been	shall have been (только с I, we) will have been (со всеми остальными)
Положительное предложение
V4  have been  3 л., ед.ч.  V4 has been  V4= Ving	V4  had been  V4 = Ving	I, We V4  shall have been V4  will have been  V4 = Ving
Отрицательное предложение
V4  have not been 3 л., ед.ч.  V4  has not been	V4  had not been	I, We  V4 shall not have been V4  will not have been shall not = shan’t will not = won’t
Общий вопрос
V4 Have   been  ? 3л. ед.ч.  V4 Has   been  ?	V4 Had   been  ?	I, we V4 Shall   have been ? V4 Will   have been  ?
Специальный вопрос
V4 Wh. have   been ? 3л. ед.ч.  V4 Wh. has   been ?	V4 Wh. had   been  ?	I, We V4 Wh.shall   have been ? V4 Wh. will   have been ?

2. Составьте предложения в the Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1.  I/to read/this book/for three days.

2.  We/to play volleyball/ for twenty minutes.

3.  She/to clean/the flat/for more than an hour.

4.  Peter/to swim/for half an hour.

5.  Anna/to speak/on the phone/for an hour now.

6. You/to wait/for a bus/for ten minutes only.

7.  Nelly and Mary/to do the shopping/since early morning.

8.  It/to snow/since last night.

9.  Jack and his friend/ to ride bikes/for three hours now.

10. The teacher/to explain/ a grammar rule/since the beginning of the lesson.

3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму и переведите предложения:

1. Helen … (to wash) the dishes for fifteen minutes.

2.  My classmates … (to write) a dictation since the beginning of the lesson.

3. Sam … (to drive) a car for five hours now.

4.  I … (to look) for information on the subject since last Friday.

5.  Molly … (to paint) this picture for three days now.

6.  The tourists … (to do) the sightseeing since nine o’clock.

7.  You … (to work) as a computer programmer for more than fifteen years.

8.  The wind … (to blow) since yesterday.

9. My grandfather … (to collect) coins since he was a boy.

10.  Andy and Den … (to discuss) the plans for their winter holidays for two hours now.

4. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и переведите предложения:

1.  You have been writing a report since morning.

2. We have been working in the garden for three hours.

3.  I have been typing letters since ten o’clock.

4. Tom has been running for twenty minutes.

5.  A cat has been sitting in the tree for an hour.

6.  Jane has been studying English for two years.

7.  They have been building this house for more than a year.

8.  My parents have been travelling for a week.

9. I have been having a lesson for fifteen minutes now.

10.  They have been walking since afternoon.

5. Сделайте предложения вопросительными

1. He has been boating for four hours.

2.  We have been skating since eleven o’clock.

3.  Lucy has been learning this poem for twenty minutes.

4.  You have been writing this article since afternoon.

5.  My parents have been working in the hospital for thirteen years.

6.  The music has been playing for three hours.

7.  We have been speaking since five o’clock.

8.  Beth has been taking a bath for thirty-five minutes.

9.  They have been preparing for the test for two days.

10.  The baby has been crying for half an hour.

6. Составьте вопрос к выделенным словосочетаниям

1.  He has been speaking to his friend for an hour.

2. We have been whitewashing the trees in the garden for two hours.

3.  You have been telling us about your work since five o’clock.

4.  She has been translating this text for half an hour.

5.  They have been having lunch in the canteen since one o’clock.

7. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Они пишут диктант уже полчаса.

2.  Моя сестра убирает комнату с утра.

3. Мальчики плавают в бассейне уже больше часа?

4.  Он не смотрит телевизор с утра.

5. Вы читаете эту книгу уже четыре дня? — Нет, я читаю ее только два дня.

6.  Что она делает уже три часа? — Она готовится к экзаменам.

7.  Как долго дети играют в парке? — Они играют с пяти часов.

8.  Что ваш брат рассказывает уже двадцать минут? — Он рассказывает о своем попугае.

9.  Какую статью он пишет с утра? — Он пишет статью об известном ученом.

10.  Что они обсуждают уже больше часа? — Они обсуждают последние новости.

Lesson 8

Отраслевые выставки

1. Study the information:

Types of question

1) Общий вопрос

Общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или nо:

Do you like ice-cream? - Yes, I do.

Can you speak English? - Yes, I can.

Are you a schoolboy? - No, I am not.

Have you bought a text book? - Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе

1) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),

2) подлежащее (существительное или местоимение),

3) смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

2) Специальный вопрос

Специальный вопрос относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? - My name is Peter.

Where do you live? - I live in Rostov.

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе

1) вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т.д.),

2) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),

3) подлежащее,

4) смысловой глагол,

5) дополнения,

6) обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).

В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему в Present и Past Indefinite, не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов: Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?

3) Альтернативный вопрос

Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? - Вы любите кофе или чай?

Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.

4) Разделительный вопрос

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть - это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой — краткий вопрос (tail - «хвостик»):

You are a pupil, aren't you? - Вы ученик, не правда ли?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй - отрицание.

Если в повествовательной части - отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, - утверждение:

You are a student, aren't you?

You don't go to school every day, do you?

