Подборка разноуровневых текстов по теме "Great Scientists and their Inventions"

GREAT SCIENTISTS OF THE WORLD

Scientists have enormous contribution in the advancement of human civilization. Throughout the history of the world, many scientists have dedicated their lives for research and innovation. Some of them even faced a lot of torture for their theories but they continued their mission and thus we are now in a modern world.

Aristotle

Aristotle is the Great philosopher who had a vast knowledge in different disciplines. Studying different subject he contributed¹ a lot in each of those subjects. He contributed in physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, and biology. This laurel Greek philosopher was born in Stagira in 384 BC. His father Nicomachus was a physician² to the king Amyntas III of Macedon’s court³ and it is believed that their ancestors⁴ also held this position. Earlier in his life he was taught by his father at home and the medical knowledge he got from his father led him to investigate⁵ natural phenomena⁶ later on. At the age of 18 he was admitted⁷ into the young Greek aristocracy run by Plato, another Great Greek philosopher, and Aristotle became the most favorite student of Plato.

As a scientist Aristotle made a good contribution which was very influential⁸ for the development of the science over the years. Mainly he spent most of his life researching the natural science and he did the researches without making reference to the Mathematics which was later proven as the weakness of his research by the scientists. His natural science oriented research includes botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology, geometry and many more. He was also the teacher of the Great warrior Alexander the Great. This great philosopher died in 322 BC.

1. to contribute – вносить вклад

2. physician – врач, доктор

3. court – двор (короля и т.п.)

4. ancestors – предки

5. to investigate – исследовать, изучать

6. natural phenomena – явления природы

7. to be admitted – быть принятым

8. influential – влиятельный, важный

Sir Isaac Newton

Newton was also a man of versatile¹ quality. He was physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher in a row². His contribution in the development of science is a special one. He is best known for his explanation of Universal Gravitation and three laws of motion, and he was able to prove that the reason of both the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are controlled by the same Neutral laws³. These findings could make a revolutionary change in the development of science. In mechanical science his great contribution was in optics. He could make a reflecting telescope. He also made some research on light and stars. His research on General binomial Theorem⁴ helped to be introduced today’s Calculus.

Newton was born to a farmer family but before three months of his birth his father died and then he was brought up to his maternal grandmother as her mother remarried. Newton could show his talent from his early life in The King’s School in Grantham and later he joined to the Cambridge University where he took his higher degrees.

1. versatile – разносторонний

2. in a row - в одном лице

3. Neutral laws – объективные законы, законы Вселенной

4. binomial Theorem – Теория бинома

Galileo Galilei

Galileo is considered as one of the greatest contributors¹ to the development² of Science. It is undoubtedly true that Galileo could first helped science to come out of the trend³ of Aristotle. He was physicist, astronomer, and philosopher and his best known contributions lie in the development of Telescope, first two laws of motion and also in Astronomy. He is also considered as the father of astronomy, father of physics and father of science.

He was born to a mathematician and musician father Vincenzo Galilei and his mother was Giulia Ammannati in Italy. He was taught from his very early life. He was the first scientist who followed the way of quantitative⁴ experiments in his research where the result was based on mathematics. He had to suffer⁵ a lot from the church for his theories.

1. contributor – вкладчик

2. development – развитие

3. to come out of the trend – выйти из под влияния

4. quantitative – количественный

5. to suffer – страдать, пострадать

Charles Robert Darwin

There can be debate¹ about whether Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) is the greatest scientist of all time but there is no doubt that he is the most controversial² scientist of all time. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) - this is the book that has made Darwin immortal in the world history. This book has changed the course of science radically. It is perhaps an irony that Darwin studied theology and instead of becoming a clergy, he became naturalist.

Darwin went to different parts of the world and carried out extensive research. His theory about origin of human beings caused widespread controversy. Darwin stated that human beings have evolved through many changes and survival of the fittest was in important factor in the development of animal world. Darwin’s theory still causes passionate debate among his supporters and opponents.

1. There can be debate – можно спорить

2. controversial –противоречивый

3. the Origin of Species – Происхождение Видов

Albert Einstein

Einstein is the great scientist of the twentieth century and notable¹ physicist of all time. It is told that he had learning disability² in his childhood. He could not talk till he was three and could not read till he was eight. Despite such problems he later became the noble prize winner for his contribution to the Physics. His theory of relativity³ is considered as a revolutionary development of Physics. He got Noble Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation⁴ of the Photoelectric Effect and for his research⁵ in Theoretical physics.

1. notable –выдающийся, значительный

2. learning disability – неспособность к учению

3. relativity –относительность

4. research - исследование

Thomas Edison

Edison is the great inventor¹ who has over 1000 patents and his inventions are in various fields² used in our daily life. In his early life he was thought to have a learning disability³ and he could not read till he was twelve and later he himself admitted that he became deaf after pulling up to a train car by his ears. He first could able to turn the attention of the world after inventing Phonograph. His one of the most popular invention is the Electric Bulb. He also developed the telegraph system. His invention of carbon⁴ telephone transmitter developed the carbon microphone which was used in the telephone till 1980. He also became a prominent businessman and his business institution produced his inventions and marketed the products to the general people.

