Учебник по английскому языку для студентов ЧС 2-4 курс

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Омский государственный технический университет»

Л. И. Воскресенская

ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫЕ СИТУАЦИИ

(EMERGENCY SITUATIONS)

Учебное пособие по английскому языку

Омск

Издательство ОмГТУ

2009

УДК 802.0:658.382.3(075)

ББК 81.2Анг-932+68.9я73

В 76

Рецензенты:

В. П. Сороколетов, канд. филол. наук, доцент, декан факультета

иностранных языков ОмГПУ;

С. Ю. Нейман, канд. филол. наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой

«Иностранные языки» ОмГИС

Воскресенская, Л. И.

В 76 Чрезвычайные ситуации. Emergency Situations: учеб. пособие по англий-скому языку / Л. И. Воскресенская. – Омск: Изд-во ОмГТУ, 2009. – 52 c.

ISBN 978-5-8149-0663-2

Целью учебного пособия является обучение студентов чтению и переводу специальной литературы. Тексты, заимствованные из отечественной и зарубежной литературы, содержат информацию, необходимую для студентов специальности «Защита в чрезвычайных ситуациях»: о видах, причинах и способах ликвидации различных стихийных бедствий, a также чрезвычайных ситуаций, возникших по вине человека.

Система упражнений учебного пособия направлена на усвоение грамматики и способов словообразования в английском языке. Содержание текстов и упражнения способствуют развитию навыков говорения по специальности.

Предназначено для студентов неязыковых вузов, изучающих данную специальность.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета

Омского государственного технического университета

УДК 802.0:658.382.3(075)

ББК 81.2Анг-932+68.9я73

© Омский государственный

ISBN 978-5-8149-0663-2 технический университет, 2009

Topic

Vocabulary: Special terms.

Word-formation: Conversion.

Speaking: Speciality.

Train the reading of the words:

extreme [Iks′trI:m]	avalanche [′ævəɑ:n]
extremity [Iks′tre:mItI]	glacierslide [′glæsjəslaId]
measure [′meჳə]	negligence [′neglI:dჳəns]
hazardous [′hæzədəs]	superfluous [sju:′pə:fluəs]
earthquake [′ə:θkweIk]	chemicals [′kemIkls]
tornado [tɔ:′neIdou]	vehicle [′vI: Ikl]
tsunami [tsu′nɑ:mI]	disease [dI′zI:z]
drought [drɔ:t]	environment [In′vaIərənmənt]

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

to imply	[Im'plaI]	подразумевать, означать
measure	['meჳə]	мера
hazardeous	['hæzədəs]	рискованный, опасный
earthquake	['ə:θkweIk]	землетрясение
tsunami	[tsu'nɑ:mI]	цунами; громадная (сейсмическая) морская волна
hurricane	['hΛrIkən]	ураган
flood	[flΛd]	наводнение
eruption	[I'rΛp(ə)n]	извержение (вулкана)
volcano	[vɔl'keInou]	вулкан
drought	[drɔ:t]	засуха
swampying	['swɔmpI Iη]	заболачивание
avalanche	['ævəlα:n]	лавина, снежный обвал
poisonous	['pɔIznəs]	ядовитый
drowning	[draunIη]	утопление, потопление
negligence	['neglIdჳəns]	небрежность
notify	['noutIfaI]	сообщать, уведомлять
arable	['ærəbl]	пахотный (о земле)
superfluous	[sju:'pə:fluəs]	излишний, чрезмерный
withering	['wIðərIη]	увядание, иссушение
contamination	[kən‚tæmI'neIən]	загрязнение, заражение
disease	[dI'zI:z]	болезнь
asthma	['æsmə]	астма (приступ удушья)
catarrh	[kə'tα:]	катар (воспаление слизистой оболочки дыхательных путей)
silicosis	['sIlIkɔsIs]	силикоз (болезнь, возникающая вследствие вдыхания пыли, содержащей силикаты кремния)
environment	[In'vaIərənmənt]	окружающая среда

Vocabulary development: word building:

Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (personal)	adjective adverb
to secure	security	-	secure
-	extreme extremeness extremity	extremist	extreme extremely
to derive	derivation derivative	-	derivable derivative
to erupt	eruption	-	eruptive
to deliver	delivery deliverance	deliverer	-
to glaciate	glacier	-	glacial

Text

Life-secure in extreme situations

The word “extreme” as an adjective applied to speaking of space (at or near the end or edge); time (earliest or latest), quality (highest or greatest; reaching a high degree), person (very advanced; not moderate), action (very drastic); as a noun the word extreme means something unusual. Expression “to go to extremes” implies “to take extreme measures; to do more than is usual, necessary or desirable”. The derivative noun “extremity” also means “the extreme point or end” and the word – combination “extreme measures” is equal to “to go (to proceed) to extremities” or “adopt very strong or unusual measures”.

The extreme situations are hazardous ones, they may be caused by nature or by man. To the natural factors may belong: earthquakes, storms, tornadoes, tsunamies, hurricanes, floods, eruptions of volcanoes, droughts, damages of roads, bridges, buildings, ships sinking, swampying (marshying) soils, avalanches, explosions at chemical enterprises, burning chemical substances resulting in poisonous fumes and smokes, lightning, landslides, glacierslides, ice storms, radiation, drowning, epidemics.

Some of these hazards are long-term, the others are sudden. Some may happen because of the negligence of competent structures, which should notify the citizens and official services of the need for special care in order to avoid losses or reduce the number of victims. To the hazards caused by a man may belong: fires, peril of arable soils in the result of superfluous fertilizes, drying up rivers and other basins, withering plants, crashes of airplanes, poisoning water basins with chemicals, crashes of dwelling houses, disrepair everything connected with electric current, terror acts, strikes, damages of pipelines, clashes of transport vehicles entailing death accidents.

Some extreme situations are not destructive as such, but they damage humans health: air and water contamination, noise, fumes, smokes; all these may result in various diseases, including acute respiratory infections and asthma, nasal catarrh, major skin diseases, silicosis and other.

Most of the population is exposed to another danger of environmental pollution – to pesticides. It has been long known that they may be toxic and effect the human health.

Besides, the scientists note, that total emissions per unit of delivered energy were substantially greater from burning solid fuels than from burning liquid or gaseous fuels. Based on the latest surveys the specialists say, that the use of biofuels for cooking and heating can be a major contributor to air pollution. During combustion, carbon in biofuels is converted to suspended solids and gases, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Black carbon (soot) created from household burning of biofuels, is another pollutant that can have major impacts on the environment. In the result, the challenge for health and energy policies is to increase access to clean energy, minding that household energy, technologies largely depend on the behavior of people who use them.

One of the specialized subjects studied by the students of this proliferation is physiology, which is closely connected with the medicine of catastrophes. It is worth mentioning that the main purpose of the specialists of such qualification is to forecast and prevent extreme situations. For this it is necessary to reveal the reasons of the hazards.

Speaking:

Answer the questions:

1. What is the definition of the word “extreme”?

2. What does the word “extremity” mean?

3. What are the reasons of extreme situations?

4. What are the natural hazards?

5. What is the role of humanitarian factor?

6. What hazards can be caused by men?

7. What factors are harmful for the people’s health?

8. What can you tell about contamination of earth, air and water?

9. What are specialized subjects studied at the faculty?

10. Is it possible to prevent natural and humanitarian hazards?

Speak on your speciality touching the following items:

1. Why did you choose this speciality?

2. What are the responsibilities of extreme situations engineers?

3. What natural hazards do the extreme situations engineers encounter with?

4. How does negligence and man’s activity influence the environment?

5. What can the pollution of the nature result in?

6. How is the medicine of catastrophes connected with your speciality?

Checklist for topic:

1. What is conversion as a way of word building?

2. What does the word “extreme” mean?

3. Enumerate natural extreme situations.

4. Name the human extreme situations.

Part I. Natural Hazards

Introduction

General concepts on emergency

Grammar: Functions of Infinitive.

Word-formation: Parts of speech derived from the verb.

Speaking: Avoiding emergency damages.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

to mitigate	['mItIgeIt]	смягчать, уменьшать, облегчать
consequence	['kɔnsIkwəns]	(по)следствие
emergency	[I'mə:dʒənsI]	критическое положение, авария, чрезвычайная ситуация
circumstance	['sə:kəmstəns]	обстоятельство
explosion	[Iks'plouʒən]	взрыв
release	[rI'lI:s]	выход, освобождение
disruption	[dIstrΛptIon]	разрушение
identification	[aI¸dentIfI'keIən]	выяснение, установление
scenario pl. os [-ouz]	[sI'nɑ:rIou]	сценарий, ход событий
failure	['feIljə]	авария, повреждение
breach	['brI:t]	нарушение

Vocabulary development: word building.

With some words it is possible to create several new ones by adding suffixes or prefixes. Look at the samples:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
-	environment	environmentalist	environmental
to emerge	emergency	-	emergent

Exercise 1. Complete the table below, using a dictionary. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to explode	_______________	-	_____________
to disrupt	_______________		_____________
to fail	_______________	-	-
________________	identification	-	-
to rehearse	_______________	-	-

Text

Mitigating the emergency consequences

An emergency is a situation arising from an event or set of circumstances (such as an aircraft or rail accident, fire, explosion, radioactive or toxic release, major storm or flooding), which threatens or causes serious disruption to life, property, businesses or the environment. Emergency management is the process of mitigating threats and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an emergency.

Emergency management is a vast discipline that includes planning, hazard identification, mitigation, preparedness, training, testing and coordination. Proper and effective emergency management can only be done with a wideranging understanding and experience of the subject.

The process can be broken up into the following steps:

• assess: identification and classification of all threats;

• evaluate: assess likelihood and impact of each threat;

• mitigate: identify actions that may reduce the risks in advance or mitigate the consequences;

• prepare: plan for contingent operations;

• respond: take the necessary actions to minimize the impact of the risks that materialize;

• recover: return to normal as soon as possible.

The first step in any emergency plan is to identify what would constitute an emergency for a given business, workforce or local population. For example, in a nuclear facility a worst-case scenario might be a heavy aircraft crashing into the reactor containment building.

