Урок №
Тема: What is metrology?
Цели: Активизация устной речи учащихся использование новой лексики, связанную с наукой об измерениях метрологии.
Задачи:
1) практиковать их в чтении с охватом основного содержания и с последующим обсуждением прочитанного
2)развитие навыков самостоятельной работы с текстом, выбора необходимой информации
3) повторение лексического материала
Тип урока: Обяснение новой темы
Оборудование: ИКТ, лекция соответствующая содержанию урока
The procedure of the lesson.
I. Organization moment: Good morning? Glad to see you! How are you? What date is it? Who is absent today? What problem has he (she)? Are you ready for the lesson? Let’s start!
II.Brainstorming. Let’s play a game “Guess the word”. The first task is trying to guess “What are we going to speak about at our lesson?”
IV. Checking up homework .
V. Demonstration of the new language:
Read and practice vocabulary and paying attention to the international words.
Vocabulary:
1. accuracy - правильность, соответствие, точность
2. adjust - приводить в порядок, подгонять
3. anticipate – предугадывать, предвидеть
4. appear- появляться
5. apply – обращаться с заявлением, применять
6. appropriate – подходящий, свойственный
7. aptitude – склонность, способность
8. certainty – несомненный факт, уверенность
9. comply – подчинять, соответствовать
10. core – ядро, суть, сущность
11. damage - повреждение, дефект, ущерб, убытки
12. data - данные, факты
13. debar - предотвращать, препятствовать
14. derisively - иронически
15. design - замысел, план, разработка
15. detrimental – причиняющий ущерб, пагубный
16.dimensional – имеющий измерение, пространственный
16. discourse –трактат, рассуждение
17. dismantle - демонтировать, разбирать машину
18. enforce – принуждать, навязывать
19. environment – окружение, обстановка
20. equipment – оборудование, оснащение
21. error – погрешность, отклонение
22. exact - точный, соответствующий,
23. execute – осуществлять, реализовывать
24. facilities - оборудование, приспособление, здания, сооружения
25. hazardous – опасный, рискованный
25. humidity - степень влажности
25.implementation – выполнение, реализация
26. investigation - исследование, расследование
27. issue – проблема, предмет спора, результат
28. manufacture – производить, обрабатывать
29. measure – мера, единица измерение, марка, эталон
30. perform – исполнять, выполнять
31 . precision – точность, определённость, правильность
32. procedure – процедура, методика, технологический процесс
33. prosecute – преследовать в судебном порядке
34. pure – чистый, беспримесный
35. reference – ссылка, сноска
36. regardless – безотносительно к чему-либо
37. rely - полагаться
38. setup - структура, порядок, уклад
39. sufficiently – достаточно, полностью
40. supply – снабжение, поставка
41 . successor – преемник, правопреемник
42. tear down – сносить, разбирать механизм по частям
43. thrive - преуспевать, процветать
44. traceability – трассируемость; степень, с которой установлено отношение между двумя или более продуктами в процессе разработки,особенно продуктами, состоящими в таких отношениях, как предшествующий последующий элемент
45. triple - утраивать
46. unfair - неправильный, несправедливый
47. validate - ратифицировать, утверждать, подтверждать
48. value – ценность, полезность, значение
49.verify – проверять, контролировать, подтверждать
50. weight – вес, масса, нагрузка
Pre-reading task: Think and answer
1) Why did you make up your mind to become a metrology engineer?
2) Did anybody advise you to choose a career in this field?
3) What can you say about the role of a metrology engineer in the civilized society?
4) What do you think the word metrology means?
Text A: WHAT IS METROLOGY?
1. Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. The word comes from Greek μέτρον (metron),"measure" + "λόγος" (logos), amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse,quote, study, calculation, reason". In Ancient Greek the term μετρολογία (metrologia) meant "theory of ratios".
2. Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology." The ontology and international vocabulary of metrology is maintained by the International Organisation for Standardisation.