1. inventor – изобретатель

2. in various fields – в разных областях

3. a learning disability - неспособность к учению

4. carbon -углерод

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

Volta was Italian physicist and he is best known for his contribution to the development of electric battery. This benevolent² scientist is also regarded as one of the founder³ of the electric age⁴. His parents sent him to the Jesuit school intending to make him a Jurist. He also taught in the University of Pavia for 25 years. After that in 1800 he could make voltaic pile⁵ which could produce steady electric current⁶. He then worked on to develop the electric bulb. For his work in the electric development he was given a count by Napoleon. Emperor of Austria honored him naming him a professor of Philosophy at Padova. For his honor an electric unit Volt was named after him.

1. contribution – вклад

2. benevolent – великодушный

3. founder – основатель

4. age – эра

5. voltaic pile –гальваническая , электрическая дуга

6. current – электрический ток

Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking is doubtless the most well-known theoretical physicist and cosmologist of our time.

At the age of 21, while he was still a young student, Stephen Hawking was diagnosed as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, that is to say, a degenerative motor neurone disease that prevents voluntary control of the muscles. He was informed that he had not long to live.

Despite the disease, or as he himself says, perhaps as a result of it, he continued with his studies and was awarded his PhD in 1977 and so started a brilliant scientific career. He has made important contributions to the theory of black holes and the origin of the universe.

Besides losing the ability to control his arm and leg muscles, he gradually lost the ability to speak clearly. This meant that, as a rule, at scientific conferences or seminars he was obliged to speak via an interpreter. In 1985, he caught pneumonia and was obliged to undergo a tracheotomy, i.e. an incision of the oesophagus. The tracheotomy operation, however, removed his ability to speak altogether. For a time, the only way he could communicate was by signalling with his eye muscles. A computer expert in California designed him a program linked to a voice synthesizer that could be activated with one finger, thereby enabling Hawking to move the cursor. At present he can produce 15 words a minute.

Hawking is nevertheless, very active. He travels a great deal and recently has given conferences in the US, India, South Korea and the UK.

1. doubtless – несомненно

2. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - боковой амиотрофический склероз (неизлечимое дегенеративное заболевание центральной нервной системы)

3. disease – заболевание

4. contributions – вклад

5. oesophagus [iːˈsɔfəgəs] - пищевод

Louis Pasteur

He is one of the most famous contributors¹ in the medical science. He first introduced the germ² theory of diseases³. This is regarded as the base of today’s microbiology. He found out⁴ some of the notion of the microbe and he could find out that the viruses were not detectable through microscope. Another important contribution of Pasteur is to protect harmful microbes in a way called “Pasteurization” where harmful microbes are destroyed by hitting the food. He is undoubtedly the most influential scientist in medical science.

1. contributor – вкладчик

2. germ - микроб

3. diseases - болезнь

4. found out – обнаружил

5. detectable – определяемый, выявляемый

Guglielmo Marchese Marconi

Marconi is a Nobel laureate physicist from Italy. He is best known for his invention of Radio and he first introduced wireless telegraph system. He was born to a landowner father Giuseppe Marconi and his mother was Annie Jameson. He was very interested in science from his early life. He initially started working on electromagnetic wave or radio waves invented by Heinrich Hertz. Then after a long research he could figure out such a technology to communicate without wire. After his invention, he marketed this equipment for the commercial purpose and at that time he got a competitor free market in the U.S.

1. wireless – беспроводной

2. initially – изначально

3. research – исследование

4. equipment – оборудование

Marie Curie

Dr. Marie Curie is known to the world as the scientist who discovered radioactive metals i.e. Radium & Polonium.

Marie Curie was a Polish physicist and chemist who lived between 1867-1934. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered two new elements (radium and polonium, two radioactive elements that they extracted chemically¹ from pitchblende ore²) and studied the x-rays³ they emitted⁴. She found that x-rays were able to kill tumors⁵. By the end of World War I, Marie Curie was probably the most famous woman in the world. She had made a conscious decision, however, not to patent methods of processing radium or its medical applications.

Her co-discovery with her husband Pierre Curie of the radioactive elements radium and polonium represents one of the best known stories in modern science for which they were recognized in 1901 with the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1911, Marie Curie was honored with a second Nobel prize, this time in chemistry, to honor her for successfully isolating pure radium and determining radium's atomic weight.

As a child, Marie Curie amazed people with her great memory. She learned to read when she was only four years old. Her father was a professor of science and the instruments that he kept in a glass case fascinated Marie. She dreamed of becoming a scientist, but that would not be easy. Her family became very poor, and at the age of 18, Marie became a governess. She helped pay for her sister to study in Paris. Later, her sister helped Marie with her education. In 1891, Marie attended the Sorbonne University in Paris where she met and married Pierre Curie, a well-known physicist.

After the sudden accidental death of Pierre Curie, Marie Curie managed to raise her two small daughters (Irène, who was herself awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, and Eve) and continue an active career in experimental radioactivity measurements.

Marie Curie contributed greatly to our understanding of radioactivity and the effects of x-rays. She received two Nobel prizes for her brilliant work, but died of leukemia, caused by her repeated exposure to radioactive material.

1. to extract chemically – выделить химическим путем

2. pitchblende ore – уранистая руда

3. x-rays – рентгеновы лучи

4. to emit – излучать

5. tumor – опухоль