Раздел 11. Проблемы современного мира.
Текст 1. Mobile phones - a modern menace?
A few years ago mobile phones were an expensive luxury. Consequently, the people who used them most frequently were business people. However, costs have dropped so much in the past few years that, contrary to what people think, mobile phones are now often cheaper to use than ordinary phones. As a result, more and more ordinary people are buying them for their everyday use.
Admittedly, mobile phones have their good points. Working people say that one advantage of having a mobile phone is that you can always be reached during working hours and with a normal phone you frequently miss calls. What is more, you can save valuable time by making calls in the street, in your car, on buses or trains and at airports.
Also, in my opinion, they add nothing to the quality of life. For example, on trains, is it very irritating to hear mobile phones ring, it is also embarrassing to have to listen to other people's conversations. On the one hand, you know the calls are nothing to do with you, but on the other hand you can't help listening to them.
Nevertheless, I will probably get a mobile phone in the end, I have no intention of getting one at the moment. As far as I'm concerned, a telephone at home is quite enough for my needs although there is more than one extension.
Текст 2. GLOBAL WEATHER: WHAT ON EARTH IS HAPPENING?
By our ecology correspondent
IN THE LAST FEW YEARS the news has full of stories pf hurricanes, floods, droughts and other disasters caused by the weather. Scientists agree that something very serious is happening to the world weather. They now think that in the future.
The globe may get warmer.
Dry tropical regions may become drier. Wet tropical regions may become wetter.
Tropical storms may become stronger and more frequent.
The middle latitudes of the world may become warmer and drier.
The polar ice may begin to melt.
Текст 3. The symptoms of Internet addiction
Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms.
His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy’s addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was ‘Net obsession’ – an over-dependency on the Internet.
An international group of psychologist has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders.
Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gateshead in north-east England day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell’s addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare-time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school’s basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he’ll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet.
Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says ‘People don’t realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years.’
Грамматический материал
Модальные глаголы Can, could and be able to
(a) Глагол сan употребляется, чтобы сказать, что нечто может произойти, или некто способен сделать нечто. Отрицательная форма - can't или cannot.
- He can speak English.
- Can you translate this book?
- I can't visit you every day.
Be able to является возможной заменой can, но can более употребительно:
- I'm not able to visit you every day.
Так как can имеет только две формы: can (настоящее время-present) и could (прошедшее время-past), то для других времен необходимо употребление be able to.
- He hasn't been able to work recently. (can has no Present Perfect)
- She might not be able to fly to London. (can has no infinitive)
(b) Could и was able to:
Иногда could употребляется как прошедшее время от can.
- Tom could play football very well.
- She couldn't speak English.
Преимущественно сould используется со следующими глаголами:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, understand, remember:
- He spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand him at all.
- Though I was sitting in the last row, I could see the film well.
Could используется также, чтобы отметить несомненную возможность кого-либо сделать что-либо:
- My mother could speak five languages.
Но если мы имеем в виду, что некто справляется с чем-либо при определенных условиях, надо употреблять was/were able to (не could):
- He didn't want to buy a new suit but at last we were able to persuade him.
- She wasn't able to pass the exam.
Отрицательная форма couldn't допустима во всех случаях.
- He couldn't play tennis.
Must, mustn't, needn't and needn't have
(a) Must, mustn't и needn't
| (You) must (do) означает, что вам необходимо что-то сделать: You haven't got much time. You must hurry. You can tell Tom what I said but he must keep it a secret. (You) mustn't (do) означает, что вам следует воздержаться от совершения какого-то действия (не делатьэтого): The baby is asleep. You mustn't shout. (= Надо, чтобы Вы не кричали.) You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn't tell anybody else. (= Надо, чтобы он никому не рассказывал.) (You) needn't (do) означает, что нет необходимости это делать: You've got plenty of time. Your needn't hurry. (= Нет нужды в спешке.) I can hear you quite clearly. You needn't shout. (= Нет необходимости кричать.) |
(b) Вместо needn't можно использовать
don't/doesn't need to:
- You've got plenty of time. You don't need to hurry.
Помните, что говорят `don't need to hurry', но `needn't hurry' (без to).
(c) Needn't have (done)
Рассмотрим ситуацию:
| Том хотел уехать поездом. Он слишком поздно вышел из дома, поэтому спешил на станцию. Но поезд тоже опоздал - через 20 минут после прибытия Тома на станцию он еще не отправился. Tom needn't have hurried (потому что поезд опоздал). Tom needn't have hurried' означает, что он спешил, но в этом не было необходимости |
Needn't have означает, что хотя некто сделал что-то, но это не было необходимым:
- Ann bought some eggs but when she got home she found that she already
had plenty of eggs. So she needn't have bought any eggs.
- Thank you for doing the washing-up but you needn't have done it really.
I was going to do it later.
(d) Didn't need to
Didn't need to (и `didn't have to') используется, чтобы сказать о ненужности какого-либо действия. Это было уже известно во время выполнения действия:
- I didn't need to go, so I didn't go.
- I didn't need to go but I decided to go anyway.
Когда мы употребляем needn't have, отсутствие необходимости в действии было не известно в момент его выполнения:
- I needn't have gone. (= Я ушел - это было ни к чему, но в
тот момент я не знал, что в этом нет необходимости.)
