Modals
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Учитель английского языка МАОУК «Гимназия «Арт-Этюд»
Кузнецова Ирина Владимировна
Модальные глаголы – особая группа глаголов, которые не обозначают действие, а выражают отношение к нему.
Модальные глаголы употребляются в следующих формах:
- Can –can’t/cannot
- May—may not
- Will—won’t/will not
- Shall—shan’t/shall not
- Must—mustn’t/ must not
- Could –couldn’t/could not
- Might—mightn’t/ might not
- Would—wouldn’t/would not
- Should– shouldn’t/should not
Модальные глаголы
- Не изменяются по лицам и числам
You may write an e-mail .
He may write an e-mail.
- Употребляются в сочетании с инфинитивом без to
You should call Stella.
Глаголы с модальным значением
- ought to (не изменяется по лицам и числам)
- have to (don’t have to)
- need to (don’t need to/needn’t)
В вопросах модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Can you understand what he’s saying?
Ability (способность)
- Способность совершать действие в наст времени – can
Can you use a fax machine?
- Способность совершать действие в прошлом – could
Tom could read when he was two years old.
Permission (разрешение)
- Вопросы с просьбой о разрешении
can/could/may
Can/Could/May I use the phone?
You can/may send the fax when you like.
May более вежливая форма обращения, чем could.
Could – более вежливая форма обращения, чем can.
Advice (совет)
ought to/should
Liam ought to/should watch less TV.
Obligation
- обязанность/необходимость совершения действия в настоящем или будущем.
must/mustn’t/have to/need to
All visitors must turn off their mobile phones.
You have to /need to press “send”
Отсутствие необходимости
don’t have to/ don’t need to/needn’t
You don’t have to pay to send an e-mail.
Обязанность/необходимость совершения действия в прошлом
had to
Yesterday, Sam had to buy more stamps.
Отсутствие необходимости совершения действия в прошлом
didn’t have to/didn’t need to
I learnt a little Italia, but everybody spoke English, so I didn’t have to use it.
Have to чаще используется в устной речи.
Must – чаще в письменной, как правило, в объявлениях и инструкциях.
“ We have to pay the phone bill today”, Rita said.
Passengers must turn off the mobile phones.
- Mustn’t выражает запрет.
- Don’t have to – отсутствие необходимости
You mustn’t do that! -Не делай этого!
You don’t have to do that. –Ты можешь не делать этого. (Это необязательно)
Probability and Possibility
- Высокая степень вероятности совершения действия в настоящем.
must/can’t/couldn’t
The phone is ringing –it must be Simon.
This letter can’t /couldn’t be from Japan, it’s got a French stamp.
Вероятность совершения действия в настоящем или будущем.
should/ought to
We should/ought to hear from Cheryl this weekend.
Возможность совершения действия в настоящем или будущем.
could/may/might
I’m not sure what language it is – it could/may/might be Polish
- Must, can’t, couldn’t часто используются для выражения предположения, основанного на уверенности.
I just rang Paul, but there’s no answer. He must be out.
Test
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Choose the correct modal verb in italics:
- I can / can’t / might go out tonight. I'm too busy.
- I haven't studied enough. I may / may not / might pass my exams.
- They say it must/ need / might snow tomorrow.
- She can /might not / won’t be able to help us. She's not available.
- Can / May / Might you come to my party?
- We should run or we can / might / might not miss the bus.
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- You couldn’t / mustn’t / shouldn’t eat so many hamburgers. They're not good for you.
- You can’t have / don’t have to /mustn’t study at the weekends, except when you have exams.
- You may not / might not /needn’t Everything will be OK.
- You don’t have to /might not/mustn’t use your mobile phone in class.
- I can’t /may not /might not have left my mobile phone at school on Friday afternoon – I had it on Friday night.
- It can /could / couldn’t rain tomorrow.
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Complete the sentences with a suitable modal verb. Use must, don’t have to, might, should, mustn’t and shouldn’t.
mustn’t
- You ____________________ drive on the pavement. It's illegal.
- You ____________________ say that. It's not nice.
- I ______________________ go to work tomorrow because it's a public holiday.
- I ______________________ buy this CD, but I'm not sure.
- You ____________________ eat more vegetables. They're good for you.
- You ____________________ be 18 before you can buy alcohol.
mustn’t/shouldn’t
don’t have to/needn’t
might
should
must
Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs
1. Some people just don’t know how to sing.(be able to)
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2. There’s a chance that she’s in the airport. (could)
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3. I knew how to ride a horse when I was six. (could)
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4. John isn’t sure if he is going to Turkey. (might not)
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5. Do not block the emergency exit. (mustn’t)
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Some people are not able to sing.
She could be in the airport.
I could ride a horse when I was six.
John might not go to Turkey.
You mustn’t block the emergency exit.
Write the sentences again without changing the meaning. Use one of the modal verbs in brackets.
- It is dangerous to use mobile phones on the plane. (mustn’t)
- It is necessary to fasten your seat belt for landing and taking off. (must)
- It’s possible that he’ll be there to meet us. (may)
- It’s possible to park your car here. (can)
- This is a surprise. Don’t tell anybody about it. (shouldn’t)
- It’s possible Mary saw him. (must / may / can)
- I am certain Peter has got lost. (should / could / must)
- My advice is that you stop. (should / must / could)
- Perhaps we went to London. (must / can / might)
- It’s not possible that Peter kissed Helen. (might not / can’t / should )