Каждый, кто изучает английский, слышал по меньшей мере один раз фразу про то, что английский является языком синонимов. И это действительно так, однако это имеет и свои минусы: зачастую каждый синоним имеет свои нюансы употребления и, что наиболее важно, свои семантические оттенки, которые при использовании неправильно выбранного синонима могут изменить смысл всего предложения в целом.
В каждой синонимической группе есть своя синонимическая доминанта – так называемое «центральное» слово всей группы, значение которого объединяет все «подопечные» синонимы.
Таким образом, несмотря на то, что все вышеперечисленные слова считаются синонимами, объединенными синонимической доминантой «to look», каждый из них имеет свой стилистический оттенок, и неправильный выбор синонима может изменить смысл всего предложения.
Английский язык действительно любит использовать как можно больше синонимов для описания эмоций и состояний: в качестве примера можно привести синонимический ряд to shout – to yell – to roar. Казалось бы, все из перечисленных слов описывают крик. Но, опять же, у каждого синонима имеется своя смысловая нагрузка, отличающая его от остальных.
Традиционно начиная с синонимической доминанты, в данном случае можно назвать ею глагол «to shout», имеющий значение именно «кричать»: «if only she could shout it to the world» («если бы только она могла прокричать об этом на весь мир») или «I can’t handle anything, she wanted to shout him» («"Я не могу ни с чем справиться", хотелось ей крикнуть ему»).
Зачастую трудности у изучающих английский вызывает понимание различий между синонимами глагола «to surprise»: to surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound.
Но если у глагола «to surprise» скорее нейтральная эмоциональная окраска, что характерно для всех синонимических доминант, то «to astonish» подразумевает более сильную степень удивления и переводится уже как «изумлять», «огорошить»: «it would astonish you to see how many words she learns in an hour» («тебя бы изумило количество слов, которые она может выучить за час») или «the quality of pottery astonished the collector» («качество керамики изумило коллекционера).
English Word | Перевод | Synonyms |
Amazing | удивительный | incredible, unbelievable, improbable, fabulous, wonderful, fantastic, astonishing, astounding, extraordinary |
Anger | гнев | enrage, infuriate, arouse, nettle, exasperate, inflame, madden |
Angry | злой | mad, furious, enraged, excited, wrathful, indignant, exasperated, aroused, inflamed |
Answer | ответ | reply, respond, retort, acknowledge |
Ask | спрашивать | question, inquire of, seek information from, put a question to, demand, request, expect, inquire, query, interrogate, examine, quiz |
Awful | ужасный | dreadful, terrible, abominable, bad, poor, unpleasant |
Bad | плохой | evil, immoral, wicked, corrupt, sinful, depraved, rotten, contaminated, spoiled, tainted, harmful, injurious, unfavorable, defective, inferior, imperfect, substandard, faulty, improper, inappropriate, unsuitable, disagreeable, unpleasant, cross, nasty, unfriendly, irascible, horrible, atrocious, outrageous, scandalous, infamous, wrong, noxious, sinister, putrid, snide, deplorable, dismal, gross, heinous, nefarious, base, obnoxious, detestable, despicable, contemptible, foul, rank, ghastly, execrable |
Beautiful | красивый | pretty, lovely, handsome (man), attractive, gorgeous, dazzling, splendid, magnificent, comely, fair, ravishing, graceful, elegant, fine, exquisite, aesthetic, pleasing, shapely, delicate, stunning, glorious, heavenly, resplendent, radiant, glowing, blooming, sparkling |
Begin | начинать | start, open, launch, initiate, commence, inaugurate, originate |
Big | большой | enormous, huge, immense, gigantic, vast, colossal, gargantuan, large, sizable, grand, great, tall, substantial, mammoth, astronomical, ample, broad, expansive, spacious, stout, tremendous, titanic, mountainous |
Brave | смелый | courageous, fearless, dauntless, intrepid, plucky, daring, heroic, valorous, audacious, bold, gallant, valiant, doughty, mettlesome |
Break | ломать | fracture, rupture, shatter, smash, wreck, crash, demolish, atomize |
