Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий, по организации самостоятельной работы для обучающихся по направлению 270841 Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения Часть 1

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НЕФТЕГАЗОВЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Институт транспорта

Отделение СПО

ПЦК «Лингвистических дисциплин»

Английский язык

Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий,

по организации самостоятельной работы

для обучающихся по направлению 270841

Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения

Часть 1

Составители Т.В. Логинова

преподаватели иностранного языка

Тюмень

ТюмГНГУ

2014

Английский язык: метод. указ. по выполнению практических заданий, по организации самостоятельной работы для обучающихся по направлению 270841Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения, Часть 1 /сост. Т.В. Логинова /; Тюменский государственный нефтегазовый университет.–Тюмень: Издательский центр БИК, ТюмГНГУ, 2014.– с.

Методические указания рассмотрены и рекомендованы к изданию на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии лингвистических дисциплин

25 декабря 2013 года, протокол № 4

Аннотация

Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий, по организации самостоятельной работы обучающихся по дисциплине «Английский язык», предназначены для обучающихся 3-4 курсов по направлению 270841Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения. Данная дисциплина изучается на протяжении всего периода обучения.

Данное пособие содержит профессионально-ориентированные тексты, лексику, предтекстовые и послетекстовые упражнения, задания для самостоятельной работы обучающихся. В пособие так же включены дополнительные тексты для чтения и грамматические задания.

Contents

Введение ….................................................................................. 3

Unit 1 My future profession……………………………………6

Unit 2 Material properties………………………………….....11

Unit 3 Welding……………………………………………….16

Unit 4 Gas and oil properties………………………………...20

Unit 5 Measuring……………….……………………………25

Unit 6 Additional texts………………………………………31

Список литературы ....................................................................34

Введение

Данные Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий и организации самостоятельной работы обучающихся по дисциплине «Английский язык», предназначены для обучающихся 3-4 курсов по направлению 270841Монтаж и эксплуатация оборудования и систем газоснабжения. Они составлены в соответствии с требованиями программы к минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки обучающихся СПО. Данная программа рассматривает дисциплину Иностранный язык как средство обучения и приобщения к опыту, в том числе профессиональному, других стран. Изучение технического английского языка позволяет сформировать и развить в обучающихся конкурентоспособного специалиста. Методические указания способствуют развитию диалогической и монологической речи, а также развивают речевые навыки и умения перевода и говорения. Предназначены для использования на практических занятиях по английскому языку.

Тематический отбор материала позволяет ознакомить обучающихся с лексикой по изучаемой теме. Методические указания состоят из 5разделов, включающих основные профессионально-ориентированные тексты для различных видов чтения, упражнения для развития навыков устной и письменной речи. Разделы содержат грамматические упражнения, построенные на примерах из текстов, и подборку текстов для самостоятельного чтения.

Основным этапом работы над темой является работа над тематическим текстом. Иноязычный текст является источником информации. В зависимости от запрашиваемой информации выделяются три вида чтения:

1. чтение с общим охватом содержания (Reading for General Comprehension)

2. чтение с детальным пониманием прочитанного (ReadingforDetails)

3. поисковоечтение (Reading for Special Information)

Задача чтения с общим охватом содержания состоит в понимании общего смысла прочитанного без словаря. Этот вид чтения формирует умениевычленить основное содержание текста, игнорируя второстепенные детали и некоторые языковые трудности.

Задача чтения с детальным пониманием является полное понимание содержания прочитанного, достигаемое путём точного перевода со словарём. Лучше использовать специализированный словарь. Перевод иноязычного текста предполагает умение проводить лексико-грамматический анализ фразы, использовать знания, полученные на занятиях по специальным и общетехническим дисциплинам.

Поисковое чтение используется для нахождения в тексте интересующей информации. При этом виде чтения допускаются любые способы снятия языковых трудностей: словаря ил смысловой догадки.

Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на активизацию нового лексического материала, развитие лексико-грамматических навыков, на формирование умения строить индивидуальное монологическое высказывание по изучаемой теме.