Other prominent threats would be external events such as fire or floods. Internal threats could be safety and control equipment failure, accidental criticality or loss of coolant. For other industries, the threats could include a breach of security, loss of workforce or loss of services.

The level of threat must then be evaluated. An understanding of how failures occur and progress can be a valuable tool. Once the hazards are identified, the risks prioritized and the failure scenarios developed, teams and persons responsible for each stage of events must be arranged.

In planning the response to an emergency, some of the key questions that need to be asked are:

• communication: do the staff know one another, where the telephone is, what to say and if there is sufficient signage;

• equipment: do the people who need access to safety equipment know where it is and how to use it; is it accessible at all times;

• evacuation plan: do the staff know the alarms and how to respond, where the assembly points are and to whom they should report?

• training: are key staff trained to understand and carry out the emergency procedures; do they have the necessary skills and experience; are the procedures rehearsed and who is responsible for the recovery process?

The recovery stage begins as soon as the consequences of the incident are known. Emergency management is a valuable tool, which if done systematically will enable an organization to reduce the likelihood of an emergency, mitigate its consequence, and ultimately recover. Although industrial accidents are less common, the threat of terrorist attack is growing. But by adopting these fundamental principles, the impact of emergencies can be minimized.

Grammar study: learn grammar peculiarities of the text.

1. В данном тексте используется инфинитив в двух функциях: обстоятельства цели и именной части составного именного сказуемого. В первой из названных функций инфинитив отвечает на вопрос «зачем?», «для чего?», «с какой целью?» и переводится на русский язык со словами «чтобы, для того чтобы». Ex.: Take the necessary actions to minimize the impact of the risks… - Предпримите необходимые действия, чтобы свести к минимуму воздействие рисков….

В функции именной части составного сказуемого инфинитив употребляется в сочетании с глаголом-связкой to be, который переводится на русский язык словами «заключаться в том чтобы» или «состоять в том чтобы», a в настоящем времени глагол to be из перевода опускается. Ex.: The first step in any emergency plan is to identify what would constitute an emergency… - Первый шаг любого плана по чрезвычайным обстоятельствам заключается в том, чтобы определить, что могло бы считаться чрезвычайной ситуацией.

2. Обратите внимание на слова в тексте, являющиеся герундием. Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, выражающая название действия и обладающая свойствами глагола и существительного. Герундий может выполнять в предложении различные функции: подлежащего, именной части составного сказуемого, определения, дополнения и обстоятельств – времени, образа действия, сопутствующих обстоятельств, цели, условия. Признаками герундия являются - наличие перед ним предлога, притяжательного местоимения, существительного в притяжательном падеже. Герундий образуется путем прибавления окончания –ing к основе смыслового глагола и переводится на русский язык как существительным, так и глаголом:

Sample: mitigating – смягчение, уменьшение

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian the forms of Gerund from the text:

flooding, preparing, responding, recovering, planning, training, testing, understanding, adopting.

Exercise 3. Insert the proper word into the sentence:

1. An emergency is a situation which threatens by serious (разрушение) to life.

2. Emergency planning is the way (уменьшение) threats.

3. One of emergency management steps is (установление) and classification of all threats.

4. The usual emergency threats are (пожар и наводнение).

5. The other threat can be (поломка) of equipment and (нарушение) of security.

6. Evacuation plan makes the staff know the alarms and how (справляться с бедствием).

7. Training implies (репетиция) of emergency procedures.

8. The recovery period starts after (последствия) of the incident are known.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. К чрезвычайным ситуациям можно отнести такие обстоятельства, как крушение самолета, взрыв, распространение токсических веществ, шторм, пожар и т.д.

2. Управление чрезвычайными ситуациями включает определение бедствия, ликвидацию его последствий, подготовку персонала.

3. Готовность к чрезвычайной ситуации заключается в способности предпринять необходимые действия, чтобы свести к минимуму воздействие бедствия.

4. Чтобы уменьшить степень риска, нужно определить характер чрезвычайной ситуации для каждого отдельного предприятия или отрасли.

5. При планировании ответа на чрезвычайную ситуацию необходимо решить ряд ключевых вопросов.

6. Хорошее управление чрезвычайными ситуациями дает возможность уменьшить угрозу, последствия и восстановиться после происшествия.

7. Принимая основные принципы планирования, можно свести к минимуму воздействия чрезвычайной ситуации.

Speaking:

Exercise 5. Divide the text into the meaningful parts and give the title to each

of the, taking into account:

1. circumstances which can entail emergency;

2. the parts of emergency management;

3. the steps of emergency plan;

4. key questions of emergency management;

5. the recovery period of hazard.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What circumstances may cause an emergency situation?

2. How is it possible to mitigate threats of emergency?

3. What are internal and external threats?

4. What are the stages of mitigating the hazard?

5. What is it necessary to undertake under emergency conditions?

6. Can be the recovery stage fully realized?

Checklist for Introduction:

1. How is Infinitive in the function of adverbial modifier translated into Russian?

2. How are the derivative words formed?

3. What are the ways of mitigating the emergency consequences?

4. What is emergency management?

Section I

Grammar: Functions of Participle I.

Word-formation: suffixes –tion, -ing.

Speaking: Earthquake phenomenon.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

to hit	ударять, поражать, настигать
magnitude	['mægnItju:d]	величина, размер (в землетрясении – сила, балл)
toll	[toul]	потеря, гибель
to flee (fled, fled)	бежать, спасаться бегством, покидать
tremor	['tremə]		сотрясение, толчки
to devastate	['devəsteIt]		опустошать, разорять
authority	[ɔ:'θɔrItI]		власть
to cancel	отменять, аннулировать
alert	тревога, сигнал тревоги
to be on the alert (to put on alert) быть наготове
to warn	[wɔ:n]		предупреждать
tide			прилив
aftermath	['α:ftəmæθ]		последствия

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective	participle
to devastate	devastation	-	-	devastating
to evacuate	evacuation	evacuee	-	-
to tide	tide	-	tidal	-

Text

Earthquake Hits Indonesia and Solomon Islands

Up to 2000 people are feared dead on Indonesia’s Nias island of the west coast of Sumatra following at 8.7 magnitude earthquake that struck overnight. The shock came just before midnight destroying most of the buildings on the island. Death toll estimates vary widely from about 200 to ten times the original number.

Ten of thousands of people in Malaysia, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka had fled their houses in panic at the first tremors, fearing a repeat of last year’s devastating tsunami that killed over 200000 people. People grabbed small bags of clothes as they fled their tents and homes. Many were crying and jumping into cars and onto motorbikes and pedicabs to head for higher ground, the associated press reported.

Governments from Malaysia to Sri Lanka ordered mass evacuations of their coastlines. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre in Hawaii said the quake had the potential to cause a “widely destructive tsunami” and authorities should take “immediate action” including evacuating coastline within 600 miles of the epicenter. However, before dawn, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India had cancelled the alerts.

UN Emergency Relief Coordinator told reporters a few hours after the quake that the UN offices throughout the area hit by last year’s tsunami were immediately put on alert and the government acted appropriately in warning the people. He said that although no tidal wave was reported this time, the shocks were a wakeup call for an effective early – warning system.

Another report said that a strong 6.7 magnitude earthquake in the Solomon Islands caused panic in the capital. The quake struck at a depth of just 1.8 kilometers below the sea and 73 kilometers southwest of Honiara, the capital of the Pacific island. They said there was violent shaking for nearly a minute when the quake struck at 7.39 pm. The houses were shaking, people were shouting, there was a bit of panic. Most of the families moved away from the coastline in the capital in the immediate aftermath of the quake.

The western Solomon Islands were hit by a massive 8.0 – magnitude earth-quake and tsunami not long ago, leaving more than 50 dead and thousands displaced.

Grammar study: Participle I.

Present Participle Active кроме функции определения к существительному выполняет функцию обстоятельства образа действия и в этом случае соответствует русскому деепричастию (с окончаниями –я, -а).

Sample: The shock came just before midnight destroying most of the buildings on the island. – Толчок произошел как раз около полуночи, разрушая многие здания на острове.

Exercise 2. Translate Participle I in the sentences:

1. Thousands of people fled their houses, fearing a repeat of last year’s devastating tsunami.

2. The islands were hit by a massive earthquake and tsunami, leaving a number of dead and thousands displaced.

3. The authorities should take “immediate action” including evacuating coastline.

Exercise 3. Define the form of the – ing words in the text:

building, fearing, devastating, crying, jumping, warning (twice), including, evacuating, shaking (twice), shouting, leaving.

Exercise 4. Insert the proper word into the sentence.

1. Not long ago earthquake (большой силы) hit Indonesia.

2. (Толчок) came before midnight and (разрушать) most of the buildings.

3. People fled their houses at the first (толчки).

4. Last year’s (опустошительный) tsunami killed over 200000 people.

5. (Власти) ordered mass evacuations of their (береговая линия).

6. The government (быть наготове) and acted (предупреждать) the people.

7. There was (ужасный толчок) for nearly a minute when (землетрясение) struck.

8. A massive earthquake and tsunami left thousands of people (без крова).

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. В южных частях земного шара часто случаются землетрясения.

2. Землетрясения могут быть большой силы и вызывать разрушения.

3. Как правило, результатом землетрясения являются цунами.

4. Последствиями этих природных явлений становятся разрушения и гибель людей.

5. Люди боятся толчков и покидают дома в спешке.

6. Очень важно быть наготове и предупредить людей об опасности.

7. Своевременное предупреждение может спасти многие жизни.

8. Последствия землетрясения или цунами могут быть разрушительными.

Exercise 6. Read the additional text and translate it without dictionary.

Earthquake kills hundreds in Peru

A powerful 7.9 – magnitude earthquake shook Peru’s coast near the capital, killing at least 387 people and injuring more 1050 others. 17 people were killed when a church collapsed in the city of Ica, south of Lima. Mayor of the town Pisco told that they did not have lights, water, communications. Most houses have fallen, churches, stores, hotels, everything is destroyed.

The government rushed police, soldiers, doctors and aid to Ica, but the traffic was paralyzed on the Pan American Highway by giant cracks in the pavement and fallen power lines. Hundreds of vehicles were backed up.