2. Put the 4 types of questions to the following sentences:

1. He must work hard today.

2. It is not cold today.

3. Ann has already begun to read a new book.

4. We learn English at school.

5. They will show you how to get there.

6. I didn't feel well that evening.

3. Write the abbreviations:

SIMM - Международная выставка машиностроительных технологий и металлообрабатывающей промышленности

CIMT - Китайская международная выставка станков и машинного оборудования

USETEC - международная выставка подержанных машин и оборудования

AMITEC - Выставка автозапчастей, оборудования для станций техобслуживания и автозаправочных станций

IMTS - Международная выставка производственных технологий

MSV - Международная машиностроительная выставка

VIIF - международная промышленная выставка Вьетнама

Mashex - международная специализированная выставка оборудования, комплектующих, материалов, технологий и услуг для металлообработки и машиностроения

MWCS - Китайская международная выставка металлообрабатывающей и станкостроительной промышленности

EMAF - международная выставка машин, оборудования и услуг для промышленности

METALEX - Международная выставка и конференция по машиностроению, станкам и металлообрабатывающему оборудованию

СТАНКОСТРОЕНИЕ — международная специализированная выставка

Лесдревмаш - международная выставка «Машины, оборудование, принадлежности, инструменты и приборы для деревообрабатывающей, мебельной, лесной и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности»

4. Read, translate the text and make up 8 your own questions. Answer the questions:

1. What role do the specialized exhibitions play?

2. What can you see on the specialized exhibitions?

There are two types of fairs and exhibitions: specialized, showing of one or several industries, and general, covering many different field. A fair or an exhibition is always an event which attract serious businessman and the general public. At many exhibitions there are stands and stalls selling all kinds of goods. The businessman can get acquainted of the new goods, establish business contacts, sign a contract for the purchase. The themes and mottoes of the exhibitions are different but the keynote remains: it is peace and progress all over the world through trade and cooperation.

Very many national and international specialized exhibitions are held every year in different countries of our world. From year to year the number of companies and countries participating in such exhibitions is growing. The scope of exhibitions is also getting larger. The present exhibitions include a wide range of showpieces showing the important achievements in different fields of science, industry and agriculture of different countries.

5. Read the dialogue and answer the questions

- The exhibition will open in three months. It’s time to start a preexhibition publicity campaign, isn’t it?

- Placing advertisement in the press?

- Not only that. We want to advertise on the radio, television and hoardings.

- That may be very expensive.

- We are sure the expense will be worth it.

- I’ll do all arrangements, buy space in business publications and time on radio and television. We can begin distributing advertising literature.

- We’ve prepared colourful advertising literature for the exhibition.

- Good. I hope we haven’t forgotten anything?

- Oh, yes, another thing. Would you arrange for photographers and journalists to take pictures and give a good write-up of the exhibition?

- OK. Good-bye.

1. In what way did the Organizing Committee want pre-exhibition publicity campaign to be arranged?

2. Do businessmen object spending money on advertising?

3. What kind of proposals did the Organizing Committee come up with?

4. Why did the representatives of the Organizing Committee decide to invite photographers and journalists?

6. Read and translate the text. Make up 5 questions to the text.

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851

The Great Exhibition of 1851was held in London inside an enormous structure of iron and glass known as the Crystal Palace. In five months, from May to October 1851, six million visitors thronged the gigantic trade show, marveling over the latest technology as well as displays of artifacts from around the world.

The stunning display of inventions, works of art, and objects collected in distant lands was something of a precursor of a World's Fair. In fact, some newspapers referred to it as such. And it had a definite purpose: the rulers of Britain intended to show the world that technology was bringing uplifting changes to society and Britain was leading the race into the future.

The idea of the Great Exhibition originated with Henry Cole, an artist, and inventor. But the man who ensured the event happened in spectacular fashion was Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria.

Albert recognized the value of organizing a massive trade show that would place Britain at the forefront of technology by displaying its latest inventions, everything from massive steam engines to the latest cameras. Other nations were invited to participate, and the official name of the show was The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.

7. Translate the text:

Логотип ЭКСПО

Что такое ЭКСПО? Всемирная выставка или Экспо (Expo) — международная выставка, которая является символом индустриализации и открытой площадкой для демонстрации технических и технологических достижений.

Первая выставка в Лондоне. Первая выставка называлась «Великая выставка промышленных работ всех народов» и прошла в 1851 в Англии, в лондонском Гайд-парке. На этой первой мировой выставке были представлены промышленные товары и различные изделия ремесла, машины, полезные ископаемые, а так же произведения искусства.

Хрустальный дворец. Этот огромный выставочный зал (площадью свыше 90 000 кв.м) из железа и стекла был построен в Гайд-парке специально для выставки. По завершении выставки Дворец был разобран и перенесён на новое место, в лондонское предместье Сиднем-Хилл. 30 ноября 1936 Хрустальный Дворец был уничтожен пожаром и не восстанавливался.

Самые интересные экспонаты первой выставки.

Наиболее впечатляющим разделом выставки являлся машинотехнический, где выделялось оборудование для железных дорог: локомотивы, вагоны, рельсы паровые,

Ярмарка в Филадельфии - «Лошадиная сила», 1876 год. Ярмарку устроили в честь столетия основания США. Это первая официальная мировая ярмарка, проведенная в Штатах. Самым важным экспонатом на выставке оказался паровой двигатель мощностью в 1500 лошадиных сил.

Ярмарка в Париже, Эйфелева башня, 1889 год. Устроена в честь столетия штурма Крепости «Бастилия» или же начала французской революции. Но самым главным участником выставки стала Эйфелева башня. На тот момент это самое высокое архитектурное строение в мире.

Ярмарка в Чикаго – «Колесо Ферриса», 1893 год. Хотя Колумб никогда не бывал в этих местах, выставка была названа в его честь. Таким образом отметили 400-ую годовщину со дня открытия Колумбом Нового мира. На этой ярмарке мир впервые увидел колесо обозрения.

8. Answer the questions:

1.What is an exhibition?

2.What does the display of the exhibition include?

3.What are fairs and exhibitions usually crowded with?

4.What are usually established for different goods selling and purchasing?

5.What is one of the purpose of the international fairs and exhibitions?