Самостоятельное практическое владение студентом иноязычным чтением и переводом предполагает умение самостоятельно работать со специальной литературой на иностранном языке с целью получения необходимой информации для решения личностно значимых и профессиональных задач. Достижению указанной цели способствует соответствующее наполнение содержания основной образовательной программы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык», включая и самостоятельную работу студентов, выступающую неотъемлемым компонентом целостной структуры планирования учебного процесса. В соответствии с требованиями нового стандарта ФГОС СПО в рамках дисциплины «Иностранный язык» за счет самостоятельной работы компенсируется недостаточное количество аудиторных часов на изучение дисциплины, в том числе и иностранного языка. Самостоятельная работа активизирует внутреннюю познавательную мотивацию студентов к приобретению новых знаний, стремление к саморазвитию, самосовершенствованию.

Цели и задачи дисциплины – требования к результатам освоения дисциплины:

В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен уметь:

- общаться (устно и письменно) на иностранном языке на профессиональные и повседневные темы;

- переводить (со словарём) иностранные тексты профессиональной направленности;

- самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять словарный запас;

В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен знать:

- лексический минимум (1200-1400 ЛЕ);

- грамматический минимум, необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарём) текстов профессиональной направленности.

Unit 1

My future profession

I. Learn the words below:

1. profession (occupation, vocation) профессия (род занятий, призвание)

2. job (work) работа (должность)

3. full-time (part-time) job полная занятость (частичная)

4. to choose выбирать

5. to get higher education получать высшее образование

6. to employ (employer, -ee) трудоустраиваться (работодатель, работник

7. to earn зарабатывать

8. to pay платить

9. salary оклад (служащие)

10. wages зарплата (рабочие)

11. blue-color (white-color) worker рабочие (служащие)

12. career market рынок труда

13. to make a career делать карьеру

14. position должность

15. efficient квалифицированный

II.The texts describe different ways of studying. Read them and translate.

1. Technical college.

Okan is a first-year student at a technical college. He chose to study full time because he wanted to get a qualification before he started work. He thinks that being at college will give him more time to decide exactly which career he wants to follow and that having a qualification first will help him to get the kind of job he wants.

Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications. Courses combine applied science, practical skills, and technical know-how. An Electronics Technician, for example, studies physics to understand the principles of the subject, learn how to find faults in equipment, and acquires a great deal of knowledge about electronic devices and components. Courses also include Communication skills to help students deal with communication at work and with the public.

College courses may take a year for a certificate and two years for a diploma. When he graduates, Okan can start work as a Technician or go on to further study at university.

2. University.

Cristina is a second-year student of Electronic engineering at university. She decided to study at university because she wants the best choice of career and because she´s interested in doing research in digital communications in particular. Most degrees take three years to complete, but some take up to five years because they include periods of work experience.

Degrees may have a broad focus, for example Electrical engineering, or focus on a specialized area, such as Power and High-voltage engineering. Cristina´s course is broad-based to start, but she can specialize in digital communications later. Engineering can be studied in combination with other subjects. Cristina is taken German because she wants to spend six months in a German telecommunications company. This work experience will earn her credits towards her degree.

There is a wide career choice for graduate Engineers in design, production, quality assurance, and other fields. They may also work in marketing or become managers.

Cristina hopes to become a Research Engineer, finding new and better ways of doing things.

3. Apprenticeship.

Alessandro has just started as an apprentice. Aircraft Fitter with a large defence industry company.

Apprenticeships are a way of combining work with practical training. He choose an apprenticeship because he wanted to leave school and start working and earning money as soon as possible.

Today, apprentices combine work, on-the-job training, and part-time study on a day-release basis at a local college, paid for by their employer. Apprenticeships last from one to three years. In Alessandro´s case, over the next two years he can obtain vocational qualifications to become a skilled Technician. He can also study to obtain entrance qualifications for higher-level studies so he can go on to become an Aeronautical Engineer.

III. Answer the questions:

1. Which way of studying do the texts describe?

2. Why did the students choose this way?

3. What kind of courses do the student take?

4. How long does it take to complete their study?

5. What kinds of jobs can they do complete their studies?

6. Discuss the differences of your own studying.

7. Give your point of view: What is necessary to be successful?

IV. Translate the following words and word combinations

To make the right choice, a great variety of professions, to contact services, all overthe world, to take into account, the demand for professions, to talk over, vocational training, industrial and civil engineering, to do work experience.