Bright | яркий | shining, shiny, gleaming, brilliant, sparkling, shimmering, radiant, vivid, colorful, lustrous, luminous, incandescent, intelligent, knowing, quick-witted, smart, intellectual |
Calm | спокойный | quiet, peaceful, still, tranquil, mild, serene, smooth, composed, collected, unruffled, level-headed, unexcited, detached, aloof |
Come | приходить | approach, advance, near, arrive, reach |
Cool | прохладный | chilly, cold, frosty, wintry, icy, frigid |
Crooked | изогнутый | bent, twisted, curved, hooked, zigzag |
Cry | кричать | shout, yell, yowl, scream, roar, bellow, weep, wail, sob, bawl |
Cut | резать | gash, slash, prick, nick, sever, slice, carve, cleave, slit, chop, crop, lop, reduce |
Dangerous | опасный | perilous, hazardous, risky, uncertain, unsafe |
Dark | тёмный | shadowy, unlit, murky, gloomy, dim, dusky, shaded, sunless, black, dismal, sad |
Decide | решать | determine, settle, choose, resolve |
Definite | определённый | certain, sure, positive, determined, clear, distinct, obvious |
Delicious | вкусный | savory, delectable, appetizing, luscious, scrumptious, palatable, delightful, enjoyable, toothsome, exquisite |
Describe | описывать | portray, characterize, picture, narrate, relate, recount, represent, report, record |
Destroy | разрушать | ruin, demolish, raze, waste, kill, slay, end, extinguish |
Difference | различие | disagreement, inequity, contrast, dissimilarity, incompatibility |
Do | делать | implement, carry out, execute, enact, finish, conclude, effect, accomplish, achieve, attain |
Dull | скучный | boring, tiring, tiresome, uninteresting, slow, dumb, stupid, unimaginative, lifeless, dead, insensible, tedious, wearisome, listless, expressionless, plain, monotonous, humdrum, dreary |
Eager | страстно желающий | keen, fervent, enthusiastic, involved, interested, alive to |
End | заканчивать | stop, finish, terminate, conclude, close, halt, cessation, discontinuance |
Enjoy | наслаждаться | appreciate, delight in, be pleased, indulge in, luxuriate in, bask in, relish, devour, savor, like |
Explain | объяснять | elaborate, clarify, define, interpret, justify, account for |
Fair | справедливый | just, impartial, unbiased, objective, unprejudiced, honest |
Fall | падать | drop, descend, plunge, topple, tumble |
False | ложный | fake, fraudulent, counterfeit, spurious, untrue, unfounded, erroneous, deceptive, groundless, fallacious |
Famous | известный | well-known, renowned, celebrated, famed, eminent, illustrious, distinguished, noted, notorious |
Fast | быстрый | quick, rapid, speedy, fleet, hasty, snappy, mercurial, swiftly, rapidly, quickly, snappily, speedily, lickety-split, posthaste, hastily, expeditiously, like a flash |
Fat | толстый | stout, corpulent, fleshy, beefy, paunchy, plump, full, rotund, tubby, pudgy, chubby, chunky, burly, bulky, elephantine |
Fear | страх | fright, dread, terror, alarm, dismay, anxiety, scare, awe, horror, panic, apprehension |
Fly | летать | soar, hover, flit, wing, flee, waft, glide, coast, skim, sail, cruise |
Funny | забавный | humorous, amusing, droll, comic, comical, laughable, silly |
Get | получать | acquire, obtain, secure, procure, gain, fetch, find, score, accumulate, win, earn, rep, catch, net, bag, derive, collect, gather, glean, pick up, accept, come by, regain, salvage |
Go | уходить | recede, depart, fade, disappear, move, travel, proceed |
Good | хороший | excellent, fine, superior, wonderful, marvelous, qualified, suited, suitable, apt, proper, capable, generous, kindly, friendly, gracious, obliging, pleasant, agreeable, pleasurable, satisfactory, well-behaved, obedient, honorable, reliable, trustworthy, safe, favorable, profitable, advantageous, righteous, expedient, helpful, valid, genuine, ample, salubrious, estimable, beneficial, splendid, great, noble, worthy, first-rate, top-notch, grand, sterling, superb, respectable, edifying |
Great | великий | noteworthy, worthy, distinguished, remarkable, grand, considerable, powerful, much, mighty |
Gross | грубый, вульгарный | improper, rude, coarse, indecent, crude, vulgar, outrageous, extreme, grievous, shameful, uncouth, obscene, low |
