Тексты для самостоятельной работе по иностранному языку по специальности Техническое регулирование и управление качеством

САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВОМ

2 КУРС 3 СЕМЕСТР

1. Прочитать и перевести текст с английского на русский. Форма отчета - письменный перевод.

Text A: «MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Of MATERIALS»

Materials Science and Technology is the study of ma­terials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

Engineers must know how materials respond to exter­nal forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bend­ing, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disap­pears. The materials may also have permanent deforma­tion or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.

Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in vol­ume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shear­ing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.

Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usu­ally stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the mate­rial ruptures.

Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It oc­curs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the ma­terial can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remain­ing cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.

Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the exam­ples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

Vocabulary

bar— брусок, прут

completely — полностью, совершенно

compression — сжатие

creep — ползучесть

cross-sectional area — площадь поперечного сечения

cyclic stress — циклическое напряжение

decrease — уменьшение

elastic deformation — упругая деформация

elastic limit — предел упругости

exceed — превышать

external forces — внешние силы

fatigue — усталость металла

fracture — перелом, излом

loosen — ослаблять, расшатывать

permanent deformation — постоянная деформация

remaining — оставшийся

shear — срез

simultaneously — одновременно

to stretch — растягивать

technique — методы

tension — напряженность

to propagate — распространяться

to bend — гнуть, согнуть

to extend — расширять, продолжаться

to meet the needs — отвечать требованиям

to occur — происходить

to respond — отвечать реагировать

to suffer — страдать

torsion — кручение

twisting — закручивание, изгиб

volume — объем, количество

rupture — разрыв

2. Сделать реферирование текста. Форма отчетности - письменная работа.

Text В: «Mechanical Properties of Materials»

Density (specific weight) is the amount of mass in a unit volume. It is measured in kilograms per cubic me­tre. The density of water is 1000 kg/ m³ but most mate­rials have a higher density and sink in water. Aluminium alloys, with typical densities around 2800 kg/ m³ are con­siderably less dense than steels, which have typical den­sities around 7800 kg/ m³. Density is important in any application where the material must not be heavy.

Stiffness (rigidity) is a measure of the resistance to deformation such as stretching or bending. The Young modulus is a measure of the resistance to simple stretch­ing or compression. It is the ratio of the applied force per unit area (stress) to the fractional elastic deforma­tion (strain). Stiffness is important when a rigid struc­ture is to be made.

Strength is the force per unit area (stress) that a ma­terial can support without failing. The units are the same as those of Stiffness, MN/m², but in this case the deformation is irreversible. The yield strength is the stress at which a material first deforms plastically. For a metal the yield strength may be less than the fracture strength, which is the stress at which it breaks. Many materials have a higher strength in compression than in tension.

Vocabulary

ability — способность

amount — количество

absorb — поглощать

amount — количество

application — применение

brittle — хрупкий, ломкий

car body — кузов автомобиля

constituent — компонент

crack — трещина

creep resistance — устойчивость к ползучести

definition — определение

density — плотность

ductility — ковкость, эластичность

failure — повреждение

gradual — постепенный

permanent — постоянный

rigid — жесткий

to sink — тонуть

square root — квадратный корень

stiffness — жесткость

strain — нагрузка, напряжение, деформация

strength — прочность

stress — давление, напряжение

tensile strength — прочность на разрыв

toughness — прочность, стойкость

yield strength — прочность текучести

Young modulus — модуль Юнга

2 КУРС 4 СЕМЕСТР

1. Прочитать и перевести текст с английского на русский. Форма отчета - письменный перевод.

Text: «METALWORKING AND METAL PROPERTIES»

An important feature of hot working is that it pro­vides the improvement of mechanical properties of met­als . Hot-working (hot-rolling or hot-forging) eliminates porosity, directionality, and segregation that are usu­ally present in metals. Hot-worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworked casting. Dur­ing the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatly elongated in the direction of flow. As a result, the toughness of the metal is greatly improved in this direction and weakened in directions transverse to the flow. Good forging makes the flow lines in the finished part oriented so as to lie in the direction of maximum stress when the part is placed in service.