V. Translate into English

Выбрать профессию, образование, знания, навыки, род занятий, интересоваться чем-либо, обучать, сделать карьеру, специальность, с техническим складом ума, хорошо оплачиваемая работа, высокая зарплата, лучшие условия трудоустройства.

VI. Complete the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence

1. The building workers were paid their income/salary/wages every Friday.

2. She’s only here for three weeks. It’s a/an full-time/over-time/temporary job.

3. Could I have two days away/off/out next week to visit my mother?

4. How much exactly do you do/make/take in your new job?

5. Jack makes his business/living/job working as a journalist.

6. Lucy has a very good job, business, living in an international company.

7. Apparently she earns/gains/wins over 20,000 dollars a year.

8. If you have to travel on a company business, we’ll pay your costs, expenses/needs.

VII. Complete each sentence a) to j) with one of the endings 1) to 10). Use each ending only once.

a) If you work hard, the company will give you …	1) …qualifications for a job of this kind.
b) In a different job I could get a higher …	2) … advertisement in the local presses on Friday.
c) The best way to find new staff is to put a/an …	3) … application for the job as soon as possible.
d) Because he had stolen the money, we decided that…	4) …promotion to a more responsible position.
e) She has a pleasant personality but hasn’t got the right…	5) … full-time employment at the moment.
f) In the meeting we are going to discuss the …	6) …references from your previous employer.
g) As he has three young children he doesn’t want …	7) … dismissing him was the only possible action we could take.
h) I think it would be a good idea to send in your…	8) … prospects for the future at the moment.
I) I’m afraid that in this job there aren’t very good …	9) … salary and better conditions of employment.
j) We can’t give you the job without …	10) … appointment of a new sales representative.

IIX. Fill in the gaps with the irregular verbs beginning with a or b using the appropriate forms (see The Table of Irregular Verbs A-B).

1) The noise of the wind __________ her.

Шум ветра ее не разбудил.

2) Nobody met me at the station where I __________.

Никто не встретил меня на станции, где я вышел.

3) The night was already very deep and dark, but she could still see his face, __________ by dull candle glitter.

Ночь была уже очень глубокой и темной, но она все еще могла видеть его лицо, освещенное слабым мерцанием свечи.

4) A serious problem __________.

Возникла серьезная проблема.

5) He __________ abruptly by an enormous noise which made the whole house shake.

Он внезапно проснулся от ужасного шума, заставившего трястись весь дом.

6) I __________ so much nothing hurts me any more.

Меня так часто били, что теперь меня ничего не трогает.

7) He __________ keen on electronic music and the next year released his debut album.

Он увлекся электронной музыкой и на следующий год выпустил свой первый альбом.

8) She __________ a new coat by last winter.

Она купила себе пальто к прошлой зиме.

9) When he returned to his house in a month, he was shocked. The apricot and cherry trees he had planted and reared __________. And, worse still, all the beehives __________ .

Когда он вернулся в свой дом через месяц, он был шокирован. Абрикосовые и вишневые деревья, которые он сажал и растил, были сломаны. И, что было еще хуже, все ульи были сожжены.

10) “I’m very sorry, Eeyore – but… when I was running along to bring the balloon to you, I fell down.” “Dear, dear, how unlucky! You ran too fast, I expect. You didn’t hurt yourself, Little Piglet?” “No, but I … I … oh, Eeyore, I __________ the balloon!

— Мне очень жаль, Иа-иа — но… когда я бежал, чтобы принести тебе шарик, я упал. — Ой-ой, какая незадача! Ты, я думаю, бежал слишком быстро. Ты не ушибся, Пятачок? — Нет, но… я… о, Иа-иа, твой шарик у меня лопнул!

11) Now the news.The greatest light container recycling plant _________ for the company General Recycling, one of the main paper and cardboard recycling companies in Greece.

А теперь новости. Крупнейший завод по переработке легкого упаковочного материала был построен для компании Дженерал Ресайклинг, одной из важнейших компаний, занимающихся переработкой бумаги и картона в Греции.