It was reported that dozens of people were seeking help in the hospitals even though they had suffered cracks and other structural damage. The walls of homes had fallen in and numerous people had been hurt by falling bricks and broken glass. Some homes had collapsed in the centre of Lima and many people had fled into the streets for safety.

The U.S. Geological Survey said that the earthquake hit at 6.40 p.m. about 145 kilometers southeast of Lima at a depth of about 40 kilometers. Four strong aftershocks ranging from magnitudes of 5.4 to 5.9 were felt afterward.

Speaking:

Exercise 7. Make an abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. what is earthquake;

2. what does it cause;

3. what are the consequences for people and buildings;

4. how is it possible to avoid great losses;

5. how do the people behave during quake.

Checklist for Section I:

1. How is Participle I translated into Russian in the function of adverbial modifier of manner?

2. What are the abstract nouns?

3. What are the earthquake consequences?

4. What can the earthquake result in? Section II

Grammar: Passive Voice.

Word-formation: suffixes –ity, -ance.

Speaking: Forecasts.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

prediction	предсказание, прогноз
precursor	[prI:'kə:sə]	предшественник, предвестник
accurate	['ækjurIt]	точный, правильный
forecast	предсказание, прогноз
prank	[præŋk]	выходка, проделка, шутка
clairvoyant	[klɛə'vɔIənt]	ясновидящий
incredulous	[In'kredjuləs]	недоверчивый, скептический
imminent	['ImInənt]	близкий, надвигающийся, грозящий, нависший
upheaval	[ʌp'hI:vəl]	сдвиг (изменение, нарушение)
disturbance	[dIs'tə:bəns]	нарушение, волнение
core	[kɔ:]	ядро, центр
fluctuation	[¸flʌktju'eIʃn]	колебание
procedure	[prə'sI:dʒə]	методика

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to prank	prank	-	prankish
-	procedure	-	procedural
to predict	prediction	predictor	predictive
-	-	precursor	precursory
-	accuracy	-	accurate
to forecast	forecast	-	-
to fluctuate	fluctuation	-	-
-	incredibility incredulity	- -	incredible incredulous
-	imminence	-	imminent
to upheaval	upheaval	-	-
to disturb	disturbance	disturber	-
-	clairvoyance	clairvoyant	clairvoyant

Text

The prediction of hurricanes and earthquakes

On September 9, 1999 a rather puzzling fax came in to the Turkish Embassy in Moscow, signed by Tula State University Professor Oleg Martynov: “Since August 3 of this year, precursors of a powerful earthquake have been observed in an area with the following geographic coordinates: 40 N 28 to 30 E. Should your government get Turkish meteorologists and seismologist to contact us, we will be able to provide an accurate forecast about the time and the coordinates”.

Embassy officials decided that it was some kind of prank, but called the Russian Academy of Sciences. “Pay no attention – these are charlatans”, the ambassador was assured. A week later Turkey was shaken by a natural catastrophe. Turkish journalists rushed to Tula to interview the clairvoyant professor. Martynov asked them to draw their government’s attention to the fact that more earthquakes should be expected in a month’s time. On November 12, 1999, Turkey unfortunately saw that the scientist’s second forecast was also accurate.

The pattern was repeated with Greece. A storm warning to the incredulous government arrived on September 2, while five days later the country was shaken. Prof. Martynov has more than a dozen officially confirmed forecasts: Azerbajan, Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, Italy, etc.

Prof. Martynov receives signals about imminent meteorological and seismic upheavals from the invented instrument, a steel drum packed with sensitive antennas. The instrument is called a broad-band gradientometer, which records disturbances in the gravitational equilibrium between the earth’s core and its atmosphere every second. Sensors show fluctuations on the video display terminal, and with some decoding procedure, the professor says, it is quite easy to determine the time and place of an upcoming hurricane, typhoon, oк some other devastating natural phenomenon.

In the course of his studies, Martynov came to conclusion, that the earth’s gravitational balance is periodically disturbed, but our planet recovers the equilibrium. However, cataclysms continue to occur.

Grammar study: learn grammar peculiarities of the text.

1. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) – это такая категория глагола, которая показывает, что лицо или предмет, являющиеся подлежащим, не сам выполняет действие, а подвергается действию со стороны другого лица или предмета. Cтрадательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола. Формы страдательного залога отсутствуют во Future Continuous и в группе Perfect Continuous.

Sample: The ambassador was assured that the forecast about the time and the coordinates of an earthquake was not true. – Посла заверили, что прогноз о времени и месте землетрясения не соответствовал действительности.

2. Причастие прошедшего времени, так же как и причастие настоящего времени, часто используется в качестве определения. В функции определения причастие второе переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога совершенного и несовершенного вида с суффиксами – окончаниями – (н)ный, -тый, -емый.

Sample: A fax signed by Tula State University professor concerned the prediction of earthquakes. – Факс, подписанный профессором Тульского государственного университета, касался прогноза землетрясений.

Exercise 2a). Translate the sentences and define the tense of the verbs in Passive Voice:

1. Several years ago a powerful earthquake have been observed in Turkey.

2. Some time later Turkey was shaken by a natural catastrophe.

3. The procedure of the forecast was repeated in another country.

4. The forecast appeared to be accurate and in several days the country was shaken.

5. The instrument for predicting earthquakes is called a gradientometer.

6. The reason of earthquakes is that the earth’s gravitational balance is periodically disturbed.

Exercise 2b). Translate the sentences with Past Participle in the function of an attribute:

1. Professor from Tula has more than a dozen officially confirmed forecasts.

2. The scientist receives signals from the invented instrument, a steel drum packed with sensitive antennas.

3. The observed fluctuations were rather strong.

4. The developed procedure helps to predict seismic upheavals quite accurate.

5. The repeated phenomena proved the correctness of the method.

Exercise 3. Insert the proper word into the sentence:

1. (Предвестник) of a powerful earthquake has been observed in an area of Turkey.

2. (Точный прогноз) was accepted as a kind of (шутка).

3. By the earthquake the earth (сотрясается) with great power.

4. (К сожалению), the scientist was not believed.

5. The device records (нарушение) in the gravitational equilibrium.

6. The reason of (опустошительный) phenomena is that the earth’s gravitational balance periodically (нарушается).

7. Gradually, the planet (восстанавливать) the equilibrium.

8. (Ясновидящий) professor (предупредил), that (следует ожидать) the earthquake in the nearest future.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Точный прогноз надвигающегося метеорологического изменения очень важен.

2. Методика декодирования записей прибора дает возможность определить время и место нарушения природного равновесия.

3. Изобретенный прибор довольно точно определяет приближающийся ураган или землетрясение.

4. Хотя современная наука может прогнозировать ураганы и землетрясения, катаклизмы случаются.

5. Ясновидящий профессор предупредил, что следует ожидать еще бóльших землетрясений.

Exercise 5. Read the additional text and translate it without dictionary with the help of the following words:

trash	мусор, отходы
to wreak	[rI:k]	дать волю (чувствам), бушевать, разрушать
vulnerable	['vʌlnərəbl]	уязвимый, незащищенный
evil	['I:vl]	злой, зловещий
outburst	['autbə:st]	взрыв, вспышка
sinister	злой, зловещий
twister	ураган, смерч
to tear (tore, torn)	[tɛə; tɔ:; tɔ:n]	рваться, нестись, мчаться

Trailer Park Trash Grows

The National Weather Service Storm Predictor Centre, USA, reported that a total of 35 tornadoes struck Midwestern states of Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee, killing at least two people and wreaking more than one vulnerable trailer park. This was the third evil outburst by Mother Nature. Then a sinister twister hit Indiana, killing 23 people, while 9 tornadoes tore through Iowa less than two weeks later.

Speaking:

Exercise 6. Make an abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

a) what is the reason of earthquakes;

b) what areas are mainly hit by earthquakes;

c) how often do earthquakes and hurricanes strike the earth;

d) is it possible to predict these natural phenomena;

e) what are the bad consequences of hurricanes, typhoons and earthquakes.

Checklist for Section II

1. What is Passive Voice and how is it formed?

2. What part of speech is formed by the suffixes –or, -er?

3. Is it possible to predict the hurricanes and earthquakes?

4. Describe the device for forecasting these hazards?Section III

Grammar: Participle I as an attribute.

Word-formation: Person nouns.

Speaking: Warning the storms.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

onslaught	['ɔnslɔ:t]	атака, нападение
fierce	[fIəs]	сильный, свирепый, неистовый
commonplace	банальность
average	['ævərIdʒ]		средний
frequent	[frI:kwənt]		частый
to seek	стремиться к чему-либо
brunt	[brʌnt]		главный удар
to bear the brunt	принять на себя главный удар

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to announce	announcement	announcer	-
-	frequency	frequenter	frequent
-	science	scientist	scientific

Text

Scientists warn: more bad storms on the way

Not long ago our planet has been hit by two powerful tropical storms – Katrina and Nabi. The first devastated New Orleans on August 29, 2005, while the second struck Japan and Russia’s Far East. Next in line was Malaysia. A meteorologist with the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific announced that the country was going to be swept by a powerful typhoon with devastation similar to that of the United States and Japan. The UN expert links this turn to global changes in the earth’s climate. Unlike these two countries, Malaysia is unprepared for the onslaught of tropical storms.

There was a lively discussion about the impact of global warming on natural catastrophes. One of the issues of “Nature” published an article titled “After the Flood” with the reading: “Academic experts say they were all too aware of the devastation that would claim New Orleans and its surroundings in the wake of a fierce hurricane”. Extreme weather phenomena are becoming commonplace. Scientists believe that the synoptic catastrophes are due to global warming.

The world experienced a series of record – breaking weather events in early 2007, from flooding in Asia to heatwaves in Europe and snowfall in South Africa. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said global land surface temperatures in January and April were likely the warmest since records began in 1880, at more than 1 degree Celsius higher than average for those months.

Most scientists believe extreme weather events will be more frequent as heat – trapping carbon dioxide emissions cause global temperatures to rise. The WMO is working to set up an early warning system for extreme weather events. The agency is also seeking to improve monitoring of the impacts of climate change, particularly in poorer countries which are expected to bear the brunt of floods, droughts and storms.

