Презентация "Russian borrowings in English"

Russian borrowings in English

ФИО

группа

Causes for vocabulary borrowing between languages:

Ethnographic lacunae (item + word)

Lexical lacunae (word)

Stylistic effect (- or + connotations)

400 loanwords (Oxford Dictionary)

Classification by periods of borrowing

16 th – 17 th centuries

Word

Transcription

pood

Translation

[puːd]

beluga

[bɪ'luːgə]

пуд

slude

kvass

белуга

[sluːd]

[kvɑːs]

слюда

rouble

['ruːbl]

sable

квас

['seɪbl]

рубль

saffian

соболь

['sæfjən]

сафьян

18 th century

Word

Transcription

uralite

Translation

[ˈjʊərəlʌɪt]

mammoth

уралит (асбестовая слюда)

['mæməθ]

Chukchi

мамонт

['ʧukʧiː]

burka

knout

чукчи

['bɜːkə]

паранджа

[naut]

кнут

19th – early 20th centuries

Word

chernozem

Transcription

Translation

['ʧɜːnəzem]

nihilism

чернозём

dacha

['naɪɪˌlɪz(ə)m]

нигилизм

['dæʧə] / ['dɑːʧə]

дача

early Soviet period

Word

Transcription

subbotnik

Translation

[suːˈbɒtnɪk] / [suˈbɑtnɪk]

solonchak

субботник

[ˈsɒləntʃak]

солончак

mid-20th century

Word

sputnik

Transcription

Translation

[ˈspʊtnɪk] / [ˈspʌtnɪk] / [ˈspətnɪk]

tokamak

спутник

polynya

[ˈtəʊkəmak]

kalashnikov

токамак

[pə(ʊ)ˈlɪnjə] / [ˌpɑlənˈjɑ]

полынья

[kə'læʃnɪkɔf]

Автомат Калашников

late Soviet period

Word

Transcription

perestroika

Translation

[ˌperə'strɔɪkə]

glasnost

перестройка

['glæsnɔst]

Gorbi

гласность

['gəurbɪ]

Горби (прозвище Горбачёва)

Post-Soviet period and modernity

Word

absolute illegality

Transcription

Translation

[ˌæbs(ə)'l(j)uːt ˌɪliː'gælətɪ]

privatisation

беспредел

oligarch

[ˌpraɪvɪtaɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]

silovik(i)

приватизация

['ɔlɪgɑːk]

олигарх

[sɪˈloʊvɪk(ɪ)]

силовик(и)

trade items

religion

daily life

nature

clothes

measurements

food

beverages

• boyar muzhik
• boyar
• muzhik

• obednya starets
• obednya
• starets

Classification

by thematic groups

state structure

• sevruga astrakhan
• sevruga
• astrakhan

• verst altyn
• verst
• altyn

• troika balalaika
• troika
• balalaika

• shuba blini nalivka
• shuba
• blini
• nalivka

• steppe suslik
• steppe
• suslik

Classification

by sphere of use and function

Historicisms

• barshchina kolkhoz
• barshchina
• kolkhoz

Scientific terms

• karyotype parma
• karyotype
• parma

Media

• tsar ukase
• tsar
• ukase

Everyday speech

• vodka babushka
• vodka
• babushka

Translitirations

Transcription

bolshevik

mammoth

Classification by mode of borrowing

glasnost

sterlet

Calque

Semantic calque

Red Army

brigade

People’s Artist

pioneer

Russisms in active vocabulary

Word

Transcription

vodka

['vɔdkə]

Translation

blini

водка; любой крепкий алкоголь (Am.E.)

['bliːniː]

piroshki

тонкие блины

[ˈpɪrəʃkiː] / [ˌpɪrəˈʃkiː]

kasha

пирожки (Am.E.); пельмени (Br.E.)

['kæʃə]

stroganoff

pavlova

гречневая каша, крупа

[ˈstrɒɡənɒf] / [ˈstroʊɡəˌnɔf]

бефстроганов

[pæv'ləuvə]

babushka

[bə'buːʃkə]

kaftan

десерт «Павлова»

платок и способ его ношения

['kæftæn]

balaclava

кафтан (длинная свободная распашная одежда из шелка, атласа, бархата)

[ˌbælə'klɑːvə]

parka

балаклава

['pɑːkə]

oligarch

парка

['ɔlɪgɑːk]

олигарх

spetsnaz

silovik(i)

[ˈspɛtsnaz]

gopnik

любая группа спец. назнач., особенно высокопрофессиональная

[sɪˈloʊvɪk(ɪ)]

сотрудники силовых ведомств (с отриц. конн.)

[ˈsɒtnɪk] / [ˈsɑtnɪk]

kalashnikov

гопник (gopnik-style – про коллекции Гоши Рубчинского)

[kə'læʃnɪkɔf]

автомат Калашникова

Emotionally charged vocabulary

tsar / czar

ukase

[tsɑː] / [zɑː]

чиновник-самодур

[juːˈkeɪz] / [juˈkeɪs]

sputnik

самодурский приказ такого чиновника

niet / nyet

[ˈspʊtnɪk] / [ˈspʌtnɪk] / [ˈspətnɪk]

da

Sputnik moment -момент, когда придется очень много и упорно работать, чтобы обогнать своих соперников

[njɛt]

очень твердое «нет»

[dɑː]

очень твердое «да»

Why does the English language benefit from Russian loanwords?

No lexical lacunae

expressive vocabulary

exoticisms

QUIZ

1. There’re about 400 Russian loanwords in English.

2. We have countless reasons for borrowing words from one language to another.

3. Babushka means ‘old lady’ in modern English.

4. The word ‘sputnik’ was a historicism, but now it’s widely used in the US media metaphorically.

5. There aren’t any Russian loanwords in scientific terms .

True / False / Not Stated

True / False / Not Stated

True / False / Not Stated

True / False / Not Stated

True / False / Not Stated

References:

• Egorova, K. The Russian Contributions to the English Language: a Case of OED Record. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306264313_The_Russian_Contributions_to_the_English_Language_a_Case_of_OED_Record#:~:text=With%20the%20number%20of%20402,English%20(Durkin%2C%202014).

• Podhajecka, M. (2006). Russian borrowings in English: similarities and differences in lexicographic description. In R. W. McConchie et. al. (eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis (HEL LEX), Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp.123-134.

• 12 English Words with Russian Origins. URL:https://lidenz.com/12-english-words-with-russian-origins/.

• The Oxford English Dictionary (OED). – URL: https://www.oed.com/information/about-the-oed/