12) The radio __________ hurricane warnings on the night that Hurricane Mitch came visiting. But nobody in Pedro Dias had believed the flood warnings.

По радио передавали предупреждения об урагане в ту ночь, когда должен был начаться ураган Митч. Но никто в Педро Дайасе не верил в предупреждения о наводнении.

IX. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1. As Emma walked, she (do) a little window shopping. From time to time she (stop) and (look) at the beautiful clothes in the chic boutiques. Milan (be) the fashion centre of the world and she (decide) to do some shopping later if she (have) time. 2. At nine Jack(stop) working, (shut) off the lights, (leave) the barn, and (go) back to the house. He(find) a cold beer in the refrigerator,(make) himself a cheese-and-tomato sandwich, and(take) his evening snack into the living-room. After turning on the television, he (sit) down in the chair, (eat) his sandwich,(drink) his beer, and channel (surf)absentmindedly.3. The days passed quietly, uneventfully. I (do) very little. I(read) occasionally, (watch) television, sometimes I (listen) to music, but for the most part I (sit) in the front of the fire, lost in my own world. I (have) no one and nothing I (can) live for. I simply (exist).4. After dinner Molly (busy) herself at the sink. She (pull) apart several heads of lettuce, and (wash) the leaves scrupulously. Her thoughts (be) on her mother, but then they (take) an unexpected turn, and (zero) in on her father.

X. Independent work. Самостоятельная работа

1. Изучить предлагаемый лексический материал в рамках темы и использовать его при составлении ИМВ о будущей профессии.

2. Заполнить CV. Какая из предложенных форм анкеты более подходящая для интервью?

Curriculum vitae (CV) Resume Name Name/surname Address Age Date and place of birth Marital status Nationality Contact telephone Education Languages Languages Education Previous experience Courses and professional training Interests Work experience Salary history Computer skills Previous experience Interpersonal qualities

3. Расставьте слова в нужном порядке, чтобы получилось предложение.

1. were, pale, they, men, faces, big, with.

2. New Zealand, were, from, the eight men, divers.

3. to clear, the harbour, was brought, of its wrecks, the team, to, Rangoon.

4. these, refugees, a lot, of, ships, had boarded.

5. climbed, of, the ship, hole, in, the side, I, through, one.

6. the compartment, the lamp, next, just, in, is being fixed.

7. appeared, the porter's, in, the doorway, face, smiling.

8. a few, words, I, to say, companion, was eager, my, to.

9. was born, of, Mark Twain, a lawyer, in, small town, the family, in 1835.

10. in, he, a printshop, began, home, his, to work, town, at.

11. a number, this, was followed, of, by, story, stories, short, novels, and.

Unit 2

Material properties

I. Learn the words below:

1. property свойство

2. separation разделение

3. dense плотный

4. arrangement расположение

5. to slide скользить

6. malleable ковкий, податливый

7. bent гнуть

8. to fracture ломать

9. ductile эластичный, ковкий

10. to draw тянуть, волочить

11. wire проволока

12. lead свинец

13. iron железо, чугун

14. grain зерно

15. shape форма, формировать

16. composition состав

17. treatment обработка

18. quenching закалка

19. to hammer ковать

20. metal fatigue усталость металла

21. to melt плавить

22. creep ползучесть

23. stress давление, напряжение

24.failure повреждение, разрушение

25. to cast отливать

II. Read and translate the text:

Metals

Metals are materials widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of a production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals very greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crustals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the natur of thegrains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1%) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and prpperties of metals.

All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow icrease in length under stres) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are takeninto account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling, shaper and grinder.

The ways of working a metal depend on its prpperties. Many metals can be melted and castmoulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.

III. Answer the questions:

1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

2. Why are most metals dense?

3. Why are metals malleable?

4. What is malleability?

5. What are grains?

6. What is alloying?

7. What is crystalline structure?

8. What do the properties of metals depend on?

9. What changes the size of grains in metals?

10. What are the main processes of metal firming?

11. How are metals worked?

12. What is creeping?

IV. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

Свойства металлов, расстояние между атомами, правильное расположение, сильно отличаются по своим свойствам, кристаллическая структура, размер зёрен, форма зёрен, закалка, отжиг, волочение, прокатка, ковка, экструзия, структура и свойство зерна, горячая обработка, усталость металла, ползучесть металла. Плавка и отливка в формы, способы обработки металлов.