3. Metrology is a very broad field and may be divided into three subfields:
| Subfield | Definition |
| Scientific or
fundamental
metrology
| concerns the establishment of quantity systems, unit
systems, units of measurement, the development of new
measurement methods, realization of measurement standards and the transfer of traceability from these standards to
users in society. |
| Applied or
industrial metrology
| concerns the application of measurement science to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society,
ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their
calibration and quality control of measurements. |
| Legal
metrology
| concerns regulatory requirements of measurements and measuring instruments for the protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of
consumers and fair trade. |
4. Traceability, accuracy, precision, systematic bias, evaluation of measurement uncertainty, reliability are critical parts of a quality management system.
5. A core concept in metrology is (metrological) traceability, defined as "the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties." The level of traceability establishes the level of comparability of the measurement: whether the result of a measurement can be compared to the previous one, a measurement result a year ago, or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world.
6. Traceability is most often obtained by calibration. Calibration is the process where metrology is applied to measurement equipment and processes to ensure conformity with a known standard of measurement, usually traceable to a national standards board. These standards are usually coordinated by national metrological institutes: National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Physical Laboratory.
7. Mistakes can make measurements and counts incorrect. Even if there are no mistakes, nearly all measurements are still inexact. The term 'error' is reserved for that inexactness, also called measurement uncertainty. Among the few exact measurements are:
- the absence of the quantity being measured, such as a voltmeter with its leads
shorted together: the meter should read zero exactly.
- measurement of an accepted constant under qualifying conditions, such as the triple point of pure water: the thermometer should read 273.16 kelvin (0.01 degrees Celsius, 32.018 degrees Fahrenheit) when qualified equipment is used correctly.
- self-checking ratio metric measurements, such as a potentiometer: the ratio in between steps is independently adjusted and verified to be beyond influential inexactness.
8. All other measurements either have to be checked to be sufficiently correct or left to chance. Metrology is the science that establishes the correctness of specific measurement situations. This is done by anticipating and allowing for both mistakes and error. The precise distinction between measurement error and mistakes is not settled and varies by country. Repeatability and reproducibility studies help quantify the precision: one common method is an ANOVA gauge R&R study.
9. Sufficiently correct measurements are essential to commerce. About nine out of every ten people working in metrology specialize in commercial measurement, most at the technician level. Correct measurements are beneficial to manufacturing, but other methods are available and sometimes are more appropriate.
10. Metrology has thrived at the interface between science and manufacturing. Aerospace, commercial nuclear power, medicine, medical devices and semiconductors rely on metrology to translate theoretical science into mass produced reality.
11.The basic concepts of metrology appear simple on the surface, and metrology is rarely taught in a systematic manner above the technician level. Within most businesses, metrology core beliefs such as recording all setups and observations for possible future reference are opposed to the general business practice of minimizing recordkeeping to limit litigation effects.
Task 1. Are these statements
a) true b) false c) there is no information in the text
1) Metrology is a purely applied branch of science.
2) All measurements performed by metrology engineers are perfectly exact.
3) The result of a measurement must be compared to the standard one.
4) Almost all branches of industry depend on the achievements of metrology.
5) Measurement standards are kept by the All-Russian National Institute of
Standards and Technology in our country.
Task 2. Find the paragraphs (1-11) to which the following ideas correspond:
1. the definition of metrology
2. the origin of metrology
3. allowing of errors
4. the benefits of metrology
Task 3. Choose the answer to the question: What does metrology ensure?
a) that there are no mistakes
b) the protection of public safety
c) the correctness of specific measurement situations
d) the quality control of measurement instruments
Task 4. What is the main idea of the text? Choose from the following as the title of the text:
a) Subdivisions of Metrology
b) Core Concepts of Metrology
c) Metrology as a Scientific Discipline
d) Applied Metrology
Task 5. Match the criterion with its definition:
| Criterion | Definition
|
| 1. Precision | a. is the degree of exactness which the final product corresponds to the measurement standard. |
| 2. Traceability | b. refers to the ability of a measurement to be consistently
reproduced. |
| 3. Accuracy | c. refers to the consistency of accurate results over consecutive measurements over time. |
| 4. Reliability | d. refers to the ongoing validations that the measurement
of the final product conforms to the original standard of measurement. |
Task 6. Read and translate the introduction to the text B into Russian. Translate the interview questions into English. Fill in the gaps in interview answers with the words in brackets below. Act out the interview.