Should
(a) В современном английском языке глагол should употребляется, когда действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени. Этот глагол не меняется в косвенной речи. Глагол should выражает обязательность, но имеет менее директивный смысл, чем must. В зависимости от контекста, should может иметь дополнительные оттенки значения: желательность, совет:
- You should not smoke so much.
- It's late. The boy should go to bed.
- They should be invited to our party.
Should может употребляться с разными инфинитивами. 'You shouldn't do something' означает, что делать что-то не следует. Проанализируйте следующие предложения:
- You shouldn't be sitting in the sun, move out of it into the shade.
- You should have told me about it.
- You shouldn't feel so unhappy over such trifles.
(b) Мы часто используем should, когда даем или спрашиваем совета о чем-то. При этом часто употребляется I think/I don't think/do you think?
- I don't think you should work so hard.
- I think the government should do something about the economy.
(c) Should используют также, чтобы сообщить о чем-то нежелательном, или о том, что мы неожидали:
- Those children shouldn't be playing.
- They should be at school.
(d) Обратите особое внимание на употребление should have done и shouldn't have done. Эти конструкции употребляются для описания действия в прошлом. Если это утвердительное предложение, то эта конструкция показывает, что желаемый результат не был достигнут:
| - He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home. Это означает, что вместо того, чтобы последовать совету доктора и остаться в постели, он ушел куда-то. |
Если предложение отрицательное, это означает, что произошло что-то нежелательное.
| - Bill, you shouldn't have done it. Это означает, что Билл сделал что-то плохое (солгал, разбил что-то ценное и скрыл это). |
(e) Можно употреблять ought вместо should.
- It's really a good film. You ought to/should go and see it.
Can, could, may and would
(a) Обращение к другому человеку с просьбой. Мы часто употребляем can или could для того, чтобы попросить кого-то сделать что-то:
| - Can you wait a moment, please? - Dan,can you help me, please? - Excuse me. Could you tell where the theatre is? - Do you think I could use your pen? - I wonder if they could help us. |
Когда Вы просите чего-либо, Вы можете сказать:
Can I have..?/Could I have..?/May I have..?
- Can I have these shoes, please? (в магазине)
- Could I have the sugar, please? (за столом)
(b) Выдача и получение разрешения.
Сan,could или may часто употребляются, когдамы спрашиваем разрешения что-либо сделать:
- Hello, can I speak to Ted, please? (по телефону)
- 'Could I use your track?' `Yes, of course.'
- 'Do you think I could go with you?' `Yes, sure.'
- 'May I tell her about this?' `Yes, please do.'
Когда мы даем разрешение, используются только can или may (но не could):
- You can (или may) visit us if you like.
Сan/can't употребляются, когда мы говорим о чем-то, что уже разрешено или запрещено (постоянное запрещение или разрешение):
- You can drive for a year in Britain with an international license.
- If you're under 18, you can't drive a car in Russia.
(c) Иногда мы употребляем can, когда мы предлагаем что-то сделать:
- `Can I get you lemonade?' `That's very nice of you.'
- `Can I help you, sir?' `No thank you. I'm being served.'
(d) Когда мы предлагаем что-то или приглашаем, мы употребляем Would you like...? (а не `do you like'):
- Would you like some whiskey? (а не `do you like')
- Would you like to play golf with me tonight?(а не `do you like to play')
Вежливой формой просьбы о чём-либо является выражение I'd like (= I would like):
- I'd like some information about new services, please.
- I'd like you to be more attentive.
Вопросы Questions (1)
(a) Обычно вопросы конструируются изменением порядкаслов: мы помещаем вспомогательный глагол
(auxiliary verb)(AV) перед подлежащим (subject)(S):
| S + AV | AV + S | |
| you are | are you? | Are you happy? |
| he can | can he? | What can he do? |
| Fred will | will Fred? | Where will Fred go? |
| the window was | was the window? | Was the window opened? |
(b) В вопросах в Present Simple используйте do/does:
| S + AV | AV + S | |
| you like | do you like? | Do you like reading? |
| he works | does he work? | Does he work hard? |
В вопросах в Past Simple используйте did:
| S + AV | AV + S | |
| you went | did you go? | When did you go there? |
| he lived | did he live? | Did he live in this house? |
Будьте внимательны с who/what/which в вопросах. Если who/what/which является подлежащим (Subject), не пользуйтесь do/does/did. Сравните:
| who - the Object (Дополнение) | who - the Subject(Подлежащее) |
| Alice phoned somebody. Who did Alice phone? | Somebody phoned Alice. Who phoned Alice? |
В этих примерах who/what/which подлежащее:
Who wants something to drink? (а не `who does want')
Who invented the bicycle? (а не `who did invent')
What happened to your friend? (а не `what did happen')
Which tram goes to the centre? (а не `which tram does go')
с Вопросы с отрицанием.
Вопросы с отрицанием используются главным образом: для выражения удивления:
- Didn't you hear the news?
В восклицаниях (!):
- Isn’t it a fine day!
Когда мы ожидаем, что слушатель согласен с нами:
- `Haven't we met before?' `Yes, I think we have'.
Обратите внимание на значения ответов yes и no на вопросы с отрицанием:
Yes. (= Да, мы ездили.)
- Didn't you go to the country?
No. (= Нет, мы не ездили.)
Обратите внимание на порядок слов в вопросах с
Why...?:
- Why didn't you write the letter? (а не `why you didn't write')
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