V. Complete the following sentences:

1. Metals are … 2. Metallurgy is … 3. Most metals are … 4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals … 5. Irregular crystals … 6. The properties of the metals depend … 7. Metals with small grains will be … 8. … controls the nature of the grains in the metal. 9. Alloying is … 10. All metals can be formed by … 11. Creep is … 12. Metals can be worked using …

VI. Read, translate and discuss the texts:

Metals and non-metals

Engineering materials can be divided into:

• metals- examples of metallic materials are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)

• non-metals- examples of non-metallic materials are carbon (C) and silicon (Si).

As iron is such a widely used material, metals can be divided into:

• ferrous metals- those that contain iron

• non-ferrous metals- those that do not contain iron.

Elements, compounds and mixtures

With regard to the chemical composition of materials -the chemicals they contain, and how those chemicalsare combined- three main categories can be used:

• Elements are pure materials in their most basic form. They cannot be broken down into different constituents ('ingredients'). Examples of elements widely used in engineering materials are iron, carbon and aluminium (AI).

• Compounds consist of two or more elements that are chemically bound - that is,

combined by a chemical reaction. An everyday example is water, which is a compound ofhydrogen (H) and oxygen (0).

• Mixtures consist of two or more elements or compounds which are mixed t together, but which are not chemically bound. In engineering, common examples are alloys -that is, metals which have other metals and/or non-metals mixed with them. A common example is steel, which is an iron-carbon alloy, and can include other alloying metals- metals which are added to alloys, in small quantities relative to the main metal. Examples of widely used alloying metals are chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and tungsten (W).

VII. Из предложенного списка слов выберите

а) слова, которые всегда являются глаголами;

б) слова, которые никогда не являются глаголами;

в) слова, которые могут выступать и в качестве глагола, и в качестве любой другой части речи (существительного, прилагательного и т.д.)

1.Dream 2. Window 3. Seem4. Live 5. Cigarette 6. House7. Become 8. Eat 9. Can

10. Below 11. Laugh 12. Advice13. Migrate 14. Passenger 15. Begin16. Large 17. Continue 18. Trip19. Smoke 20. Warm 21. Air22. Dress 23. Must 24. Long 25. Water

VIII.Определите из контекста является подчеркнутое слово глаголом или нет:

mittens warm the hands

the smoke rose to the ceiling

those dormitories house the men

her laugh hurt my ears

the will interests the lawyer

his cries fell on deaf ears

one can fell on the floor

the experiments require live organs

secretaries book appointments

her dreams came true

IX. Определите, являются подчеркнутые слова глаголом или существительным в зависимости от их функции в предложении.

In the desert the need for water is of primary importance.

Out of darkness came a woman’s cry for help.

On a dark night dreams can seem larger than life.

A safe place for a will is in a bank deposit box.

Since few classrooms have clocks, instructors time exercises with a watch.

After a day on the slopes, skiers warm their feet by the fire.

An opossum mothers her young carefully during their first weeks.

At the last minute, a swift kick by one player tied the game.

For the engineering student recent studies are the most relevant .

Near the living room windows were stands for the houseplants.

When the weather turns warm, youngsters spring from their beds early.

When they are unable to reach an agreement, committee members table motion.

A country’s military might determines its international policies.

Although it takes more money, highway engineers bank sharp curves on all new roads.

To ensure maximum growing time for young rosebushes, plant them in early spring.

Unless you place a flat stone under one leg, the picnic table will rock.

X. Independent work. Самостоятельная работа:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: словообразование.

2. Подготовить проект по теме «New technologies».

3. Найти дополнительный материал в сети интернет

4. Заполните таблицу, изучив соответствующие материалы.

