Защита проекта "Экология.Сохраним мир"

"Ecology"

Выплонила:Топольницкая Алёна

Проверил: Журбина Светлана Михайловна

• Ecology
•       Ecology is usually considered as a sub-branch of biology, the general science of living organisms. Living organisms can be studied at different levels, ranging from individual atoms and molecules and ending with populations of biota and biosphere as a whole. Ecology is also studying the environment in which they live and its problems. Ecology is associated with many other sciences, precisely because it studies the organization of living organisms at a very high level, explores the relationship between organisms and their environment. Ecology is closely related to such sciences as biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, physics.

• Modern ecology studies the relationship between humans and the biosphere, the technosphere, with the surrounding natural environment and other issues. And the process of penetration of environmental concerns and ideas to other areas of knowledge called greening.

Period I) Mankind has acquired almost essential ecological knowledge throughout their existence. The emergence of ecology as a separate science conventionally accepted date 1866., When the term "ecology" (Greek - "the science of the house") was first used by the German physiologist Ernst Haeckel in his work "The general morphology of organisms."

II period) The development of population-based studies revealed that the population possess such properties, which are deprived of their individual components separately. Moreover, populations are even able to take control of their own state. Thus, they are also biological systems, not merely a collection of individuals. The population is the main subject of ecology.

III period) Learning communities, ecosystems, and terrestrial biosphere as a whole has convincingly shown that these objects have properties of systems. With 70 years of XX century to the present day in the ecology of alleged systematic approach. This greatly facilitated by:

- The development of the concept of ecological systems, methods and techniques of systems analysis;

- The emergence of computers and especially the personal computers that allow ecologists to create mathematical models of complex biological systems supraorganismal levels of the organization.

The main objects of environmental research are ecosystem ecosphere and biosphere.

SECTIONS OF ECOLOGY

Ecology - biological science that studies the structure and function of biological systems supraorganismal levels of the organization (in natural and modified conditions) in order to support sustainable human use

(AF Alimov)

At each of these stages of development of these environmental originated the relevant section of this science:

1) autoecology (from the Greek «αυτος» [Autos] - himself one) - the science of the relationship with the environment;

2) demekologiya (from the Greek «δεμος» [Demos] - people) - the science of relations between populations and between populations;

3) synecology (from the Greek «συν» [blue] - together) - the ecology of communities and ecosystems.

In today's environment, all these three areas coexist and cooperate successfully.

The state of the natural environment genuinely care about each of us. Therefore, the environment itself, and in particular, the name of this science attract a lot of people who do not always have at least a basic environmental knowledge. For example, you can not confuse the ecology and applied science, based on the use and practical application of its results. Unfortunately, this is - a very common mistake.

Examples of applied sciences, solving environmental problems and wrongly attributed to the environment, is the so-called "engineering", "farm", "industrial" environment, etc.). They use the environment to achieve, but have very different subjects of study and goals. These science practically useful, albeit incorrectly named.

However, we have met such amazing and 'terms' as the environment, "culture", "music", "politics" and the like, it is not appropriate environmental effect and generally devoid of scientific content.

METHODS OF ECOLOGY

Environmentalists widely used methods and results of research not only biology, but also in many other sciences. However, the object of study is the biosystem in the surrounding Seda, not vice versa.

Methods for Environmental Studies, in all their diversity, can be divided into the following three categories:

1) Field observations

2) Experiments

3) Mathematical modeling

Modern ecology uses all three categories of methods, both separately and in combination. Their combination in each case determined by the task study.

METHODS OF ECOLOGY

Field observations. In the observation of the researcher follows the natural object (eg, ecosystem), taking care not to change its state, or - if the inevitability of some of his intervention - change is minimal.

Environmental field studies on the rivers of the North-West Russia

• The end!

• Thank you!