Предлоги (классификация) в английском языке

PREPOSITIONS

Функция предлога в предложении

• Служебные слова, которые показывают отношение существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении.

• Служебные слова, которые устанавливают связь между словами, словосочетаниями и частями речи.

временные

причинные и т.д.

пространственные

We are here because of him.

The cat is on that tree.

Let’s meet at 8 p.m.

Виды предлогов

По структуре:

По значению:

Простые (из одного корня) – in, about, of

Предлоги места – in, on, over, between, и т.д.

Производные (имеют суффиксы и п

I am sitting on the chair. НО: I am sitting in the armchair.

префиксы) – across, below

Предлоги направления - to, across, up, и т.д.

Сложные (из нескольких корней) – into, upon, without

We are going to London. She is moving across the street.

Предлоги времени – at, for, in, since, и т.д.

Составные (из нескольких слов) – as for, according to

Предлоги, которые произошли от причастий и сохранили форму причастий - during - в течение; including - включая; concerning, regarding - относительно и т.д.

I was born in 1995. He gets up at 7 a.m.

Предлоги причины – because of, on account of, thanks to, in accordance with, и т.д.

He is a popular professor thanks to his brain.

Предлоги места

Предлоги направления

• In – в, внутри, по; через; на
• On – на, по, при
• At – в, за, у, рядом; на
• From – из, с, от
• Of – из, о; предлог притяжательного падежа
• For – для, за, в, из, из-за, по причине, ради, в обмен, в течение
• By – около, к; посредством, через, с помощью; предлог творительного падежа (кем?)
• With – с, со, предлог творительного падежа (чем?)
• To – в, во, к (обозначает направление), и т.д. (всего 13 значений)

Некоторые Предлоги и их перевод

Английские предлоги и русские падежи

• Родительный падеж (кого? чего?) — предлог of       Show me the plan of  the house .
• Дательный падеж (кому? чему?) — предлог  to       Give it to me .
• Винительный падеж (кого? что?) — без предлога       Give me a pen
• Творительный падеж (кем? чем?) — предлог with, by       She was cutting the letter with scissors.

The story was written by O’Henry

• Предложный падеж (о ком? о чем?) — предлог about       Don’t speak about me .

• Вообще предлог полагается ставить ПЕРЕД существительным или местоимением.
• НО: если у существительного есть артикль или определение, то разрывать их нельзя

Put the book on the table .

Give it to me .

The shop is behind green house.

You must do it with in two months .

Всякий предлог знай своё место!

В ряде случаев предлог ставится в конце предложения:

1. В вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся местоимениями what, who (whom), which или наречием where: Where have you come from ? 2. В придаточных дополнительных предложениях, вводимых теми же местоимениями или наречием where, используемыми в качестве союзных слов: We got to the station at eleven and asked where the eleven-five started from . 3. В придаточных бессоюзных определительных предложениях: Не was the most extraordinary lad I ever came across . 4. В предложениях со сказуемым, выраженным глаголом, требующим после себя предлога и стоящим в страдательном залоге: Не was laughed at . 5. В инфинитивных оборотах, используемых в качестве определения: Then we looked for the knife to open the tin with .

Всякий предлог знай своё место!

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги места

Использование каждого из данных предлогов зависит от размеров упоминаемого места:

In – местонахождение или в очень большом, или в очень маленьком месте

On – в месте средних размеров

At – при упоминании «точки» на карте, конкретного адреса или места, в котором одновременно может находиться много людей

Предлог

Пример

In – в, на

большие размеры места

in the country, in the state, in the region, in the city, in the street, in the north, in the world, in the sky

On – в, на

место средних размеров

on(at) the corner of the street, on the shore, on the bank, on the coast, on the river, on the ship, on the train, on the plane, on the way

at - в, на

«точка» на карте

at 35, Carnival Drive, at the theatre, at the cinema, at the station, at the shop, at the stop, at the lesson, at school, at university

in – в, на

in the corner of the room, in the room, in the building, in the park, in the car, in the boat, in bed, in a newspaper, in book, in a photo, in a picture

очень маленькие места

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги места

PRACTICE

Fill in the gaps with the right preposition of place – in, on, at .