Happy | счастливый | pleased, contented, satisfied, delighted, elated, joyful, cheerful, ecstatic, jubilant, gay, tickled, gratified, glad, blissful, overjoyed |
Hate | ненавидеть | despise, loathe, detest, abhor, disfavor, dislike, disapprove, abominate |
Have | иметь | hold, possess, own, contain, acquire, gain, maintain, believe, bear, beget, occupy, absorb, fill, enjoy |
Help | помогать | aid, assist, support, encourage, back, wait on, attend, serve, relieve, succor, benefit, befriend, abet |
Hide | прятать | conceal, cover, mask, cloak, camouflage, screen, shroud, veil |
Hurry | торопиться | rush, run, speed, race, hasten, urge, accelerate, bustle |
Hurt | причинять боль | damage, harm, injure, wound, distress, afflict, pain |
Idea | мысль | thought, concept, conception, notion, understanding, opinion, plan, view, belief |
Important | важный | necessary, vital, critical, indispensable, valuable, essential, significant, primary, principal, considerable, famous, distinguished, notable, well-known |
Interesting | интересный | fascinating, engaging, sharp, keen, bright, intelligent, animated, spirited, attractive, inviting, intriguing, provocative, though-provoking, challenging, inspiring, involving, moving, titillating, tantalizing, exciting, entertaining, piquant, lively, racy, spicy, engrossing, absorbing, consuming, gripping, arresting, enthralling, spellbinding, curious, captivating, enchanting, bewitching, appealing |
Keep | держать | hold, retain, withhold, preserve, maintain, sustain, support |
Kill | убивать | slay, execute, assassinate, murder, destroy, cancel, abolish |
Lazy | ленивый | indolent, slothful, idle, inactive, sluggish |
Little | маленький | tiny, small, diminutive, shrimp, runt, miniature, puny, exiguous, dinky, cramped, limited, itsy-bitsy, microscopic, slight, petite, minute |
Look | смотреть | gaze, see, glance, watch, survey, study, seek, search for, peek, peep, glimpse, stare, contemplate, examine, gape, ogle, scrutinize, inspect, leer, behold, observe, view, witness, perceive, spy, sight, discover, notice, recognize, peer, eye, gawk, peruse, explore |
Love | любить | like, admire, esteem, fancy, care for, cherish, adore, treasure, worship, appreciate, savor |
Make | делать | create, originate, invent, beget, form, construct, design, fabricate, manufacture, produce, build, develop, do, effect, execute, compose, perform, accomplish, earn, gain, obtain, acquire, get |
Mark | отмечать | label, tag, price, ticket, impress, effect, trace, imprint, stamp, brand, sign, note, heed, notice, designate |
Mischievous | озорной | prankish, playful, naughty, roguish, waggish, impish, sportive |
Move | двигаться | plod, go, creep, crawl, inch, poke, drag, toddle, shuffle, trot, dawdle, walk, traipse, mosey, jog, plug, trudge, slump, lumber, trail, lag, run, sprint, trip, bound, hotfoot, high-tail, streak, stride, tear, breeze, whisk, rush, dash, dart, bolt, fling, scamper, scurry, skedaddle, scoot, scuttle, scramble, race, chase, hasten, hurry, hump, gallop, lope, accelerate, stir, budge, travel, wander, roam, journey, trek, ride, spin, slip, glide, slide, slither, coast, flow, sail, saunter, hobble, amble, stagger, paddle, slouch, prance, straggle, meander, perambulate, waddle, wobble, pace, swagger, promenade, lunge |
Moody | легко поддающийся переменам настроения | temperamental, changeable, short-tempered, glum, morose, sullen, mopish, irritable, testy, peevish, fretful, spiteful, sulky, touchy |
Neat | опрятный | clean, orderly, tidy, trim, dapper, natty, smart, elegant, well-organized, super, desirable, spruce, shipshape, well-kept, shapely |
New | новый | fresh, unique, original, unusual, novel, modern, current, recent |
Old | старый | feeble, frail, ancient, weak, aged, used, worn, dilapidated, ragged, faded, broken-down, former, old-fashioned, outmoded, veteran, mature, venerable, primitive, traditional, archaic, conventional, customary, stale, musty, obsolete, extinct |
Part | часть | portion, share, piece, allotment, section, fraction, fragment |
Place | место | space, area, spot, plot, region, location, situation, position, residence, dwelling, set, site, station, status, state |