Text B: Those Noncompliant with Standards will be Prosecuted by Law
The above expression existed in virtually all standards of the USSR. Many changes have taken place since then, but standards often remain the same - though the requirement to comply is now optional. At present, the Russian national system of standards cannot support large projects for developing offshore fields. That is why active efforts are required to formulate new regulatory documents for this industry sector, which will enable engineering and environmental safety of operations at offshore oil and gas complexes.
VNIIGAZ's standardization specialist answers Oil&Gas Eurasia’s questions.
OGE: Почему стандарты так важны для работы отрасли?
Specialist: Any standard is an (1)… for the state to set rules for (2)… , construction and operation of industrial facilities and to debar unfair manufacturers.
Standards contribute to manufacturing safe, (3)… and high-quality products and are especially (4)… for the oil and gas industry with a lot of (5)… industrial facilities and a high risk for the environment and human health.
(reliable, instrument, hazardous, design, significant)
OGE: Какова роль государства во внедрении этих стандартов?
Specialist: The state plays the key role with regard to (6)… issues and this is a global practice. In our country, the Federal Agency for Engineering Regulation and Metrology (the GosStandard's (7)…) deals with these issues. In addition to this agency, there are numerous (8)… bodies that enforce observing (9)… and regulations set by the state in the standards.
(supervisory, standardization, rules, successor)
OGE: Какие системы стандартизации существуют в мире?
Specialist: There are many standardization systems existing in the world. ISO is the International Standards Organization; its standards can be applied by all (10)…-countries as their national standards. API is the American Petroleum Institute dealing with standards in the oil and gas industry; it is quite a (11)… and recognized institution. API standards are applied by (12)… oil and gas companies. It is an industry standardization system in its (13)… . Corporate standardization systems do also exist. But only very large companies can take the liberty of having their own (14)… standardization systems. In our country these are Gazprom, LUKOIL and Rosneft.
(corporate, member, reputable, major, essence)
OGE: Какие процессы сопутствуют принятию национальных стандартов?
Specialist: Harmonization of documents is a widely discussed topic at the moment. Within the national standardization system, various countries try to take (15)…of international experience in order to establish a uniform (16)… to defining requirements. Harmonization can be carried out by the so called "cover method" or "modification method." The cover method implies translation of a standard and its (17)… as a national one. This is often used by developing economies and industries. The modification method means that an international standard is taken as a starting point and adjusted to local conditions. In my opinion, this method is the most (18)… for our country. We have our own resource development program and (19)… extensive experience in standardization.
(approach, adoption, possess, account, acceptable )
Task 7. Translate text into English.
Text : О метрологии
Метрология – наука об измерениях методах и средствах обеспечения их единства и способах достижения требуемой точности.
Нет ни одной области практической деятельности человека, где можно было бы обойтись без количественных оценок, получаемых в результате измерений.
Человек появляется на свет, еще не имеет имени, но становятся известны его рост, вес, температура тела - уже в первые минуты жизни ему приходится сталкиваться с линейкой, весами, термометром. Каждое утро, выходя из дома, мы оцениваем температуру воздуха на улице и соответственно одеваемся. Свой день мы расписываем по часам и пытаемся выполнить этот план, периодически поглядывая на часы. Стоя перед лужей и решая - прыгнуть через нее или обойти, мы соизмеряем длину лужи и свои возможности. Вокруг нас, в быту, множество приборов и средств измерений – часы, термометры, линейки, весы,
электрические, водяные и газовые счетчики.
Практически не существует ни одного предприятия или жилья, где не было бы средств измерений.
Are You a Manager, or an Engineer?
A man is flying in a hot air balloon and realizes he is lost. He reduces height and spots a man down below. He lowers the balloon further and shouts: "Excuse me, can you tell me where I am?"
The man below says: "Yes you're in a hot air balloon, hovering 30 feet above this field."
"You must work in Customer Support", says the balloonist.
"I do", replies the man, "how did you know?"
"Well", says the balloonist, "everything you have told me is technically correct, but it's of no use to anyone."
The man below says "You must work in management."
"I do", replies the balloonist, "but how did you know?"
"Well", says the man, "you don't know where you are, or where you're going, but you expect me to be able to help. And you're in the same position as you were before we met, but now it's my fault."
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