1. Her brother lives ___ a small town ___ the south coast of Spain.

2. They got married ___ Birmingham.

3. Vienna is ___ the river Danube.

4. His office is ___ the fifth floor.

5. Tom is sitting ___ an armchair.

6. The picture is ___ the wall.

7. We meet ___ the station at 7pm.

8. She was ill and stayed ___ bed.

9. We went to see a play ___ the National Theatre.

10. She is still ___ hospital and recovers from her holiday.

11. Because of delay we had to wait for three hours ___ the airport.

12. I didn’t see her ___ party.

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги места

KEYS

1. Her brother lives in a small town on the south coast of Spain.

2. They got married in Birmingham.

3. Vienna is on the river Danube.

4. His office is on the fifth floor.

5. Tom is sitting in an armchair.

6. The picture is on the wall.

7. We meet at the station at 7pm.

8. She was ill and stayed in bed.

9. We went to see a play at the National Theatre.

10. She is still in hospital and recovers from her holiday.

11. Because of delay we had to wait for three hours at the airport.

12. I didn’t see her at party.

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги времени

Важно помнить, что ряд словосочетаний , в отличие от русского языка, не требуют употребления предлога:

• this year/month /week – в этом году/месяце, на этой неделе;

- last year /month/ week – в прошлом году, месяце, на прошлой неделе;

• next year/month/week – в следующем году/ месяце, на следующей неделе;
• every year/month/week – каждый год/месяц/неделю

Предлог

Пример

at

«точка» на циферблате часов

at 6 o’clock, at midnight, at noon, at sunrise

on

Ряд конструкций:

день, день недели, дата

on Thursday, on the 16 th of July

in

год , месяц, период суток, время года

in 2012, in February, in the afternoon, in spring

at first - сначала, at last - наконец, at once - сразу, at our approach – при нашем приближении

on holiday, on my day off, on the week day

В конструкциях

Может иметь значение «через»:

In time – пришедший успел и имеет в запасе время до начала события, к которому спешил; On time – пришедший явился точно в срок – не поздно и не рано

in two hours, in a year, in a few minutes

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги времени

PRACTICE

Fill in the gaps with the right preposition of time where necessary – in, on, at .

1. My cousin often visits me ___ her holidays.

2.___ Sunday I usually get up ___ nine a.m.

3. My brother’s birthday is ___ the thirteenth of February.

4. I’m leaving ___ next Sunday ___ noon.

5. We used to meet ___ our days off.

6. She said she would return ___ a few minutes.

7. Mr. Smith is quite punctual, he always arrives ___ time.

8. I was looking for my keys and ___ last found them in my purse.

9. We had a lot to do and went to bed quite late ___ night.

10. George isn’t here ___ the moment.

11. Will you be at home ___ this evening?

12. Where will you be ___ Christmas ___ this year?

13. Emma left school ten years ago, ___ 2002.

IN, ON, AT

как предлоги времени

KEYS

1. My cousin often visits me on her holidays.

2. On Sunday I usually get up at nine am.

3. My brother’s birthday is on the thirteenth of February.

4. I’m leaving next Sunday at noon.

5. We used to meet on our days off.

6. She said she would return in a few minutes.

7. Mr. Smith is quite punctual, he always arrives on time.

8. I was looking for my keys and at last found them in my purse.

9. We had a lot to do and went to bed quite late at night.

10. George isn’t here at he moment.

11. Will you be at home this evening?

12. Where will you be at Christmas this year?

13. Emma left school ten years ago, in 2002.

FOR, DURING, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER

как предлоги времени

For – в течение к-л. периода времени

During – в течение, в продолжение

While – пока, в то время, как

Предлог

Before - до

for + период времени

Пример

for three months, for ten years, for five minutes

в течение

during + существительное

After - после

в течение

during our voyage, during the war, during the film

while + глагол

пока

while we were eating, while they were talking

before/after + существительное глагол с –ing

before the film, after the film, before eating breakfast, after reading the newspaper

до, после

Предлог for часто входит в состав фразовых глаголов или предложных конструкций:

look for – искать, wait for – ждать, blame smb. for – стыдить к-л. за, thank smb. for – благодарить к-л. за, praise smb. for - хвалить к-л. за, be responsible for – отвечать за

FOR, DURING, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER

как предлоги времени

PRACTICE

Fill in the gaps with the right preposition of time – for, during, while, before, after.

1. We didn’t speak ___ we were eating.

2. We didn’t speak ___ the meal.

3. Mike and Nell played tennis ___ three hours.

4. ___ doing the shopping, they went home.

5. ___ eating the apple, I washed it carefully.