Plan | план | plot, scheme, design, draw, map, diagram, procedure, arrangement, intention, device, contrivance, method, way, blueprint |
Popular | популярный | well-liked, approved, accepted, favorite, celebrated, common, current |
Predicament | затруднение | quandary, dilemma, pickle, problem, plight, spot, scrape, jam |
Put | класть | place, set, attach, establish, assign, keep, save, set aside, effect, achieve, do, build |
Quiet | тихий | silent, still, soundless, mute, tranquil, peaceful, calm, restful |
Right | правильный | correct, accurate, factual, true, good, just, honest, upright, lawful, moral, proper, suitable, apt, legal, fair |
Run | бежать | race, speed, hurry, hasten, sprint, dash, rush, escape, elope, flee |
Say/Tell | сказать | inform, notify, advise, relate, recount, narrate, explain, reveal, disclose, divulge, declare, command, order, bid, enlighten, instruct, insist, teach, train, direct, issue, remark, converse, speak, affirm, suppose, utter, negate, express, verbalize, voice, articulate, pronounce, deliver, convey, impart, assert, state, allege, mutter, mumble, whisper, sigh, exclaim, yell, sing, yelp, snarl, hiss, grunt, snort, roar, bellow, thunder, boom, scream, shriek, screech, squawk, whine, philosophize, stammer, stutter, lisp, drawl, jabber, protest, announce, swear, vow, content, assure, deny, dispute |
Scared | испуганный | afraid, frightened, alarmed, terrified, panicked, fearful, unnerved, insecure, timid, shy, skittish, jumpy, disquieted, worried, vexed, troubled, disturbed, horrified, terrorized, shocked, petrified, haunted, timorous, shrinking, tremulous, stupefied, paralyzed, stunned, apprehensive |
Show | показывать | display, exhibit, present, note, point to, indicate, explain, reveal, prove, demonstrate, expose |
Slow | медленный | unhurried, gradual, leisurely, late, behind, tedious, slack |
Stop | останавливаться | cease, halt, stay, pause, discontinue, conclude, end, finish, quit |
Story | история | tale, myth, legend, fable, yarn, account, narrative, chronicle, epic, sage, anecdote, record, memoir |
Strange | странный | odd, peculiar, unusual, unfamiliar, uncommon, queer, weird, outlandish, curious, unique, exclusive, irregular |
Take | брать | hold, catch, seize, grasp, win, capture, acquire, pick, choose, select, prefer, remove, steal, lift, rob, engage, bewitch, purchase, buy, retract, recall, assume, occupy, consume |
Tell | рассказывать | disclose, reveal, show, expose, uncover, relate, narrate, inform, advise, explain, divulge, declare, command, order, bid, recount, repeat |
Think | думать | judge, deem, assume, believe, consider, contemplate, reflect, mediate |
Trouble | проблема | distress, anguish, anxiety, worry, wretchedness, pain, danger, peril, disaster, grief, misfortune, difficulty, concern, pains, inconvenience, exertion, effort |
True | верный, точный | accurate, right, proper, precise, exact, valid, genuine, real, actual, trusty, steady, loyal, dependable, sincere, staunch |
Ugly | некрасивый | hideous, frightful, frightening, shocking, horrible, unpleasant, monstrous, terrifying, gross, grisly, ghastly, horrid, unsightly, plain, homely, evil, repulsive, repugnant, gruesome |
Unhappy | несчастный | miserable, uncomfortable, wretched, heart-broken, unfortunate, poor, downhearted, sorrowful, depressed, dejected, melancholy, glum, gloomy, dismal, discouraged, sad |
Use | использовать | employ, utilize, exhaust, spend, expend, consume, exercise |
Wrong | неверный, неправильный | incorrect, inaccurate, mistaken, erroneous, improper, unsuitable |
Словами good и bad можно охарактеризовать что угодно, но это не значит, что в речи нужно ограничиваться только ими. Чтобы было проще подобрать прилагательные для описания того, что восхищает или, наоборот, повергает в уныние, используйте круговые таблички.
Для того, чтобы сказать, что человек счастливый, хороший или красивый (или все сразу), есть много слов с разными оттенками смысла. Поэтому следует использовать их все. Комплимент
К тому же так можно и про мужчин говорить — конечно, не следует забывать про слово