№	Metal	Symbol	Color	Appearance	Usage	Melting point	Other properties

Unit 3

Welding

I. Learn the words below:

1. To abradeшлифовать; очищать

2. weld bead наплавленный валик (сварного шва)

3. bearings лезвия ножей (режущего инструмента)

4. bolting 1) болтовое соединение; 2) скрепление болтами

6. to bond 1) связывать; соединять; 2) присоединять

7. to build up наращивать; наплавлять

8.casting 1) литье; разлив; отливка; 2) отливка (заготовка)

9. chatter дрожание режущего инструмента

10. deposit 1) v напылять; 2) n наплавленный слой

11. weld deposit наплавленный металл

12. deposition 1) наплавка; 2) покрытие; 3) отложение

13. to entаil влечь за собой; вызывать

14. poor finish низкая чистота поверхности (окончательная обработка)

15. fumes пары; испарения; дым

16. to fuse плавить; fusion – плавка

17. to gall стираться

18. to impede препятствовать

19. item изделие; (отдельный) предмет; единица оборудования

20. further metal другой металл

21. overexposure слишком длительное воздействие

22. to preclude исключать; предотвращать

23. riveting клепка; ряд заклепок; заклепочное соединение

24. strain relief снятие (внутренних) напряжений

25. shears ножницы

26. terminal 1) зажим (сварочной установки, машины); 2) зд.электрод

27. resistance welding контактная сварка; сварка сопротивлением

28. weldment сварная деталь; сварное соединение

II. Look and find the match:

III. Read and translate the text:

Welding: General Conditions

Welding is the joining of two polycrystalline workpieces –usually of metal – by bringing their fitted surfaces into such intimate contact that crystal-to-crystal bonding occurs. Industrial welding usually entails local heat from a burning gas or an electric arc, or heat generated by electrical resistance. The fitted surfaces may melt together, or a filler rod may melt between them to form a connecting bridge. The only nonthermal welding process is cold welding. In this, joining is accomplished through controlled plastic deformation of the members being joined.

Since the heat of the electric arc may be concentrated and effectively controlled for fusion, several welding processes use this method for joining metal. The electric arc consists of a high current discharge through a thermally ionized gaseous column

referred to as1 a plasma. This gas is composed of similar numbers of electrons and ions. The ions flow out of a negative terminal (cathode) and move toward the positive terminal (anode). In addition to the plasma there are other materials such as molten metals, slags, vapors, and neutral and excited gaseous atoms that are mixed together.

Oxides impede welding. A small disk of indium and another of silver will bond at room temperature when pinched between thumb and forefinger – but only if the surfaces are first abraded. Equally, there is the phenomenon of welding that is not wanted. A weld deposit builds up on the edge of a cutting tool, causing chatter or poor finish on the workpiece. Bearings gall when overloaded or under lubricated. The parts of an instrument that rub together while unfolding from a satellite in space bond together despite the cold. One remedy is to pair a metal with a

nonmetal. Some welding involves further metal in addition to the workpiece,as in brazing or soldering. More important is the joining of steel plates with a consumable electrode that penetrates the joint and deposits a weld bead. Welding equipment can be simple, such as that used in a farm shop or in automotive repair shop or complex, as in an establishment which offers production joining as a business. Such establishments have positioners, shears, annealing furnaces, and booths for sand blasting and painting. Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. As an industrial process, welding can be done in different environments, including open air, under water and space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

Note:

1 referred to as – названный как

VI. Find the corresponding English equivalents from the text:

авторемонтная мастерская; разряд высокого тока; отливки из серого чугуна; единственный нетепловой сварочный процесс; в равной степени; сварочные манипуляторы; контролируемая пластическая деформация; как в пайке твердым припоем или в пайке мягким припоем; затраты; отрицательный электрод (катод); свариваемые стальные основания; в конечном счете; камеры для пескоструйной очистки и окрашивания; гибка, изгиб; при перегрузке или плохой смазке; паровые котлы высокого давления; термически ионизированный столб газа; несмотря на холод; при осуществлении развертки; тесный контакт; поликристаллические заготовки; печь для отжига; спаривать; литые детали; при сжатии между большим и указательным пальцами; утечка жидкости; сельскохозяйственная мастерская; которые трутся вместе; в том случае, если; фундаменты моторных генераторов; сварочные конструкции; холодная штамповка; присадочный пруток (при сварке); жесткий, негибкий; межкристаллическое соединение; выполнение технического проектирования; положительный электрод (анод); в дополнение к; предприятие; зажимные приспособления; одинаковый; атомные электростанции; чистовая обработка; преимущество прочности стали; кондиционеры; в сравнении с; не позволяет зазор; станины станков; конкурировать; источники постоянного тока.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. What is welding?

