Презентация. «Эквиваленты существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя «Старик и Море» и возможности их перевода на русский язык»

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Good morning. My name is Midea Saralidze.  I study in 10-th Form Vilino School № 1.

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I would like to present my research work “The equivalents of nouns in E. Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea” and the ways of their translations in Russian language.”

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The purpose of this work is to investigate the translation of nouns in the novel of E. Hemingway, to show what structural models of the nouns are used by the translators in their translation.

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The first aim of this investigation is to tell what the noun is, and how the author uses it. The second aim is to show methods and ways of translating various proper names. The third aim of the research work is to show how the translators use Russian equivalents of structural models of the noun in the novel of E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”. I have set this aim because of a superficial translation the reader cannot see what is written between the lines.

This work consists of three chapters. The first chapter is a description of grammatical and semantical categories of English nouns and means of their translation. In the second chapter we get to know about methods and ways of translating various proper names. And in the third chapter the analysis of the translation equivalents is carried out. The analysis is carried out on the material of Ernest Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea” and its translation.

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The novelty of this work is different equivalents of the nouns. The method of this paper is to carry out the analysis of theoretical questions. The structure of this research is the investigation of grammatical and semantical categories. This work is provided with a lot of examples. In this research is gathered information about noun

from many grammar books and comparative analysis of its Russian translations is given.

We should pay attention to differences in translation of Russian language.

So, let's start.

1.The first Chapter is “GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES OF ENGLISH NOUNS AND MEANS OF THEIR TRANSLATIONS”.

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In this chapter I will tell about the noun and how the grammarians treat their categories. The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense.

The noun has the following morphological characteristics:

 - Nouns that can be counted have two numbers: singular and plural. (a girl/girls)

- Nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) have two case forms: the common case and genitive case.    

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The noun has certain syntactical characteristics.

 The chief syntactical functions of the noun in the sentence are those of the subject and the object. But it may also be used as an attribute or a predicative.

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The morphological composition of nouns:

According to their morphological composition we distinguish simple, derivative and compound nouns.

      1.  Simple nouns are nouns which have neither prefixes nor suffixes. They are indecomposable: chair, table, room, map, fish, work.

      2.  Derivative nouns are nouns which have derivative elements (prefixes or suffixes or both): reader, sailor, blackness, childhood, misconduct, inexperience.

       3.  When a noun has two or more parts, we call it a compound noun. We can make compound nouns with the –ing form.

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According to their categorical semantics nouns are classified into:

 - Proper nouns (Peter, Moscow, February)

- Common nouns (man, dog, book)

- Class nouns (shop)

 - Nouns of material (iron, gold, paper, tea)

 - Collective nouns (police, people)

 - Abstract nouns (kindness, sadness, beauty)

So after a summary review of a noun, I would like to tell you my research work.

2. CHAPTER 2. METHODS AND WAYS OF TRANSLATING VARIOUS PROPER NAMES

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There are no finally established rules yet as to how different kinds and types of English proper names should be translated into Russian, though Russian proper names of people and family names are mostly conveyed on the basis of their phonemic \ orthographic structure, i.e., are transliterated in English. E.g.: Антонина Antonina; Роман Roman; Авраменко Avramenko; Лавриненко Lavrinenko; Иван Ivan; Тамара Tamara etc.

Far from all Russian proper names can be conveyed by way of literal translating, however. This is because some of our vowels and consonants have no equivalent sounds \ phonemes in English and must be substituted for approximately similar sounds. Among these Russian sounds and sounds combinations are first of all those ones, which are rendered with the help of the letters or letter combinations ы, й, ый, ий, я, ю, е, э, or partly through the letters ж, щ, х, ч, ц and consonants.

One of the ways to assure this internationally was the adoption of the Romanization System which enabled the conveying of our personal names, family names (onomastics) and also all Russian geographical names (toponymy) in accordance with some rules.

3. CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN E. HEMINGWAY’S NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA”

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A general survey of the nouns selected from the English text “The Old Man and the Sea”. Among the nouns that I selected from the English text there are names of concrete objects and abstract notions.

Now, I will show how the Russian translators E. Golysheva and B. Izakov translate nouns in the E. Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea”. In this short novel “The Old Man and the Sea” E. Hemingway writes: ''Yes,'' the boy said. ''Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we'll take the stuff home.'' – E. Golysheva and B. Izakov translate: — Конечно. Хочешь, я угощу тебя пивом на Террасе? А потом мы отнесем домой снасти.  The noun “stuff” has the meaning – вещи, вещество. The translators decided to use equivalent «снасти» because it sounds better.

My conclusion is that in the first place, sometimes the translators have practically the same translation, in the second place they use very different nouns, and in the third place, sometimes they use zero translation.

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In the translation of Ernest Hemingway’s short novel “The Old Man and the Sea” we can admit four groups of nouns. The first group is just equivalents. The second group is without direct equivalents, when the translation is absent. The third group is the nouns which are close in meaning or Russian noun is narrower than the English noun. The fourth group includes descriptive translations.

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The first group: Equivalent nouns in English and Russian.

He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility.

Он был слишком простодушен, чтобы задуматься о том, когда пришло к нему смирение.

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The second group: Absence of an equivalent word.

''What do you have to eat?'' the boy asked.

— Что у тебя на ужин? — спросил мальчик.

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The third group: Translation by means of semantically close words.

''Your stew is excellent,'' the old man said.

— Вкусное мясо, — похвалил старик

''Black beans and rice, fried bananas, and some stew.''

— Черные бобы с рисом, жареные бананы и тушеную говядину.

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The fourth group: Descriptive translations.

The old man knew he was going far out and he left the smell of the land behind and rowed out into the clean early morning smell of the ocean.

Старик заранее решил, что уйдет далеко от берега; он оставил позади себя запахи земли и греб прямо в свежее утреннее дыхание океана.

Maybe today.

Может, сегодня счастье мне улыбнется.

That makes no difference, he thought.

«Невелика беда, — подумал он.

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My conclusion is that at first the translators have practically the same translation, at second they use very different nouns, and at third, they use zero translation and sometimes descriptive translations.

This research can be used as a material to teach students, pupils in grammatical and semantical categories of English nouns. The theoretical significance of this paper is to help students, pupils in grammar, in practice of translation and in foreign literature. The practical significance of this research is to help in further activity of translation.

Слайд 18     Thank you for your attention!