The ability of a metal to resist thinning and fracture during cold-working operations plays an important role in alloy selection. In operations that involve stretching, the best alloys are those which grow stronger with strain (are strain hardening) — for example, the copper-zinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the aluminum-mag­nesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening.

Fracture of the workpiece during forming can result from inner flaws in the metal. These flaws often con­sist of nonmetallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides that are trapped in the metal during refining. Such in­clusions can be avoided by proper manufacturing pro­cedures.

The ability of different metals to undergo strain var­ies. The change of the shape after one forming operation is often limited by the tensile ductility of the metal. Met­als such as copper and aluminum are more ductile in such operations than other metals.

Vocabulary

feature — черта, особенность

to provide — обеспечивать

improvement — улучшение

property — свойство

eliminate — ликвидировать, исключать

porosity — пористость

directional — направленный

to segregate — разделять

casting — отливка

elongated — удлиненный

to weaken — ослабевать, ослаблять

transverse — поперечный

flow — течение, поток

finished — отделанный

thinning — утончение

fracture — разрушение

strain hardening — деформационное упрочнение

brass — латунь

beverage — напиток

can — консервная банка

to exhibit — проявлять

inner — внутренний

flaws — недостатки, дефекты кристалличес­кой решетки

inclusion — включение

trapped — зд. заключенный

refining — очищать, очистка

to avoid — избегать

to undergo — подвергаться

tensile ductility — пластичность при растяжении

2. Сделать реферирование текста. Форма отчетности - письменная работа.

Text В: «Mechanical Properties of Materials»

Ductility is the ability of a material to deform with­out breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their ability to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials can absorb energy by deforma­tion but brittle materials cannot.

Toughness is the resistance of a material to breaking when there is a crack in it. For a material of given tough­ness, the stress at which it will fail is inversely propor­tional to the square root of the size of the largest defect present. Toughness is different from strength: the toughest steels, for example, are different from the ones with highest tensile strength. Brittle materials have low toughness: glass can be broken along a chosen line by first scratching it with a diamond. Composites can be designed to have considerably greater toughness than their con­stituent materials. The example of a very tough compos­ite is fiberglass that is very flexible and strong.

Creep resistance is the resistance to a gradual per­manent change of shape, and it becomes especially im­portant at higher temperatures. A successful research has been made in materials for machine parts that oper­ate at high temperatures and under high tensile forces without gradually extending, for example the parts of plane engines.

Vocabulary

ability — способность

amount — количество

absorb — поглощать

amount — количество

application — применение

brittle — хрупкий, ломкий

car body — кузов автомобиля

constituent — компонент

crack — трещина

creep resistance — устойчивость к ползучести

definition — определение

density — плотность

ductility — ковкость, эластичность

failure — повреждение

gradual — постепенный

permanent — постоянный

rigid — жесткий

to sink — тонуть

square root — квадратный корень

stiffness — жесткость

strain — нагрузка, напряжение, деформация

strength — прочность

stress — давление, напряжение

tensile strength — прочность на разрыв

toughness — прочность, стойкость

yield strength — прочность текучести

Young modulus — модуль Юнга

3 КУРС 5 СЕМЕСТР

1. Прочитать и перевести текст с английского на русский. Форма отчета - письменный перевод.

TEXT A. MACHINE TOOLS —

A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS

The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench¹ but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.

There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine² with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts an­other metal must be very hard and so tools should ^be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mecha­nism that is to direct it.

Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of³ machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves — machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.

Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automa­tion is one of the main factors of engineering progress.

Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production⁴ and will serve to in­crease the productivity.

Notes on the Text

1. work-bench — верстак

2. power-driven machine — станок с механическим приводом

3. number of — ряд, несколько

4. small-batch production — производство маленьких партий продукции

accuracy n — точность machine tool n — станок

alloy n — сплав main a — главный

condition n — условие mount v — помещать, устанавливать

cut (cut) v — резать multipurpose a — многоцелевой

direct v — управлять outline n — очертание, конфигурация

drill v — сверлить part n — деталь

equip v — оснащать precise a — точный

fast a — быстрый produce v — производить

flexible a — гибкий similar a — подобный

handle v — управлять steel n — сталь

hard a — твердый switch v — переключать

hold (held) v — держать thread v — делать нарезку резьбы

house v — вмещать tool n — резец

improve v — улучшать turn n — точить

increase v — увеличивать workshop n — цех

lathe n — токарный станок

2. Сделать реферирование текста. Форма отчетности - письменная работа.