Grammar study: Participle I.

Present Participle часто употребляется в функции определения и переводится на русский язык причастием действительного залога с суффиксами –ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ, -вш.

Sample: devastating typhoon – опустошающий тайфун;

increasing hurricane – усиливающийся ураган.

Exercise 2. Define the –ing forms of the words in the text:

warming, reading, surrounding, becoming, breaking, flooding, trapping, working, warning, seeking, monitoring.

Exercise 3. Insert the proper word into the sentence.

1. Not long ago a lot of countries (поражать) by two powerful tropical storms.

2. These typhoons were extremely (опустошительный).

3. Extreme weather phenomena are becoming (банальность).

4. Carbon dioxide (выбросы) cause the global temperatures to rise.

5. The poorer countries are expected (принять удар) of floods, (засуха), and storms.

6. The scientists (стремиться) to set up an (система раннего оповещения) for extreme weather events.

7. (Сильный ураган) (опустошил) New Orleans.

8. The weather catastrophes (происходят из-за) global (потепление).

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Глобальное потепление является причиной природных катастроф.

2. Результатом ураганов и тайфунов становятся разрушения и опустошения.

3. Многие страны не готовы к атакам штормов и наводнений.

4. Повышение температуры и наводнения – взаимосвязанные события.

5. К сожалению, ураганы, наводнения, засуха часто случаются.

6. Люди стремятся облегчить последствия природных катастроф.

Exercise 5. Read the additional text and translate it without dictionary:

How scientists forecast hurricanes and typhoons

Weathermen have yet to learn to predict accurately the moment when tropical hurricane or typhoon is born. The places on earth where this typically happens are well known, however typhoon motion paths are not. In other words, scientists know where but do not know when. Nevertheless, from the moment a hurricane is born, its movement is closely tracked. This is done with the help of weather satellites and cyclone monitoring aircraft that patrol areas hundreds of kilometers from the coast line, often penetrating into the centre of a cyclone to get more accurate data.

The basic criteria used to assess the danger of a particular hurricane are wind speed, the height of waves, the impact on ground - based installations and the coast line, and pressure at the eye of the hurricane. By the level of pressure, Katrina ranks third on the list of the most devastating hurricanes in history, recorded since 1851. Katrina was a Category Five storm, the highest ranking on the five-point scale.

Speaking:

Exercise 6. Make an abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. what do the scientists warn about;

2. what is the reason of global changes in the earth’s climate;

3. what is the main danger of tropical storms;

4. what are the basic criteria of assessing the danger of hurricanes.

Checklist for Section III

1. How is Participle I in the function of an attribute translated into Russian?

2. What is the meaning of the suffix –ment?

3. Why tropical storms are dangerous?

4. How is it possible to forecast hurricanes and typhoons?

Section IV

Grammar: To be in modal function.

Word-formation: suffixes –age, -al.

Speaking: Tsunami damages.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

disaster	бедствие
to resettle	переселять
defeatist	пораженческий
concrete	бетон
rectangular	[rek'tæŋgjulə]	прямоугольный
gap	промежуток, проход
appearance	[ə'pIərəns]	внешний вид
to withstand	выдерживать, противостоять
blast	сильный порыв ветра
to endure	[In'djuə] выносить, выдерживать
advantage	преимущество, выгода
break	прорыв
partition	перегородка
stuff	вещи, имущество
to survive	выживать
pile	свая, столб
donation	[dou'neIʃən] дар, денежное пожертвование

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

Verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
-	hazard	-	hazardous
to decide	decision	-	-
to propose	preposition	-	-
to destruct	destruction	-	destructive
to survive	survival	-	-
to endure	endurance	-	-
-	advantage	-	advantageous
to defeat	defeat defeation	defeatist	defeatist
to donate	donation	donary	donative
-	rectangle	-	rectangular
to appear	appearance	-	-
to construct	construction	constructor	constructional constructive
to differ	difference	-	different

Note: Производные слова в английском языке образуются не только с помощью суффиксов, но и префиксов (словообразовательных элементов, стоящих в начале слова). В данном тексте встречаются слова с префиксом re-, который означает возврат к названному действию, повторное его совершение и переводится на русский язык словами «снова, заново, вновь» или русской приставкой «пере-».

Sample: to consider – рассматривать, to reconsider – снова рассмотреть, пересмотреть.

Exercise 2. Translate properly the verbs from the text:

to resettle, to relocate, relocation.

Text

Devastation caused by tsunami

After the horrible tsunami disaster in December 2004, most governments in the affected countries announced their decisions to resettle the population away from the coastline. Thus, Sri Lanka announced the relocation of its coastal communities, estimated at 800000. Moreover, construction has been prohibited within 100 m (in the southwest) and 200 m (in the northwest) from the sea.

Considering all this, a Buddhist priest, thought: “These are defeatist policies, moreover, coming at a high cost” – and proposed the exotic Tsunami Safe Houses project. In which way do the new houses differ from the traditional ones?

The design of a new house is based on four very strong concrete columns 3 meters wide, as against the rectangular concrete wall of an ordinary Sri Lankan house. The gaps between the columns are filled with bamboo or wood, fabric or other materials traditional for the sunny island; as a result, each house has an individual appearance.

According to estimates, a Tsunami Safe House is able to withstand wind or water blasts five times stronger than those the present Sri Lankan houses can endure. An important advantage of the design is that when the blast is particularly destructive, water breaks through the light partitions and freely flows through the house taking light furniture and stuff with it.

The load – bearing structure and the roof of the house, however, stay firmly in place, so the dwellers have a far stronger chance to survive. In case of a moderate flood, the water just flows under the house, which stands on strong wooden piles 60 cm high.

The most remarkable thing in the project which has been supported by the architects is that all materials needed for such a house can be found on the island, while a house for one family (some 37.2 sq. m of usable area) costs only $ 1200.

Construction works are to start in July 2005. The new houses for Sri Lankans who became homeless as a result of the tsunami will be built solely at the expense of donations.

Grammar study: the verb to be.

Глагол to be может выполнять различные функции – вспомогательного глагола, глагола-связки, смыслового глагола и модального. В качестве модального глагола to be употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей «to» для выражения необходимости совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности или заранее намеченному плану и переводится на русский язык «должен, должен был(и)» в зависимости от времени. В будущем времени глагол to be для выражения долженствования не употребляется.

Sample: Construction works are to start in July 2005. – Строительные работы должны начаться в июле 2005 года.

Exercise 3. Define the function of the –ing words in the text:

considering all this…; taking light furniture….; the load- bearing structure; coming at a high cost…

Exercise 4. Insert the proper word into the sentence:

1. The design of a new house is based on very strong (бетонный) columns.

2. The government decided (переселить) the population.

3. The relocation of the coastal communities (насчитывало) several thousands of people.

4. (Пространство) between the columns are filled with some materials.

5. Now, a tsunami safe house is able (выдержать) wind or water blasts.

6. (Несущая конструкция) is very strong now.

7. The dwellers have a chance (выживать).

8. A house for one family (стоить) not very much.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. После ужасного цунами пострадало население нескольких стран.

2. Прибрежные поселения оказались в зоне бедствия и разрушений.

3. Обычные дома не могли выдержать сильных порывов ветра и воды.

4. Порывы ветра были чрезвычайно разрушительными и у людей было мало шансов выжить.

5. Была предложена новая конструкция домов с мощными бетонными колоннами и легкими перегородками.

6. Стоимость каждого дома невелика, так как все строительные материалы можно найти на острове.

7. Новые дома должны быть построены за счет пожертвований.

Exercise 6. Read the additional text and translate it without dictionary using the vocabulary of the previous sections and the following words from this text:

clean up		уборка, чистка
to taper off		сужаться, зд.: прекращаться, утихать
flood water		наводнение
to recede		отступать
to cease	[sI:s] переставать, прекращаться
to dislodge		удалять, смещать

Warning the hazards of flood cleanup work

Working in flooded areas it should be remembered that when the seemingly endless rain tapers off and the flood waters recede, they will continue to face a number of hazards associated with cleanup activities. Unfortunately, the danger of a flood does not end when the rains cease and it is necessary to prevent illnesses and injures that can accompany cleanup efforts.

Flood waters can rearrange and damage natural walkways, as well as sidewalks, parking lots, roads, buildings, and open fields. Never assume that water–damaged structures or ground are stable. Buildings that have been submerged or have withstood rushing flood waters may have suffered structural damage and could be dangerous. Don’t work in or around any flood–damaged building until it has been examined and certified as safe for work by a registered professional engineer or architect. Assume all stairs, floors, and roofs are unsafe until they are inspected. Leave immediately if shifting or unusual noises signal a possible collapse.

Flood waters can also dislodge tanks, drums, pipes, and equipment, which may contain hazardous materials such as pesticides or propane. Do not attempt to move unidentified dislodged containers without first contacting the local fire department or hazardous material team. If working in potentially contaminated areas, avoid skin contact or inhalation of vapors by wearing appropriate protective clothing and respirators.

Speaking:

Exercise 7. Make an abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. the reasons of floods;

2. the consequences of tsunami and flood waters;

3. the possibility to avoid damages;

4. the opportunity to safe people;

5. the danger in the water–damaged areas;

6. safety measures in cleanup work zones.

Checklist for Section IV

1. How is the verb to be as the modal one is translated into Russian?

2. What part of speech is formed by the suffix – ous?

3. How is it possible to oppose to the damaging action of tsunami?

4. Why is it dangerous to work in flooded areas?

Section V

Grammar: Nominative Infinitive Construction.

Word-formation: suffix –ist.

Speaking: Drought disaster.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

to leap over	прыгать, перепрыгивать (через что-либо)
swirl	водоворот, кружение
swirling wind	вихрь
to whip	гнать, подгонять
scrub	кустарник, поросль
to parch	[pɑ:tʃ] иссушать, палить, жечь (о солнце)
peninsula	[pI'nInsjulə] полуостров
dwarf	[dwɔ:f] oстанавливать (развитие), уменьшать на вид (зри- тельно)
blaze	пламя
barely	просто, едва, лишь
to exacerbate	[eks'æsə:beIt] обострять, усиливать
fragile	['frædʒaIl] хрупкий, слабый
long-term	долгосрочный
spell	короткий промежуток времени
to enhance	[In'hɑ:ns] увеличивать, усиливать
baking	палящий
scalding	[skɔ:ldIŋ] обжигающий, жгучий

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

Verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to fight	-	fighter	-
-	ecology	ecologist	ecological
to environ	environment	-	environmental
to investigate	investigation	investigator	-
to resist	resistance	-	resistant resistible / resistive
to supply	supply	supplier	-
to decline	declination	-	-
to govern	government	governor	governmental

Text

A European Sahara?

