The land of Great Britain.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is the official name which is situated in the British Isles. It consists of four countries which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.
The UK is an island state. The two main islands are Great Britain (where England, Scotland, Wales are situated) and Ireland. The two islands are separated by the Irish Sea.
The UK is separated from the continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. Once the British Isles used to be a part of the continent. The nearest point to Europe is the Strait of Dover.
The UK is also washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the North and the North Sea in the east.
Everyone who was born in Britain is British. People from England are English. People from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are not English. They are Scottish (the Scotts), Welsh and Irish.
Everyone in Britain speaks English. But in some parts of Scotland and Wales people speak different languages as well.
The Flag of the UK is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of three crosses: the cross of St. George (England), the cross of St. Andrew (Scotland) and the cross of St. Patrick (Ireland).
The English year
There are four seasons in the year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter months in Great Britain are November, December, January and February. The winter months are cold. In Great Britain in winter it snows and rains.
November, There are 30 days in November. It is the first winter month in Britain. In November there is a great holiday in America – Thanksgiving Day. Families come together for the day. They decorate the houses with autumn's fruits and flowers and eat traditional American food: roasted turkey and pumpkin pie.
December. There are 31 days in December. On the 25th of December there is the greatest holiday of all in England – Christmas or X-mas. People give each other presents and send Christmas cards. Pupils have their Christmas holidays. Most of the banks, offices and industrial enterprises close for holidays too. The traditional English dinner on Christmas Day is roast turkey and Christmas pudding. The Queen's speech is on television at 3.00 p.m. During Christmas in Trafalgar Square there is a Christmas tree.
January. There 31 days in January. There is a lot of dancing, eating, and drinking during New Year Holidays. There is an interesting New Year tradition in Scotland: you can go "first footing". It means you visit you friends, so you are "the first foot" of the New Year in their houses. The Scots believe that the First Foot brings luck to the family for the New Year. The First Foot must be a man (or a boy), not a woman! And he must have dark hair.
February. There are twenty eight or twenty nine days in February. The 14th of February is St. Valentine's Day. People buy or make Valentine cards and send them to their beloved. They don't sign their cards - you must guess who sent the card to you. Boys and girls, husbands and wives, relatives and friends send cards to each other. There are different cards to suit all tastes.
In Great Britain there are two spring months: March and April March. There are 31 days in March. In England spring begins in the end of March. The 17th of
March is a national holiday in Ireland - St. Patrick's Day. People send greeting cards. On that day people wear a shamrock. A shamrock is a plant with three leaves. It is the national emblem of Ireland. In March there is also a holiday for English women - Mother's Day. People in the family try to make it a day off for Mother and help her in any way they can. On that day they visit their mothers and give them some presents. If they can't do it they send their mothers "A Mother's Day Card".
April. April is the second and the last spring month. There 30 days in April. In April or at the end of March people celebrate Easter Day. They celebrate it as the start of spring or a religious festival. In England it is time to give and get presents. On Easter Sunday children get chocolate Easter eggs or rabbits. The Easter holidays are at the end of March and in the first half of April. Pupils go back to school after Easter. In April there is a day for fun -April Fool's Day. It's on the first of April. English children like this day very much. They play jokes and tricks on other people: other children, parents, friends, relatives, school teachers. "Oh, Ted, look, your right shoe is on your left foot!" When the boy looks at his feet and sees that he has got them all right, the one, who is playing the joke, says, "April Fool!" So children play different jokes and tricks.
May, June. July, August. In Great Britain summer begins in May. So there are four summer months. The weather is usually warm, but not always. It is often changeable. The days are long and the nights are short. When the sun is high in the sky, it is hot. People wear light clothes - cotton shirts, jeans, skirts, T-shirts and light shoes. In May on the first Monday English people celebrate the May Day holiday. In June the English people celebrate Father's Day. On that day children send cards and give presents to their fathers. On the 4th of July the Americans celebrate their most important holiday - the Independence Day. They display their flags, decorate their houses and hold street parades on that day. If the weather is fine, there are a lot of people on the beaches in July and August.
September, October. Autumn comes in September. Autumn is usually a nice season in England. It is warm and dry. But it can rain a lot too. The summer holidays are over in September. The parks, beaches and streets of Britain are very quiet. It is time to go back to school. In Great Britain school begins in the second week of September. On the 31t of October there is a nice holiday for children - Halloween. People put pumpkins on the window-sills. They draw eyes, noses and mouths on the pumpkins and put candles into them. So the pumpkin looks like a face. Children dress up in funny clothes. They go from house to house and ask people for sweets.
Nature of Great Britain
The United Kingdom of G.B. and Northern Irelands is situated on the British Isles. The UK is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands.
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters if Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. The weather in GB is very changeable. The English people say: "Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather." The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The weather is the favorite conversational topic in GB. After they greet each other they start talking the weather.
The best time of the year in GB is spring (of course, it rains in spring too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the big fire. Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad for the summer.