Text C: «METALWORKING AND METAL PROPETIES»

An important feature of hot working is that it pro­vides the improvement of mechanical properties of met­als . Hot-working (hot-rolling or hot-forging) eliminates porosity, directionality, and segregation that are usu­ally present in metals. Hot-worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworked casting. Dur­ing the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatly elongated in the direction of flow. As a result, the toughness of the metal is greatly improved in this direction and weakened in directions transverse to the flow. Good forging makes the flow lines in the finished part oriented so as to lie in the direction of maximum stress when the part is placed in service.

Vocabulary

feature — черта, особенность

to provide — обеспечивать

improvement — улучшение

property — свойство

eliminate — ликвидировать, исключать

porosity — пористость

directional — направленный

to segregate — разделять

casting — отливка

elongated — удлиненный

to weaken — ослабевать, ослаблять

transverse — поперечный

flow — течение, поток

finished — отделанный

thinning — утончение

fracture — разрушение

strain hardening — деформационное упрочнение

brass — латунь

beverage — напиток

can — консервная банка

to exhibit — проявлять

inner — внутренний

flaws — недостатки, дефекты кристалличес­кой решетки

inclusion — включение

trapped — зд. заключенный

refining — очищать, очистка

to avoid — избегать

to undergo — подвергаться

tensile ductility — пластичность при растяжении

3 КУРС 6 СЕМЕСТР

1. Прочитать и перевести текст с английского на русский. Форма отчета - письменный перевод.

TEXT A. BETTER METALS ARE VITAL TO TECHNOLOGICAL

PROGRESS

Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization.

Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty-five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry.

Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperatures and possess com­paratively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part* good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect.² They can be drawn into fine wires and ham­mered into thin sheets.

As to³ their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enor­mously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron re­mains by far⁴ the most important. Modem industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.

To get the desirable characteristics in metals or to improve them the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To esti­mate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modem world is dif­ficult because their numbers increase daily.

To serve special uses modem metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion-resistant, more suitable for automated fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.

Scientists are developing new processes and improving oid ones in order to produce metals and alloys that will meet the present-day re­quirements. One of the most interesting purposes is, for instance,⁵ to make metals stronger, in other words, to strengthen them by reinforcing them with fibres.

Today transportation, communication, farming, construction and manu­facturing all depend on the availability of suitable metals and alloys.

Notes on the Text

1. for the most part — большей частью

2. in this respect — в этом отношении

3. as to — что касается

4. by far — несомненно

1. for instance — например

available a — имеющийся melt v — таять

considerable a — значительный mention v — упоминать

copper n — медь need v — нуждаться

desirable a — нужный quantity n — количество

difficult a — трудный remain v — оставаться

draw (drew; drawn) v — тащить, тянуть resistant a — устойчивый

either ... or сj — либо..., либо sheet n — лист

enormously adv — чрезвычайно silver n — серебро

enough a — достаточный strengthen v — усиливать, укреплять

estimate v — оценивать suitable a — пригодный

exception n — исключение thin a — тонкий

expensive a — дорогостоящий tough a — прочный, жесткий

fibre n — фибра, волокно vary v — изменять(ся)

fine a — тонкий wire n — проволока

gold n — золото yet cj — однако, еще, уже

iron n — железо

to meet requirements — удовлетворять требованиям

2. Сделать реферирование текста. Форма отчетности - письменная работа.

Text С: «METHODS OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT»

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.

Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many appli­cations and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, re­duces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering tempera­tures depend on the composition of the steel but are fre­quently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.

Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking).

All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for cer­tain needs.

