"Present perfect(Continuous)"

PRESENT

PERFECT

Present Perfect - это действие, которое завершилось к моменту речи и его результат имеет значение в настоящий момент.

I have cooked dinner. Let's eat.

have/has+V3

1)Могут использоваться указатели времени:

Today , this week/month/year,

this morning/afternoon/evening,

2. Наречия, у которых размыты рамки времени и частотности.

I have just heard something. Have you?

Могут употребляться наречия:

already уже never никогда

lately недавно ever когда-либо

just только что seldom редко

by now к этому времени often часто

up to now до сих пор

yet ещё

You have already played enough. Get back into the den!

You already (play) enough. Get back into the den!

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The tea is hot. I have just boiled the water.

The tea is hot. I just (boil) the water.

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PRESENT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous - это действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось в течение некоторого времени и либо закончилось непосредственно перед разговором или все еще продолжается в момент разговора.

I have been waiting here for 2 hours!

have/has+been+Ving

We have been preparing for our exam since morning.

Present Perfect Continuous

Утвердительные предложения :

I have been playing We have been playing

You have been playing You have been playing

He / she / it has been playing They have been playing

Вопросительные предложения:

Have I been playing? Have we been playing?

Have you been playing? Have you been playing?

Has he / she / it been playing? Have they been playing?

Отрицательные предложения :

I have not been playi ng We have not been playing

You have not been playing You have not been playing

He / she / it has not been play ing They have not been playing

Let me out! I have been sitting here since yesterday.

Let me out! I (sit) here

since yesterday.

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The birds have been singing their lovely songs since spring came.

The birds (sing) their lovely songs since spring came.

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Important notes

1) Present Perfect употребляется вместо Present Perfect Continuous с глаголами, которые не употребляются в длительной форме.

К ним относятся глаголы, обозначающие ментальный процесс ( know - знать, like - нравиться, understand - понимать, believe - верить, need - нуждаться) и глаголы, которые выражают чувства и эмоции ( hear - слышать, smell - нюхать, taste - чувствовать вкус, hate - ненавидеть, want - хотеть), глаголы состояния( be -быть, have -иметь)

Colin has always needed somebody's countenance. Колин всегда нуждался в моральной поддержке от кого-нибудь.

We (be) friends for

a long time.

We have been friends for

a long time.

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We have known each other since the cat was born.

We (know) each other since the cat was born.

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You have already seen

the chocolate bar. Now eat

your vegetables.

You already (see) the chocolate bar. Now eat

your vegetables.

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2) Однако, в разговорной речи можно встретить глаголы , выражающие эмоции при описании временных ситуаций , а также для придания речи более яркого оттенка.

I have been hearing some strange noises coming from the outside.

Я слышу какие-то странные звуки, доносящиеся снаружи

3) Важно помнить , что Present Perfect Continuous обычно не используется с глаголами, которые выражают одномоментные действия, например глаголы to start, to stop, to finish :

Have  you  finished  your report? Ты закончил отчет?

I’m sorry. I haven’t finished yet.

I’m sorry. I (not finish) yet.

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4) Мы используем Present Perfect для описания жизненного опыта- для выражения действий или событий, которые произошли когда-то во время жизни человека. Обычно используются слова-маркеры «never» и «ever».

I  have never been  to Spain . Я никогда не был в Испании.

5 ) C Present Perfect мы обычно используем вопрос «How much? How many?» — «Сколько?», в то время как Present Perfect Continuous отвечает на вопрос «How long?» — «Как долго?».

How many glasses of water   have   you   drunk   today? Сколько стаканов воды ты выпил сегодня? How long   have  you  been staying  at this hotel? Как долго ты живешь в этом отеле?

6)Иногда мы можем использовать обе формы Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous и смысл предложения не изменится (например, с глаголами to work, to live )

I ’ve worked  here for 20 years. Я работаю здесь двадцать лет. I ’ve been working  here for 20 years. Я работаю здесь двадцать лет. How long  have  you  lived  here? Как долго ты живешь здесь? How long  have  you  been living  here? Как долго ты живешь здесь?

7) Present Perfect иногда используется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи:

а) указано начало действия since ;

б) указан весь период времени for two days, for ten minutes.

I have known him for ten years. I have known him since 1990.

Where is the top? I have been climbing for a long time and haven’t reached the top yet.

Where is the top? I (climb) for a long time and (not to reach) the top yet.

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I (swim) to and fro since 10 o’clock.

I have been swimming to and fro since 10 o’clock.

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Where is the basket? I have been playing since 10 o’clock and haven’t scored a goal yet.

Where is the basket? I (play) since 10 o’clock and (not score) a goal yet.

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Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

desired result I have washed the car.  (Result: The car is clean now.)

unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car.  (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

since the last time

I haven't played that game for years.  (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)

since the beginning

I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes.  (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

permanent

James has lived in this town for 10 years.  (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

temporary

James has been living here for a year.  (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.

Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Ex 1 Choose the best answer:

1. The firemen are outside. They(try)…………… to put out the fire for the last two hours.

2. Troy is a pilot. He(fly)…………….  to many parts of the world.

3. The baby(sleep)……………….  for more than 4 hours. I think I will wake her up.

4. Alex(go)…………….  to Padre Island only once.

5. She(not to take)……………….  a bath for two weeks.  She reeks!!!

Ex 1 Choose the best answer:

6. We all want to go home.  We(ride)………….  this bus for over 5 hours.

7. The lost girls haven't been found yet.  A crew of volunteers(search)…………….  for them for 2 days.

8. Gabriela(study)………………  a PhD. It took her 6 years, but she finally got her diploma.

9. The lecturer(speak)…………….  for more than 1 hour!!! I just want him to finish!!!

10. There is a construction site behind my house. They(make)……………..   a lot of noise and it is driving us crazy!!!

Ex 2 Correct the mistakes if any.

1) They are discussing the problem for hours, but has not solved it yet.

2) Somebody has been playing tennis since 2 o’clock.

3) Is it still raining? No, it have stopped.

4) John has been winning the championship two times.

5) The boys have fished for 3 hours.

6) How many books have you written?

7) Mike has invited many friends to his birthday party.

8) He has been hating oranges since his childhood.