The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities especially in London. The fog spreads everywhere so cars move along slowly and people can't see each other. They try not to be run over by a car but still accidents are frequent in the fog.
Interesting hobbies.
Hobbies are an amazing way to pass time, meet people, learn new things and have fun. There are a lot of kinds of hobbies: such as collecting stamps, reading, listening to music, indoor and outdoor activities, birdwatching or birding, cycling, gardening and so on.
Birdwatching is just one wonderful way of appreciating the great outdoors. It’s very easy to get started with this activity: just head outside and start looking. Beginning to birdwatch is all about being mindful and aware of what bird movements look like, the types of sounds they make and where they might be.
Having a cycling hobby is a great way to stay fit, in addition to having a lot of fun. It can be as simple as jumping on a bike and exploring a city or some nearby villages.
Gardening as a hobby has been popular probably since people didn’t have to depend on them for food. There are incredibly creative people out there continually coming up with new ways to garden on their bacony, window legde, and indoors.
Nature in different seasons
The weather changes with the changing of the season. Consider autumn, for example. In autumn the sky is often cloudy, the sun hides behind the clouds and then appears again. Its rays have already lost their strength and the sun is not so bright now as it was in summer . the air is moist. Days get shorter and the nights longer. As autumn is a rainy season, the weather is mostly dull. And ,of course, it is not attractive. As a matter of fact, I do not like rain of any kind, even if it just drizzles. But there is spell of sunny weather in late September, which we call Indian summer, when the sun shines brightly , the cloudless avnd there is carpet of multicolored leaves on the ground. It is really golden autumn, as the poets have sung it. But in any case, nature begins to fade away. Later the frost will cover the ground at night and remind us about winter is coming. As for me , I am not of autumn, but there are a lot of people trying to loo
We like reading.
We like reading. There are a lot of books in our country but we can’t buy all books which we like. That’s why we go to library. Libraries are very important in the life of people.
We can go to the library if you want to take out a book and read it at home, or if you want to read it at the library. What is the library? It is a big light room. There are many bookcases and book shelves with a lot of books on them. You can see novels, poems, book on history, geography and arts at the library. Adventure books are very popular. There is a reading room with many tables and chairs in the library, where you can read books, newspapers and magazines.
Moscow has got large libraries. For example it is the Foreign Literature Library. If you study foreign languages it is necessary for you to go there. You can find millions of books by the greatest writers and poets, well known all over the world.
Every school has got a library. A school library is a collection of text books and books for reading. Most of school libraries have reading rooms.
There are many public libraries in our city where you can take the books unit for your work and study.
There are big libraries in England, too. One of the big libraries is the British Museum Library.
Library-really is treasure house of information and so I think it is difficult to live without libraries. I like to read and it is my need.
The Queen and the Parliament
In Britain the Queen is the Head of State, but in fact she doesn’t rule the country as she has no power. The Queen is the symbol of the country history and its traditions.
At the beginning of century many countries were ruled by Britain. All of them were included in to the British Empire and were it is colonies. In 1949 Britain and the former colonies founded the Commonwealth. The Queen of Great Britain is also head of Commonwealth and the Queen of Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
The real power in the country belongs to the British parliament and to the British Government. The British Parliament has two houses: The House of Lords and The House of Commons.
The members of the House of Lords are not elected. These members are permanent.
The members of the House of Commons are elected. The British people elect 650 members of the House of Commons every 5 years.
The Nature of Turkmenistan
Nature is of tremendous importance in human life.
For their whole life people have contact with nature. It is not only friend but also a source of health and joy. Nature is a store-room of all the material benefits. Turkmenistan occupies the territory from the Hazar Sea up the Amyderya river, nine-tenth of which are deserts.
Although deserts prevail in Turkmenistan the nature here is rich and diverse. Flora and fauna are varied and unique. The flora of the country is comprised of more than 2500 species of wild vegetation. Among fauna, there aren’t less than 600 species of vertebrates. Flora and fauna often include more than species of plants and animals, peculiar only to this area.
The wild berries, spicy-aromatic, flavoring plants can provide the population with valuable food products and row materials for the food industry. They can be used in the production of new medicines.
Nature in the world
Do you know what is the most important in people’s life? This is of course nature. When we are small and when we grow up a bit we often pick up flowers, tree branches without thinking of the efforts applied to grow this or that tree or flower up.
How beautiful and rich our nature is!
In spring the first flowers-snow drops-appear and buds grow on trees as if making first steps towards summer. Almost everyone here, where I live, have a garden or kitchen garden where colorful and aromatic flowers grow. When autumn comes the leaves on the trees grow yellow-it is the time of golden autumn. There are many poems written about this time of the year. But the time of the autumn is the Indian summer. And despite its rather short it brings happens to people, because it is a spell of the warmest and the nicest days with warm spells in winter when the sun shines when air is not too freeze.
If you look around you would see that there are only a few places untouched and wonderful natural places left. They have preserved their natural and innocent form and they’d never been broken. Red Book shows us and uneasy picture: the diversity of the animal and plant world goes down day by day.