The great desert has leaped over the Mediterranean. Is climate change to blame – or man and his works? It looked and felt like hell. Swirling winds whipped flames along a 17–kilometer front of pine-forest scrub parched by the fiercest drought on the Iberian Peninsula in 60 years. A dozen firefighters, dwarfed by the massive blaze, fought the flames amid smoke, heat, and the blackening countryside of one of the regions in Spain. Before they could turn to flee, the fire swept over them. Eleven men and women died; the twelfth barely survived. The hurricane of fire was very big.

With historic droughts and dozens of fires ranging from Portugal to Greece, it isn’t hard to imagine an apocalyptic future for southern Europe, almost as if the vast Sahara Desert were reaching out across the Mediterranean. If this merely a long, hot summer, or are these the initial symptoms of enduring climate change, exacerbated by overpopulation and overdevelopment of a fragile ecological landscape?

The Desert Watch project, led by the European Space Agency, reports that 300.000 square kilometers of Europe’s Mediterranean coast – an area larger than Britain – with a population of 16.5 million, is threatened by “desertification”. The Spanish minister of Environment warned about a long–term decrease in rain and an increase in temperatures: “the beginning of a long cycle” of extreme drought. The head of the University of Valencia’s Desertification Investigation Center says, that while severe dry spells may be a normal component of Europe’s climate, a weakening of the soil’s resistance to drought among other things, along with human factors, are enhancing the risks of desertification.

The word “desertification”, in Europe, essentially means that the land itself dies and becomes agriculturally unproductive, even if people still build apartments on it or, indeed, greenhouses. And as with the broader debate on global warming there is plenty of room for error when it comes to long–term forecasts. Remember the killer summer heat wave of 2003, when thousands of elderly French died. That was the most intense in the 150 years of accurate weather history. This year’s baking drought hasn’t brought the same record heat – as yet.

Before the end of the century, summer temperatures in Italy are expected to increase by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius, according to the international panel on climate change. Such changes would transform everything from natural ecosystems – which can change dramatically with a tiny temperature variation – to basic water supplies, agriculture and tourism. Rainfall is expected to decline by 15 percent on average and 40 percent in the scalding summers before the end of the century. Experts warn that sea levels could rise as glaciers melt, even affecting the Mediterranean. Warmer weather and changing climates could bring Malaria to Europe. And in North Africa the situation will surely be worse, as governments have far fewer resources with which to prepare for the future.

Grammar study: Nominative Infinitive Construction

Nominative Infinitive Construction (именительный падеж с инфинитивом). Эта конструкция представляет собой подлежащее (существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже) + сказуемое (как в страдательном, так и действительном залоге) + инфинитив + второстепенные члены предложения. В качестве сказуемого служат глаголы: to seem, to appear, to happen, to turn out (в активном залоге); to prove, to say, to know, to believe, to suppose, to assume, to claim, to think, to expect, to report, to see, to hear (в страдательном залоге) и другие. Переводится этот оборот на русский язык сложноподчиненным предложением, при этом сказуемое становится главным предложением в виде неопределенно-личного оборота (известно, ожидают, сообщается, вероятно), затем следует дополнительное придаточное предложение с союзом «что», подлежащее исходного предложения становится подлежащим придаточного, а инфинитив – сказуемым.

Sample: Rainfall is expected to decline by 15 percent. – Ожидается, что выпадение дождя уменьшится на 15 %.

Sample (from Section 3): The agency is also seeking to improve monitoring of the impacts of climate change, particularly in poorer countries which are expected to bear the brunt of floods, droughts and storms. – Агентство также стремится улучшать анализ воздействия изменения климата, особенно в более бедных странах, которые, как ожидается, примут на себя главный удар в результате наводнений, засухи и бурь.

Exercise 2. Define the forms of the –ing words from the text and translate them into Russian:

swirling, blackening, ranging, reaching, enduring, beginning, weakening, enhancing, warming, baking, scalding, affecting, changing.

Exercise 3. Insert the proper word into the sentences:

1. Several (пожарные) among the massive (пламя) fought severely the flames.

2. (Вихри) whipped flames along a 17 - kilometer front.

3. The large area along Mediterranean coast is threatened by (образование пустыни).

4. A weakening of the soil’s resistance to (засуха) (усиливает) the risks of desertification.

5. This year’s (палящая засуха) hasn’t brought the same record heat.

6. (Осадки) are expected to decline in the (палящий) summers before the end of the century.

7. The great (пустыня) has (перешагнула через) the Mediterranean.

8. The people are warned about a (долгосрочный) decrease in rain and an increase in temperature.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Климат изменяется к худшему по вине человека.

2. Люди и животные едва могут выжить во время сильной засухи или пожара.

3. Приближение пустыни к Европе угрожает хрупкой экологической системе.

4. Причиной «опустынивания» является снижение осадков и повышение температуры.

5. Ослабление сопротивляемости почвы засухе, наряду с человеческим фактором, также усиливает риск «опустынивания».

6. Из-за засухи почвы становятся непригодными для сельского хозяйства.

7. Уровень морей может подняться из-за таяния ледников.

8. Из-за палящего солнца и чрезвычайно жаркой погоды могут погибнуть тысячи людей.

Exercise 5. Read the text without dictionary

Withering (гибель) soils and crops

There’s little doubt that Europe is getting warmer. During the last century, average temperatures increased by about 0.7degrees Celsius. The 1990s marked the hottest decade since record–keeping began in the mid – 1800s. This decade has already produced the other three hottest years, from 2001 to 2003. For example, the Portuguese Institute of Water recorded the whole of Portugal was enduring “serious” or “extreme” drought. Streams have dried up. Livestock are dying. Crops are withering.

Farmers are not the only ones to suffer. As rivers fall, industries and hydroelectric plants are affected, says scientific coordinator of the Italian environmental association and adds that the situation is alarming. Fierce competition for water is altering southern Europe’s political relationships. France and Spain are in talks about sending huge amounts of French water to Barcelona, or even further down the Spanish coast.

Speaking:

Exercise 6. Make the abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. the reasons of droughts;

2. how the countries in the area of Mediterranean suffered for the recent years;

3. what factors are enhancing the risks of desertification;

4. what human factors can exacerbate the break of ecological landscape;

5. the weather getting warmer;

6. the influence of heat the agricultural activity of the people.

Checklist for Section V

1. What is the structure and translation of Nominative Infinitive Construction?

2. What are the suffixes for person nouns?

3. What droughts can result in?

4. Why droughts are dangerous for Europe?

Part II

People’s Hazards

Section I

Grammar: Participle I and Gerund.

Word-formation: suffix –ee.

Speaking: Human factor in accidents.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

failure	['feIljə]	авария, повреждение, отказ в работе, остановка
fatigue	[fə'tI:g]	усталость (металла)
rudder	['rʌdə] ав. руль (направления)
flap	ав. закрылок
slat	ав. предкрылок
spoiler	ав. щиток поперечного управления
steering	рулевое управление
to slam	хлопать, ударяться
to erupt	прорываться, возникать
navigator	мор. ав. штурман
to decipher	[dI'saIfə] расшифровывать
bump	(глухой) удар
witnessing	погружение, увязание
landing gear	шасси
mound	насыпь, холм
to miss	пропустить, промахнуться
landing strip	посадочная полоса
to verify	проверять, удостоверять

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to fail	failure	-	-
to occur	occurrence	-	-
to detect	detector detection	detective	-
to survive	survival	survivor	-
to contribute	contribution	contributor	contributory
to execute	execution	executor	executive
to employ	employment	employer employee	-
to navigate	navigation navigability	navigator	navigable
to verify	verification	-	verifiable

Text

Air incidents

On 19 July 1989 United Airlines Flight 232 experienced the failure of a rear engine while en route from Denver to Chicago. The failure occurred because a fatigue crack in the engine went undetected, resulting in the loss of all three hydraulic systems. In landing the plane, the pilots had no control of the aircraft’s rudder, leading edge flaps, slats or wing spoilers (to slow them down). Once on the ground, they had no steering, nose wheel or tail control, and no brakes. Despite of all these difficulties, 184 passengers and crew survived. This was because the surrounding communities were prepared to respond to a practised, organized, updated emergency plan. There were five factors that contributed to the degree of success: luck, communication, preparation, execution, and co-operation.

Not long ago, on 18 May 2005 a small two-engine An-24 carrying 52 people, most of them employers of Lukoil subsidiaries, crashed upon landing, killing 28 people in what has been initially described as a tragic result of pilot error. The Soviet – designed turbo–prop airlines crashed in the Artic village after its tail fell apart over the landing ground. As the plane slammed into the ground, a massive fire erupted on board which caused most of the deaths.

Five crew members were among the 24 people that survived the crash. The pilot and the navigator were both killed. Emergency ministry officials said that 10 out of the 24 survivors were in critical condition, but later their lives were no longer at risk. The black boxes for the flight have been discovered and while the cause of the crash can be established only once they are deciphered, experts say that the most likely cause was pilot error.

Survivors described a bump as the plane’s wing crashed against the ground, then fire spread through the cabin. Others remembered witnessing the plane’s landing gear hitting several mounds of sand before crashing. Many agreed that the aircraft had been flying unusually low. One of the versions more is that the pilots missed the landing strip, and flew over it again at a lower altitude. To these may be added that there is a long chain of middlemen making it nearly impossible to verify the technical safety of the craft.Grammar study: learn grammar peculiarities of the text:

1. Past Indefinite Active употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом. Образуется это время с помощью прибавления к основе смыслового глагола окончания – ed (для правильных глаголов). Past Indefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида.

Sample: the failure occurred – произошла поломка; the plane crashed - самолет упал.