Vocabulary:

to immerse — погружать

to apply — применять

intermediate — промежуточный

oxide film — оксидная пленка

annealing — отжиг, отпуск

cracking — растрескивание

4 КУРС 7 СЕМЕСТР

1. Прочитать и перевести текст с английского на русский. Форма отчета - письменный перевод.

Text A: «METALWORKING PROCESSES»

Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applica­tions. They can be divided into five broad groups:

1. rolling,

2. extrusion,

3. drawing,

4. forging,

5. sheet-metal forming.

During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, ex­truded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.

Other processes are performed below the recrystalli­zation temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.

Rolling

Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of produc­tion. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.

Extrusion

Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminum window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.

Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.

In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion) (штамповка выдавливанием), the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determin­ing the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans.

Vocabulary:

useful — полезный

shape — форма, формировать

rolling — прокатка

extrusion — экструзия, выдавливание

drawing — волочение

forging — ковка

sheet — лист

to subject — подвергать

amount — количество

condition — состояние, условие

perform — выполнять, проводить

to harden — делаться твердым, упрочняться

at least — по крайней мере

common — общий

billet — заготовка, болванка

orifice — отверстие

die — штамп, пуансон, матрица, фильера, во­лочильная доска

cross section — поперечное сечение

window frame — рама окна

tube — труба

hollow — полый

initial — первоначальный, начальный

thick-walled — толстостенный

mandrel — оправка, сердечник

impact — удар

loosely — свободно, с зазором

fitting — зд. посадка

ram — пуансон, плунжер

force — сила

gap — промежуток, зазор

to determine — устанавливать, опреде­лять

2. Сделать реферирование текста. Форма отчетности - письменная работа.

Text C: «METALWORKING AND METAL PROPETIES»

The ability of a metal to resist thinning and fracture during cold-working operations plays an important role in alloy selection. In operations that involve stretching, the best alloys are those which grow stronger with strain (are strain hardening) — for example, the copper-zinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the aluminum-mag­nesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening.

Fracture of the workpiece during forming can result from inner flaws in the metal. These flaws often con­sist of nonmetallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides that are trapped in the metal during refining. Such in­clusions can be avoided by proper manufacturing pro­cedures.

The ability of different metals to undergo strain var­ies. The change of the shape after one forming operation is often limited by the tensile ductility of the metal. Met­als such as copper and aluminum are more ductile in such operations than other metals.

Vocabulary

feature — черта, особенность

to provide — обеспечивать

improvement — улучшение

property — свойство

eliminate — ликвидировать, исключать

porosity — пористость

directional — направленный

to segregate — разделять

casting — отливка

elongated — удлиненный

to weaken — ослабевать, ослаблять

transverse — поперечный

flow — течение, поток

finished — отделанный

thinning — утончение

fracture — разрушение

strain hardening — деформационное упрочнение

brass — латунь

beverage — напиток

can — консервная банка

to exhibit — проявлять

inner — внутренний

flaws — недостатки, дефекты кристалличес­кой решетки

inclusion — включение

trapped — зд. заключенный

refining — очищать, очистка

to avoid — избегать

to undergo — подвергаться

tensile ductility — пластичность при растяжении

Критерии оценки перевода текста

КРИТЕРИИ	СТЕПЕНЬ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ПРИЗНАКА
	Полностью владеет	Частично владеет	Не владеет
Точность перевода терминов	2	1	0
Логика высказывания	2	1	0
Знание правил английского словообразования	2	1	0
Точность перевода грамматических конструкций (соблюдение временных рамок, категорий вида, залога)	2	1	0

Количество проявленных признаков	Балл
8-7	5
6-5	4
4-3	3
2-1	2

Критерии оценки реферирования текста

КРИТЕРИИ	СТЕПЕНЬ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ПРИЗНАКА
	Полностью владеет	Частично владеет	Не владеет
Выражение собственного мнения к проблеме текста	2	1	0
Логика высказывания (текст разделен на абзацы, использование средств логической связи)	2	1	0
Орфография текста	2	1	0
Использование грамматических структур	2	1	0

Количество проявленных признаков	Балл
8-7	5
6-5	4
4-3	3
2-1	2