So many species of plants and animals disappeared and their loss is irreplaceable for mankind. With the loss of one link in chain of life on the Earth the whole chain may fail. The negative impact of human kind on nature has increased so much that there is a literally no clear air to breath.
Sports and games
People all over the world are very fond of sports and games. That is one thing in which people of every nationality and class are united.
The most popular outdoor winter sports are shooting, hunting, hockey and in the countries where the weather is frosty and there is much snow-skating, skiing and tobogganing. Some people greatly enjoy figure-skating and ski-jumping.
Summer affords excellent opportunities for swimming boating, yachting , cycling, gliding and many other sports. Among outdoor games football takes the place in public interest. This game is played in all countries of the world. The other favourite games in different countries are golf, tennis, cricket , volleyball, basketball and so on. Badminton is also very popular.
All the year round many people indulge in boxing, wrestling, athletics, gymnastics and track and field events. A lot of girls and women go in for calisthenics.
Among indoor games the most popular are billiards, table tennis, draughts and some others, but the great game is chess of course. The results of chess tournaments are studied and discussed by thousands of enthusiasts in different countries.
So we may say that sport is one of the things that makes all people kin.
The British ways of life
In England many things are the other way round. On the continent
people seldom speak about weather. If they do, it means they have
topics to discuss. In England, if you don’t repeat the phrase “It’s a nice
day today, isn’t it? ”two hundred times a day people are surprised and
think that you are very dull. On the continent Sunday papers appear on
Monday; in England they appear on Sunday. On the continent some
people like cats, others don’t, but in England cats are very special animals.
Everyone loves them and takes care of them.
On the continent people are proud of the thing they know. They try to
show off their knowledge and often quote Greek and Latin writes. In
England only who don’t know them or who don’t haven’t read them do
It.
You can offend people on the continent in many ways, for example ,if
You laugh at them or make jokes about their life and jobs.
But the English take everything with a sense of humor. You can easily
offend them only if tell them they have no sense of humor.
People on the continent either tell you truth or lie, in England they
Hardly ever lie, but they don’t tell you the truth either.
On Sunday on the continent even the poorest person puts on his best
suit and tries to look nice and respectable. In England even richest man
dresses in some old clothes and doesn’t shave.
Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a
game. On the continent people have good food. In England people
have good table manners.
Tell about your favourite book
‘The Diary of Young Girl’ which is also known as ‘The Diary of Anne
Frank’, was one of my most favourite books in my childhood. I was
so touched by this books and enjoy it so much that I read it 2-3 times.
This book was published from a diary written by a young girl named Anne
Frank. My father gave this book as my 11th birthday gift and I read it
when I was 11 years old. I have even read it when grew up and was
a student of college. To my surprise the book was as appealing and
touchy as I found it in my childhood.
The book was adopted from the diary Anne Frank, who was a
teenage girl around 13 years old at the time of writing her diary.
She originally wrote in Dutch language and later this book was
Translated in more than 60 languages worldwide. She wrote the
Diary when she and her family were in hiding for two years during the
Nazi occupation of the Netherland during the Second World War.
Anne got a diary as a birthday gift when she turned to 13 and she began to
Write in it from 14-th June, 1942. At that time the Nazi occupied the Netherland
And they were in hiding into a sealed-off upper room of Anne’s father’s office
Building in Amsterdam. They remain hiding there for two years and Anne wrote
the events of the people living there, her personal thoughts and what happened
that time.
She has a good relationship with her father and a poor relationship with her mother. She admired her sister’s talent and intelligence and calm nature. She
was initially irritated about Peter, a boy of her own age and later on they two
became very close. Thus a little girl wrote about relationship, people’s mentality
perception of human ,little joys and sadness of life and revealed the suffering of the people due to the war.
My hobby
My hobby is reading. I read story books, magazines, newspapers and any kind of material that I find interesting.
My hobby got started when I was a little boy. I had always wanted my parents to read fairy tales and other stories to me. Soon they got fed up and tired of having to read to me continually . so as soon as I could, I learned to read. I started with simple ABC books. Soon I could read simple fairy tales and other stories .Now I read just about anything that is available .
Reading enables me to learn about so many things that I would otherwise not know. I learned about how people lived in bygone days of magic and mystery. I learned about the wonders of the world, space travel, human achievements, gigantic whales, tiny viruses and other fascinating thing of our world.
The wonderful thing about reading is that I do not have to learn things the hard way. For example, I don’t have to catch a disease to know that it can kill me. I know the danger so can avoid it. Also I don’t have to go deep into the jungle to learn about the tiger. I can read all about it in a book.
Books provide the reader with so much information and facts. They have certainly helped me in my daily life. I am better equipped to cope with living . otherwise I would go about ignorantly things learning things the hard way.
So I continue to read. Besides being more informed about the world, I also spend my time profitably. It is indeed a good hobby.
3 829
17 237 