1. См. Grammar Study Section III, Part I.

Sample: surrounding communities – окружающие подразделения, plane carrying the people – самолет, перевозящий людей.

Кроме того, в тексте встречается другая – ing форма глагола – Gerund (см. пункт 2, Grammar Study, Part I, Introduction.).

Sample: landing gear – шасси;

landing strip – посадочная полоса.

В функции определения их нужно различать: Participle I означает свойство или состояние лица или предмета, совершающего действие, а Gerund – свойство предмета, предназначенного для совершения действия.

Ср.: writing student – пишущий студент

writing desk – письменный стол.

Exercise 2. Define the forms of the –ing words from the text and translate them into Russian:

resulting, landing, leading, steering, surrounding, carrying, killing, witnessing, crashing, making.

Exercise 3. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. (При приземлении) the plane, the pilots had no control of the rudder.

2. Despite of the difficulties, all the passengers (выживать).

3. The Flight (упал) when experienced (поломка двигателя).

4. (Поломка происходит) because of (усталостная трещина) in the engine.

5. (Обслуживающие подразделения) were prepared to respond to (аварийная ситуация).

6. There are several factors (способствующих) to success.

7. A massive fire (возникать, разразиться) on board after slamming the plane into the ground.

8. (Черные ящики) have been discovered and (расшифровывать).

9. It is nearly impossible (достоверно установить) the technical safety of the craft.

10. One of the versions is that the pilots (пропустили взлетную полосу) and flew over it again at a lower altitude.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

1. Причиной несчастных случаев может быть не только техническая поломка, но и ошибка человека.

2. Причина происшествия из-за небрежности или невнимательности человека называется человеческим фактором.

3. Поломки узлов самолета часто приводят к гибели людей.

4. Такие мероприятия, как правильная организация полетов, техническое обслуживание и подготовка персонала, помогают избегать несчастных случаев.

5. Только строгое соблюдение правил на воздушном транспорте может способствовать безопасности полетов.

Exercise 5. Read the text without dictionary:

8 killed in plane crash near Moscow

Eight people were killed when a Cessna business plane crashed and burst into flames near Moscow, probably due to bad weather, the authorities reported.

Besides its two-member crew, the aircraft carried the sons of a State Duma deputy (the plane’s co-owner) and former head of Voronezh Municipal Committee, and their four friends after a hunting trip in Voronezh woods.

“Violations of flight regulations” were named by as the probable cause of the crash according to authorities: the plane was caught in a snow blizzard and the pilot had ignored the weather report. The plane caught fire during the fall. The two crew and six passengers were killed when the plane hit the ground.

Speaking:

Exercise 6. Make an abstract of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. how did the accident happen;

2. how many people perished;

3. what were weather conditions during the flight;

4. what reason is considered to be the cause of the accident.

Checklist for Section I

1. What is the difference between Participle I and Gerund?

2. What is the difference between the words employer and employee?

3. What technical failures can cause an air accident?

4. What human factors can lead to an air accident?

Section II

Grammar: Participle II as an attribute.

Word-formation: suffix –ant.

Speaking: Pollution of the environment.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

pollution	[pə'lu:ən] загрязнение
environment	[In'vaIərənment] окружающая среда
to release	[rI'lI:s] освобождать, выпускать
to tear up	[tεə] рвать, изнашивать
tip	место свалки
abuse	плохое обращение; злоупотребление; неправильное употребление (использование)
arable	['ærəbl] пáхотный (земля)
species	['spI:I:z] (sing. and pl.) – вид, род, порода
mammal	['mæməl] млекопитающее животное
extinction	[Iks'tIηkən] вымирание (рода)
conquer	['kɔηkə] завоевывать, покорять

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
to pollute	pollution pollutant	-	-
-	nature	-	natural
-	chemistry chemicals	chemist	chemical
to injure	injurant injury	-	injurious
to poison	poison	poisoner	poisonous
to damage	damage	-	damageable
to disappear	disappearance	-	-
-	extinction	-	extinct
to conquer	conquest	conqueror	-

Text

Nature pollution

For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment. Nature has served Man, and it seemed that natural riches were unlimited. We have upset nature’s sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside to accommodate rubbish.

Pollution covers many things which can happen to the land, in towns and the country, because of our activities.

Rubbish tips, dumped poisonous chemicals, broken cars, thrown away bottles and dropped sweet papers are types of land pollution. Some types of land pollution except they are just unpleasant to look at, can be dangerous to people and to animals. Faun animals injure themselves on old tins and bottles. Young children are sometimes hurt while playing in broken – down cars. Small animals crawl into bottles and die because they cannot get out. Poisoned soil can make animals and people very ill.

There are many consequences of damaging the environment: acid rain, water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture, damage to wild-life. According to the International Union for the Protection of Nature 76 species of animals and some hundred species of plants have disappeared from the planet in the course of the last 60 years. 132 mammal and 26 bird species face extinction not so much due to hunting as due to the pollution of the biosphere.

In the 20th century with the rapid growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man’s economic activities began to produce an increasingly negative effect on the biosphere.

In 1952 many people died in London as a result of air pollution. This pollution came from coal fires in fire-places and from power stations. It combined with the winter fog to form poisonous smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

By now the pollution and poisoning of the soil, water and air have reached a critical level. Environmental pollution has become a significant obstacle to economic growth. The discharge of dust and gas into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of “acid rains” and affects crop, the quality of forests, the amount of fish. To this can be added the rise of chemicals, radioactivity, noise and other types of pollution. Our duty is to help to prevent it.

Grammar study: Participle II в функции определения

(см. пункт 2 Section II, Part I) и Gerund (см. пункт 2, Grammar Study, Part I, Introduction.).

Exercise 2. Translate Participle II in the word combinations:

dumped chemicals, broken cars, thrown away bottles, dropped papers, poisoned soils, damaged nature, conquered space, cut forest, upset balance, discharged harmful substance.

Exercise 3. Define the form of the –ing words in the text:

releasing, polluting, tearing up, damaging, resulting from, conquering.

Exercise 4. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. Nature has served man and people lived in harmony with (окружающая среда).

2. A lot of broken and thrown away things can (загрязнять) land.

3. Both animals and people (получать повреждения) meeting old tins and broken bottles.

4. There are many (последствия) of damaging (окружающая среда).

5. For last several years (вымирание) of many (породы) of animals took place.

6. The products of burning combined with the winter fog form (ядовитый смог).

7. (Загрязнение окружающей среды) has become a significant (препятствие) to economic growth.

8. (Выброс вредных газов) into the atmosphere badly effects the nature and people’s health.

9. Our duty is to (предотвратить) (загрязнение) of nature.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Люди нарушают равновесие в природе, выбрасывая вредные вещества в воздух, воду и почву.

2. Бытовые и промышленные отходы наносят вред природе.

3. В результате деятельности человека происходит загрязнение окружающей среды.

4. Различные типы загрязнения не только неприятны на вид, но и опасны.

5. Люди и животные, подвергающиеся воздействию загрязнителей, могут болеть и даже умирать.

6. Из-за загрязнения биосферы многие виды животных и птиц исчезли.

7. Бурная деятельность человека нанесла непоправимый ущерб природе.

8. В результате обширной вырубки лесов нарушился кислородный баланс.

9. Отравление почвы, воды, воздуха стало значительным препятствием экономического роста.

10. Следует предотвратить загрязнение окружающей среды вредными газами, химикатами и радиоактивными веществами.

Exercise 6. Read the additional text with the help of the words:

depletion	[dI'plI:ən] истощение
diminishing	уменьшение
to call for	вызывать, быть причиной
to refine	очищать
sewage	['sju: Idჳ] сточные воды
purification	очистка
reservoir	['resəvwɑ:] водохранилище
basin	[beIsn] водоем, бассейн (реки)
internal combustion engine [kəm'bΛstən] двигатель внутреннего сгорания
to exhaust	[Ig'zɔ:st] выпускать (газ, пар)

The environment

The people all over the world are greatly concerned with the environment. The most important problems in this field are: the environmental pollution, ozone layer depletion, diminishing water resources.

The progress of mankind has turned into the threat to its health and life. The environmental pollution is called for the numerous industrial, chemical enterprises, which do not refine their wastes and in emergency cases have no sewage purification, the result of which is the pollution of reservoirs and water basins.

The problem of ozone depletion is also of great importance for the people. There is the urgent need to protect the Earth’s ozone layer. In this connection the international Protocol to protect the ozone layer was worked out by 35 countries in Montreal, Canada in 1987.

One of the sources of environmental pollution is automobile transport. The internal combustion engines which work on oil fuel exhaust a lot of harmful gases. The main task here is: to replace the conventional gasoline powered engines with pollution-free electrical ones. Moreover, the oil supplies are not unlimited and the people will have to look for other sources of energy. By this it is necessary to remember that the most important problems for protection of nature are the nuclear power stations.

Speaking:

Exercise 7. Make an abstract of both texts speaking on their main positions:

1. the most important problems of environment;

2. the reasons of environmental pollution;

3. the problem of ozone layer depletion and its prevention;

4. the task of preventing oil fuel exhaustion by automobile transport.

Checklist for Section II

1. How is Participle II in the function of an attribute translated into Russian?

2. What is the difference between the words pollution – pollutant and chemistry – chemicals?

3. What are the sources of environmental pollution?

4. What are the consequences of nature pollution?Section III

Grammar: Objective Infinitive Construction.

Word-formation: suffix –ant for nouns and adjectives.

Speaking: The problems of air contamination.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

contamination	загрязнение
haze	[heIz] туман, дымка, мгла
irritant	раздражитель
emission	выделение, распространение
to encompass	окружать, заключать
to disrupt	разрывать, разрушать
evaporation	[I‚væpə'rəIən] испарение, парообразование
precipitation	выпадение осадков
to interfere	вмешиваться
breakdown	распад
availability	[ə'veIlə'bIlItI] наличие
implication	зд. отношение
yield	[jI:ld] урожай
to cite	ссылаться, цитировать
transboundary	межграничный, повсеместный, глобальный

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
contaminate	contamination	-	-
irritate	irritant irritation	-	irritable irritative
emit	emission	-	emissive
disrupt	disruption	-	disruptive
evaporate	evaporation evaporator	-	evaporative
precipitate	precipitance precipitation	-	precipitant
interfere	interference	-	-
-	avail availability	-	available
implicate	implication	-	implicit implicitly (adv)

Text

Air contamination

Haze and airborne dust – the visible portions of air pollution – were once seen as minor irritants, but they are gathering force like a coming storm. In August 2002, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released “The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and other Environmental Impacts”, which describes a “new scenario” of air pollution in South Asia, involving haze, smog, ozone and global warming. A little later the Asian Brown Cloud was ranked in terms of its implications for health, business and politics.