2. What does industrial welding entail?

3. What is the only nonthermal welding process?

4. What does the electric arc consist of?

5. What is the plasma?

6. What other materials in addition to the plasma are there?

7. What impedes welding?

8. What phenomenon of welding is undesirable?

9. What is more important in welding?

10. What equipment can be used for welding?

11. What energy sources can be used in welding?

VI. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the Participle I:

1. The girl standing at the window is my sister.

2. Having been sent to the wrong address the letter didn’t rich him.

3. He sat in the arm-chair thinking.

4. She came up to us breathing heavily.

5. The hall was full of laughing people.

6. The singing girl was about fourteen.

7. Having read the book I gave it to Pete.

8. The large building being built in our street is a new school – house.

9. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory.

10. Being busy, he postponed his trip.

11. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read.

12. Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in winter.

VII. Translate into Russian , paying attention to the Participle II:

1. The letter (to write) by him was very long.

2. We are interested in the goods (to produce) by this factory.

3. She didn’t understand the word (to say) by him.

4. He didn’t see the things (to keep) in her box.

5. I don’t like the video (to buy) yesterday.

6. This is the house (to build) many years ago.

7. The question (to put) to the professor was important.

8. When (to offer) to work abroad, he refused.

9. The article on agriculture (to publish) in this magazine was written by Smith.

10. You can get the book (to recommend) by our teacher in the library.

11. When (to use) for building purposes, concrete is very important.

12. When (to complete) the new building will accommodate 3000 students.

VIII. Independent work. Самостоятельная работа.

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: причастие настоящего и прошедшего времени.

Образуйте причастие настоящего времени от следующих глаголов

1. to go 2. to come 3. to sleep 4. to do 5. to walk 6. to give 7. to get 8. to put 9. Tostand10. to draw 11. to read 12. to write 13. to translate 14. to learn15. to sing

2. Подготовить проект по теме «New technologies of welding», характеризующий различные виды сварки» .

3. Использовать для подготовки интернет-источники.

4. Заполните таблицу, предварительно изучив материал.

№	Type of welding	Equipment	Usage	Advantages (disadvantages)

Unit 4

Gas and oil properties

I. Read and translate the text:

Gas

Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane—heavier hydrocarbons removed prior to use as a consumer fuel —as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. It is found in oil fields (associated) either dissolved or isolated in natural gas fields (non associated), and in coal beds (as coalbed methane). When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, these are referred to as biogas. Sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle.

Since natural gas is not a pure product, when non associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical (pressure/temperature) conditions, it may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing--an effect called retrograde condensation. The liquids thus formed may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir. One method to deal with this problem is to reinject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and to allow reevaporation and extraction of condensates.

Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.

Chemical composition

The primary component of natural gas is methane (C ), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It often also contains heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane ( ), propane ( ) and butane ( ), as well as other sulfur containing gases, in varying amounts, see also natural gas condensate. Natural gas that contains hydrocarbons other than methane is called wet natural gas. Natural gas consisting only of methane is called dry natural gas.

Component Typical wt.%

Methane (CH4) 70-90

Ethane (C2H6) 5-15

Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10)

CO2, N2, H2S, etc. balance

Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water and odorants can also be present . Natural gas also contains and is the primary market source of helium. Mercury is also present in small amounts in natural gas extracted from some fields. The exact composition of natural gas varies between gas fields.

Organosulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide are common contaminants which must be removed prior to most uses. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, is termed sour gas; gas with sulfur or carbon dioxide impurities is acid gas. Processed natural gas that is available to end-users is tasteless and odorless, however, before gas is distributed to end-users, it is odorized by adding small amounts of odorants (mixtures of t-butyl mercaptan, isopropyl mercaptanthiol, tetrahydrothiophene, dimethyl sulfide and other sulfur compounds), to assist in leak detection. Processed natural gas is, in itself, harmless to the human body, however, natural gas is a simple asphyxiant and can kill if it displaces air to the point where the oxygen content will not support life.