6. George phoned ___ you were out.

7. I always have breakfast ___ going to school.

8. Yesterday evening I watched TV ___ two hours.

9. Little Mike fell out of bed ___ he was sleeping.

10. Kate stayed in Rome ___ five days.

11. The student looked very bored ___ the lesson.

12. I don’t usually watch TV ___ the day.

13. Henry started work ___ reading the newspaper.

FOR, DURING, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER

как предлоги времени

KEYS

1. We didn’t speak while we were eating.

2. We didn’t speak during the meal.

3. Mike and Nell played tennis for three hours.

4. After doing the shopping, they went home.

5. Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully.

6. George phoned while you were out.

7. I always have breakfast before going to school.

8. Yesterday evening I watched TV for two hours.

9. Little Mike fell out of bed while he was sleeping.

10. Kate stayed in Rome for five days.

11. The student looked very bored during the lesson.

12. I don’t usually watch TV during the day.

13. Henry started work after reading the newspaper .

FROM…TO,

UNTIL, SINCE

как предлоги времени

From...to… = From…till… - с… до…

Until = till – до какого-либо периода, до какого-либо времени

Since – с какого-либо времени в прошлом до настоящего момента

Предлог

Пример

from...to…

с... до…

from Tuesday to Sunday, from early morning till late evening, from 1999 to 2009

until

until Saturday, until December, until 6 o’clock, till late at night, till I come back

since

до

since I arrived, since Monday, since 1987, since 2.30

с каких-либо пор

FROM…TO,

UNTIL, SINCE

как предлоги времени

PRACTICE

1. Mr and Mrs Kelly have been married ___ 1978.

Fill in the gaps with the right preposition of time – until, since, from…to…, for.

2. I work ____ Monday___ Saturday.

3. We waited for Sue ___ half an hour but she didn’t come.

4. “Have you just arrived?” – “No, I’ve been here ___ half past seven.”

5. David and Joe are good friends. They have known each other ___ ten years.

6. I’m tired. I’m going to lie down ___ a few minutes.

7. Don’t open the door of the train ___ the train stops.

8. This is my house. I’ve lived here ___ I was 7 years old.

9. Next week I’m going to London ___ a fortnight.

10. I usually finish work at 5.30, but sometimes I work __ 6.

11. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for you ___ twenty minutes.

FROM…TO,

UNTIL, SINCE, FOR

как предлоги времени

KEYS

1. Mr and Mrs Kelly have been married since 1978.

2. I work from Monday to Saturday.

3. We waited for Sue for half an hour but she didn’t come.

4. “Have you just arrived?” – “No, I’ve been here since half past seven.”

5. David and Joe are good friends. They have known each other for ten years.

6. I’m tired. I’m going to lie down for a few minutes.

7. Don’t open the door of the train until the train stops.

8. This is my house. I’ve lived here since I was 7 years old.

9. Next week I’m going to London for a fortnight.

10. I usually finish work at 5.30, but sometimes I work until 6.

11. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for you for twenty minutes.

by

By mistake by accident by chance by the way by bus/train/car day by day step by step

for

по ошибке нечаянно случайно кстати на автобусе/поезде/машине день за днем шаг за шагом

in

go for a walk/dance for breakfast/dinner

пойти на прогулку/ танцевать

in fact in case in future in love in time in the morning/evening/afternoon

on

at

на завтрак/обед

на самом деле в случае в будущем влюблен вовремя утром/вечером/днем

on television on holiday/ a trip on foot

at home/work at night at present

по телевизору в отпуске/в поездке пешком

дома/на работе ночью сейчас

Устойчивые словосочетания с предлогами

to answer - отвечать на to climb - подниматься на to cross - переходить через (реку, улицу, мост) to doubt - сомневаться в to enter - входить в to fight - сражаться с (против) to follow - следовать за to join - вступать в, присоединиться к to need - нуждаться в to play - играть в (на) to affect - воздействовать на to leave - уехать из

to wait for - ждать to ask for - просить to look for - искать to listen to - слушать to belong to - принадлежать to aim at - иметь целью to care for - интересоваться, любить to explain to (somebody) - объяснять (кому-л.)

Глаголы с предлогами

Фразеологические глаголы

Practice: Fill in the gaps

Вставка рисунка

to look – смотреть

to look after – присматривать за…, заботиться о… to look for - искать to look through - просматривать to look in - заглядывать to call - звать; называть to call up - звонить (по телефону) to call at - заходить

to call off - отменять

• What are you doing there? - I am looking … my right shoe. Have you seen it?
• If I am free, I’ll call you … tonight.
• Boss is looking … you everywhere. Call him … immediately!
• Alice looked … the menu but refused everything.
• I am very busy now. I am afraid I have to call our meeting …

Good job! Thank you!