The term “Asian Brown Cloud” originally referred to a brownish soup of pollutants and particles over India from forest fires, the burning of farm wastes, and huge increases in emissions from vehicles, industries, and wood-burning cookstoves. But new satellite data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration show that the Asian Brown Cloud is part of a much larger-scale pollution event encompassing most of East and Southeast Asia. The haze is heaviest between December and May, the main home – heating season, but is getting worse year round.

The UNEP report was based largely on the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), conducted by scientists in the United States, India and Europe. INDOEX examined the movement of aerosols specifically over South Asia (comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka). An INDOEX report suggested that aerosols in the haze could seriously disrupt the Earth’s cycle of evaporation and precipitation. By interfering with sunlight’s breakdown of hydroxyl radicals, the haze could affect water availability and crop production.

The UNEP report draws preliminary conclusions about air pollution effect on the South Asian environment and the implications for human health, agriculture, and climate change. For example, the report states that the haze reduces natural solar energy levels by about 10 %, with significant consequences for farm yields, namely for rice. The report also cites figures for deaths worldwide related to air pollution.

Indian scientists do not consider the Asians to be blame for pollution, Western countries have polluted the air for decades at far higher rates.

The most scientists agree that the report’s importance lies in the public recognition that it has stimulated, and say the problem of transboundary pollution is likely to grow. The director of observatories for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory says that this phenomenon is an international, integrated problem.

Grammar study: Objective Infinitive Construction

Объектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из подлежащего, сказуемого, дополнения, выраженного существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже, и инфинитива. При переводе на русский язык подлежащее и сказуемое становятся главным предложением, затем следует дополнительное придаточное предложение, в котором подлежащим становится существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном, а сказуемым – инфинитив. Придаточное дополнительное предложение вводится союзами «что», «чтобы», «как». Объектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется после глаголов to want, to wish, to desire, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to assume, to believe, to observe, to watch, to see, to hear и др.

Sample: Scientists consider air contamination to be one of the reasons of bad health of the people. – Ученые считают, что загрязнение воздуха является одной из причин плохого здоровья людей.

Indian scientists do not consider the Asians to be blame for pollution. – Индийские ученые не считают, что азиатские страны виновны в загрязнении.

Сравните данный оборот с субъектным после неопределенно-личных оборотов it is said (говорят), it is known (известно), it seems (кажется), it is likely (вероятно): The most scientists say the problem of pollution is likely to grow. – Большинство ученых говорят, что проблема загрязнения, вероятно, будет увеличиваться.

Exercise 2. Define Infinitive Construction and translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Air contamination is considered to be one of the reasons of bad health of people.

2. Dust and exhausted gases are known to be the pollutants of air.

3. Haze and global warming were reported to be a new factor of air pollution.

4. People’s activity appears to cause global warming.

5. The mankind seems to be unable to overcome the consequences of its activity.

6. Emissions from vehicles and industrial enterprises are proved to be the serious danger of air pollution.

7. The scientists note the data about nature pollution to grow.

8. The ecologists observe the state of the nature to become worth.

9. The scientific report supposes interfering into the water system to lead to disruption of Earth’s cycle of evaporation and precipitation.

10. The authorities believe the problem of transboundary pollution to be recognized.

Exercise 3. Define the form of the –ing words in the text:

gathering, coming, involving, burning, encompassing, heating, getting, comprising, interfering.

Exercise 4. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. The Asian Brown Cloud is a part of a large scale (загрязнение) (охватывающее) East and Southeast Asia.

2. (Дымка) is the visible portion of air pollution.

3. The scientists (исследовали) the movement of aerosols over South Asia (включая) India and Sri-Lanka.

4. To Indian scientists’ opinion Western countries (загрязняли) the air for decades.

5. The most scientists agree that the problem of (глобальное загрязнениe) should be recognized.

6. The Climatic Laboratory says that this (явление) is an international, integrated problem.

7. The United Nations Environment Programme report (приводит заключение) about air pollution effect and (его отношение) for human health.

8. (Дымка) and airborne (пыль) cannot be seen as minor irritants any more.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Термин «Asian Brown Cloud» первоначально относился к загрязнителям от лесных пожаров, сжигания сельскохозяйственного мусора, выхлопов автомобилей.

2. Аэрозоли в дымке воздуха могут нарушить цикл испарения и выпадения осадков.

3. Аэрозольная дымка снижает уровень солнечной энергии и таким образом влияет на урожаи.

4. Индийские ученые не считают, что Азия виновна в загрязнении воздуха.

5. В докладе ученых отмечается, что многие смерти соотносятся с загрязнением воздуха.

6. Факторы загрязнения воздуха включают аэрозольную дымку, смог, озон и глобальное потепление.

7. Загрязнение воздуха влияет на окружающую среду, здоровье людей, сельское хозяйство и изменение климата.

8. Аэрозольная дымка может повлиять на наличие воды и получение урожая.

9. Для борьбы с загрязнением окружающей природы были созданы некоторые структуры: Программа по изучению окружающей среды Организации Объединенных наций, Лаборатория диагностики и слежения за климатом.

10. В результате исследований ученые приводят данные о последствиях загрязнения окружающей среды.

Exercise 6. Read the additional text paying attention to the words given below:

ambient	['æmbIənt] окружающий
trigger	стимулировать, вызывать
prevalence	['prevələns:] распространение
respirable	вдыхаемый
particulate	специфический, особый, определенный
coil	[kɔIl] виток, кольцо, змейка (дыма)
to vent	выпускать (дым)

Air contamination caused by human activity

Much of the research on factors affecting the respiratory diseases has been done in urban areas of developed countries. A number of studies have suggested that ambient air pollution can trigger these diseases. In many homes in developing countries a major source of exposure to indoor air pollutants is cooking smoke.

Increasing prevalence of diseases in both developed and developing countries has been a major public health challenge for more than two decades. Exposure to several specific air pollutants, such as respirable particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) has been associated with increased respiratory diseases. Besides, household cleaning agents, pesticides, and mosquito coil smoke can be referred to environmental factors.

High volumes of a number of health-damaging airborne pollutants, including above-mentioned plus formaldehyde and dozens of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other organic matter generated indoors can be vented to the outside and pollute the air.

Speaking:

Exercise 7. Make the summary of two texts, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. what is haze;

2. what organizations investigate the state of the air in the world;

3. what are the reasons of air pollution;

4. what the disruption of the Earth’s cycle can result in;

5. who is blame for pollution;

6. why the problem of air pollution should be recognized.

Checklist for Section III

1.What is the structure and translation of Objective Infinitive Construction into Russian?

2. What is the meaning of derived abstract nouns?

3. What sources of air contamination are recognized in the world?

4. What harmful factors of air contamination cause diseases?

Section IV

Grammar: Participle I (the adverbial modifier of time).

Word-formation: suffixes of abstract nouns.

Speaking: The reasons and consequences of electrical hazards.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

electrocution	[I‚lektrə′kju:ən] поражение электрическим током
to urge	[ə:dჳ] побуждать, убеждать, настаивать
circuit	[′sə:kIt] цепь, контур, схема
breaker	прерыватель
fire	зажигание
downed	поврежденный, выведенный из строя
fuse	запал
inadvertent	[‚Inəd′və:tənt] ненамеренный, неумышленный
backfeed	обратная связь
to shield	[I:′ld] защищать
caution	[′kɔ:ən] осторожность, предосторожность
to restore	восстанавливать
backup	обратная связь

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1а). Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective
-	electricity	electrician	electric electrical
to break	breaker	-	-
to electrocute	electrocution	-	-
to shield	shielder	-	-
to caution	caution	-	cautionary cautious
-	inadvertence inadvertency	-	inadvertent
to restore	restoration	restorer	restorative
to energize	energy	-	energetic

1b). В данном тексте встречаются производные слова со слово-образовательным элементом – префиксом de-, который выражает значение противоположного действия.

Sample: to control – контролировать, to decontrol – отменять контроль; to ration – нормировать, to deration – отменять нормирование; to energize – снабжать, заряжать энергией, to de-energize – отключать, обесточивать.

Text

Electrical hazards

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has investigated several work–related electrocution deaths following natural disasters. To prevent future electrocutions, NIOSH urges those involved in cleanup activities to take the following steps:

• if water has been present anywhere near electrical circuits and electrical equipment, turn off the power at the main breaker or fire on the service panel. Do not turn the power back on until electrical equipment has been inspected by a qualified electrician. Never enter flooded areas or touch electrical equipment if the ground is wet, unless you are certain that the power is off. Never handle a downed power line.

• when using gasoline and diesel generators to supply power to a building, switch the main breaker or fuse on the service panel to the “off” position prior to starting the generator. This will prevent inadvertent energization of power lines from backfeed electrical energy from the generators, and help to protect utility line workers from possible electrocution.

• if clearing or other work must be performed near a downed power line, contact the utility company to discuss de-energizing and grounding or shielding the power lines. Extreme caution is necessary when moving ladders and other equipment near overhead power lines to avoid inadvertent contact. If you are working on or near power lines, it is necessary to take into account that workers and employers must take extreme caution while attempting to restore power or clear areas near downed power lines. In one instance, a worker lost his life following Hurricane Hugo after removing trees from de-energized power line that had been knocked down by storm. While inspecting the completed work, the man stepped on the line and was electrocuted by “feedback” energy from a portable backup generator at a nearby gas station. Feedback energy occurs when a de-energized line becomes energized by a secondary power source.

A year later, another worker died cleaning branches from a power line, following a tropical storm. He was electrocuted after falling from a tree onto a line thought to be de-energized. Although the workers had opened a fused switch on a transformer, the line remained energized through another transformer.

Grammar study: Participle I

Одной из функций причастия настоящего времени является обстоятельство времени (с союзами when, while). В этой функции причастие I переводится на русский язык: 1) фразой со словом «при»; 2) фразой со словом «будучи»; 3) деепричастием. Союз при переводе опускается.

Sample:When fulfilling rescue works it is necessary to observe extreme caution. – При выполнении спасательных работ необходимо соблюдать чрезвычайную осторожность.

Exercise 2. Translate Participle I in the sentences:

1. Extreme caution is necessary when moving ladders and other equipment.

2. The employers must take extreme caution while attempting to restore power near downed power lines.

3. When using gasoline and diesel generators, switch the main breaker on the service panel to the “off”.

4. While inspecting the completed work, one man was electrocuted by “feedback” energy from a backup generator.

Exercise 3. Define the form of the –ing words and translate them into Russian:

… prior to starting the generator;

… if cleaning or other work…;

… to discuss de-energizing and grounding or shielding;

Exercise 4. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. It is dangerous if water has been present anywhere near (электрическая цепь).

2. Switching the breaker off can prevent (непреднамеренный) energization of power lines.

3. Those involved in cleanup works can be subject to (поражение током).

4. When working in downed power lines areas, the first task is to (изолировать) them.

5. As a rule, the electrical (бедствия) are the result of (ураган) and (наводнение).

6. (Обесточенный) line can be (неумышленно) energized by a secondary power source.

7. A man can be (поражать электротоком) when working in wet conditions and (необесточенной силовой линии).

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Тем, кто занят расчисткой зоны бедствия, следует соблюдать осторожность, работая с электричеством.

2. Не следует включать энергию, пока не будет проверено электрооборудование.

3. Не входите в затопленную зону, пока не будет отключена подача энергии.

4. Если вы не уверены, что энергия отключена, не работайте с поврежденной линией.

5. Перед началом работ в разрушенной зоне необходимо удостовериться в обесточивании, заземлении или изоляции электрических коммуникаций.

6. При восстановлении силовых линий следует соблюдать правила техники безопасности.

7. Следует помнить, что влага и контакт с проводами под напряжением опасны для жизни.

Exercise 6. Read the additional text and translate it with the help of the words given below:

tip	намек, совет
cord	шнур
outlet	штепсельная розетка
frayed	потершийся, изношенный
plug	штепсельная вилка
fault	короткое замыкание
to spark	искрить
rug	ковер, коврик
vigilant	['vIdჳIlənt] бдительный

Electrical precautions

You should always be aware of potential hazards in your home. For this, start by keeping the following tips in mind. Check all electrical appliances, cords and outlets. Are your electrical appliances in good condition, without loose or frayed cords or plugs? Are your outlets overloaded with plugs from the TV, computer, printer, video game system, and stereo? Are you overusing an extension cord? Does your home contain GFCIs (ground-fault circuit interrupters), which prevent electrical shock? Look around your house for potential problems. And unless you’re a trained electrician, be careful about do-it-yourself electrical projects. Studies have shown that many home fires are caused by improper installation of electrical devices.

Mind also some other tips. Replace or professionally repair any appliances that spark, smell unusual or overheat. Don’t run electrical wires under rugs. Use caution when using electric blankets or other science projects that involve electrical devices. Be especially vigilant about portable heaters. Before plugging heater in your space, make sure you know how to use it safely. Never place a heater where a child or pet could accidentally knock it over.

Speaking:

Exercise 7. Make an abstract of two texts, using vocabulary and tell about:

1. why electrocution is dangerous;

2. specific danger by interrelating electric current and water conditions;

3. the behavior while working with electrical equipment in flooded areas;

4. the caution и contact with power lines;

5. the reasons of electrocution at home;

6. the measures connected with electrical appliances in order to avoid accident;

Checklist for Section IV

1. How is Participle I translated into Russian in the function of adverbial modifier of time?

2. What is the role of prefixes re-, de- in word – formation?

3. What is the danger of electric current in the flooded areas?

4. What precautions should be observed while working in the zone of electrical hazards and at home?

Section V

Grammar: Forms of Participle I.

Word-formation: Suffixes –able, -ible.

Speaking: The notion of noise.

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

notion	понятие
to confuse	смешивать, спутывать, приводить в беспорядок
confused	беспорядочный
fatigue	[fə′tI:g] усталость, утомление
thunderstorm	гроза, буря
lightning	молния
to emit	излучать, испускать
crackle	потрескивание, треск
to upset	расстраивать, огорчать, выводить из душевного равновесия
to expose	подвергать

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1. Translate the original and derivative words:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (person)	adjective adverb
-	notion	notionalist	notional
to define	defintion	-	definable
to confuse	confusion	-	confusedly (adv)
to communicate	communication communicator	-	communicative
to interrupt	interruption interrupter	-	-
to transmit	transmission transmitter	-	transmissible
to expose	exposition	expositor	expositive expository
to originate	origin origination originality original	originator	originative original

Text

Noise

The notion “noise” can be defined as any loud and unpleasant sound, especially confused or disagreeable. Noise may be scientifically – based or life – conditioned. The former refers to as any factor in the communication process that interferes with exchanging messages and achieving common meaning. Noise can range from interruptions while the sender is encoding a message being transmitted to fatigue on the part of receiver while decoding takes place. Thus, noise can occur during any stage of the communication process.

The other noise natural sources are thunderstorms and lightnings. Thunderstorms are considered to be electromagnetically noisy environments. Lightning, in particular, emits large amounts of radio-frequency noise, causing the familiar crackle on AM radios many kilometers away.

In ordinary life noise is all around us and usually we do not notice it. But sometimes it gets too loud for comfort. The noise of traffic in cities, of motorways through the country, of aeroplanes makes life not so pleasant for thousands of people. Loud music is not just unpleasant, it can make people ill. Some people become very nervous and upset because of all these noises. They may have to take drugs to keep calm and get asleep at night.

Noise may be of production origin and people who are exposed to loud noises during productive process all the time run the risk of going deaf. It is necessary to become aware of the threats to our environment. Although noise is not a chemical and cannot be seen, it is a kind of pollution, because it is harmful to the health.

Grammar study: Forms Participle I

Причастие настоящего времени имеет две залоговые и две видовые (временные) формы. На примере глагола из текста to transmit эти формы образуются следующим образом:

	active	passive
Participle I Indefinite	transmitting - передающий	being transmitted - передаваемый
Participle I Perfect	having transmitted - передав	having been transmitted - переданный

Exercise 2. Define the form and function of the –ing words in the text:

exchanging, achieving, meaning, encoding, being transmitted, decoding, lightning, causing.

Exercise 3. Translate Participle II in the word combinations:

defined notion, confused sound, scientifically – based noise, life – conditioned noise, emitted light, caused crackle, noticed fatigue, transmitted message.

Exercise 4. Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. (Производственно обоснованный шум) refers to any factors in the communication process.

2. (Понятие шум) can be defined as any loud and unpleasant sound.

3. Noise can (случиться) during any stage of the communication process.

4. The other noise natural sources are (гроза) and (молния).

5. Lightning can (вызывать) (щелчки) on radio-sets.

6. Many people become (расстроенный) because of the noise.

7. Some people (подвергаться) to loud production noises and their (здоровье) is becoming worse.

8. Noise is considered to be (вредный) to the people’s health.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Шум считается одним из видов загрязнения окружающей среды.

2. Шум от транспорта, самолетов, громкой музыки выводит людей из равновесия.

3. Беспорядочный шум является неприятным для людей.

4. Источником шума могут быть аппараты, передающие сообщения.

5. Природным источником шума является гром.

6. Молния, излучающая радиочастотные помехи (шум) вызывает треск в приборах.

7. Громкий шум является неприятным и вредным для здоровья, так как он создает дискомфорт и расстраивает людей.

8. Некоторые люди подвергаются воздействию громкого шума на производстве, где работают различные приборы и станки.

9. Следует признать шум как угрозу окружающей среде.

Speaking

Exercise 6. Make an abstract of the text, using key vocabulary and tell about:

1. what is noise;

2. the types of noise;

3. the sources of noise;

4. the influence of noise the people’s mood.

Checklist for Section V

1. How are the complex forms of Participle I translated into Russian?

2. What suffixes are used to form the derivative nouns?

3. What is the nature of the noise?

4. What is your attitude to noise?

Библиографический список:

1. Financial Times, USA, 17 August, 2007, p. 4.

2. The Moscow News, 2005-2008.

3. Fire Prevention. Fire Engineers Journal. The international journal for Fire Professionals, December, 2003, pp. 33-36.

4. Journal Newsweek, August 8, 2005, pp.18-19.

5. UPDATE, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March, 1997, pp.1-4; E - source: http:// www. cdc. gov/niosh/homepage. html

6. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Tenth edition Merriam Webster, Incorporated-Springfield Massachusetts, USA. 1559 c.

7. Environmental Health Prospectives. Journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. January, 2003.

8. Евсюкова Т.В., Устименко С.И. English. Практический курс. Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2001. 480 с.

Contents

Topic “Life-secure in extreme situations” 3

Part I. Natural Hazards

Introduction. General concepts on emergency 6

Section I. Earthquake hits Indonesia and Solomon Islands 10

Section II. The prediction of hurricanes and earthquakes 14

Section III. Scientists warn: more bad storms on the way 18

Section IV. Devastation caused by tsunami 21

Section V. A European Sahara? 25

Part II. People’s Hazards

Section I. Air accidents 29

Section II. Nature pollution 33

Section III. Air contamination 37

Section IV. Electrical hazards 42

Section V. Noise 46

Редактор Т. А. Москвитина

Компьютерная верстка – Е. В. Беспалова

Дизайн обложки – М. А. Генн

ИД № 06039 от 12.10.2001 г.

Сводный темплан 2009 г.

Подписано в печать 17.02.09. Формат 60×84 ¹/₁₆. Бумага офсетная.

Отпечатано на дупликаторе. Усл. печ. л. 3,25. Уч.-изд. л. 3,25.

Тираж 100. Заказ 217.

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