Natural gas can also be hazardous to life and property through an explosion. Natural gas is lighter than air, and so tends to escape into the atmosphere. But when natural gas is confined, such as within a house, gas concentrations can reach explosive mixtures and, if ignited, result in blasts that could destroy buildings. Methane has a lower explosive limit of 5% in air, and an upper explosive limit of 15%. Explosive concerns with compressed natural gas used in vehicles are almost non-existent, due to the escaping nature of the gas, and the need to maintain concentrations between 5% and 15% to trigger explosions.

Energy content, statistics and pricing

Quantities of natural gas are measured in normal cubic meters (corresponding to 0°C at 101.325 kPaA) or in standard cubic feet (corresponding to 60 °F (16 °C) and 14.73 PSIA). The gross heat of combustion of one normal cubic meter of commercial quality natural gas is around 39 megajoules (≈10.8 kWh), but this can vary by several percent. In US units, one standard cubic foot of natural gas produces around 1,030 British Thermal Units (BTUs). The actual heating value when the water formed does not condense is the net heat of combustion and can be as much as 10% less.

The price of natural gas varies greatly depending on location and type of consumer. In the United States, retail sales are often in units of therms (th); 1 therm = 100,000 BTU. Gas meters measure the volume of gas used, and this is converted to therms by multiplying the volume by the energy content of the gas used during that period, which varies slightly over time. Wholesale transactions are generally done in decatherms (Dth), or in thousand decatherms (MDth), or in million decatherms (MMDth). A million decatherms is roughly a billion cubic feet of natural gas.

Natural gas is also traded as a commodity in Europe, principally at the United Kingdom NBP and related European hubs, such as the TTF in the Netherlands.

In the rest of the world, LNG ( liquified natural gas) and LPG ( liquified petroleum gas) is traded in metric tons or mmBTU as spot deliveries. Long term contracts are signed in metric tons. The LNG and LPG is transported by specialized transport ships, as the gas is liquified at cryogenic temperatures. The specification of each LNG/LPG cargo will usually contain the energy content, but this information is in general not available to the public.

II. Read and answer the questions:

Work in two groups, A and B. Read your group's news item. Find answers to these questions.

1 What is going up? Where?

2 Why?

A. Petrochemicals - a changing world

The top producers of petrochemicals are countries in North America and Europe. But this is changing. Now many countries in Asia and the Middle East are building new petrochemical plants, and petrochemical production is going up fast in these countries.

Saudi Arabia, for example, is hoping to be the number 3 producer in the petrochemical world in 2015. This is good business because petrochemicals sell at higher prices than crude oil. It is good for employment too. Populations in Asia and the Middle East are

going up, so these countries need new jobs for their young people.

B. Gas - going up

Oil and gas companies are planning to increase world gas production by 50% before 2030.

Big gas producers like Russia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran, and the UAE are increasing their production fast. Gas production in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas is growing too.

Why are they doing this? Gas is becoming more important for many reasons. Petrochemical plants use a lot of gas, and the petrochemicals industry is growing. Oil is very expensive, so many other industries prefer gas too. C is bad for the environment, and gas produces less С , than oil so many power stations around the world are changing their fuel from coal to gas.

III. Complete the sentences using the words in the list.

consumption , liquefaction, pipes, product, production ,transportation, vaporization

1 happens in the consuming region.

2 happens between the gas field and the storage tanks.

3 Fertilizer uses natural gas.

4 In the tanker, the is liquid.

5 is the final step in the process.

6 In the picture, a tanker is used for gas ____ _

7 The gas travels to consumers through ____ _

V. Complete the sentences using possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, our, their).

1 . I left … car in the garage. 2 . Mary hung … coat on the peg. 3 . Jack had … hair cut. 4 . Neil and David ate … supper. 5 . I hope you enjoy … holiday. 6 . We’ll invite you round to … house sometime and complete these by adding a possessive with own. 7 . You must make up … own mind. 8 . The children had to cook … own supper. 9 . Bill borrowed Jenny’s car … own can was being repaired. 10 . I’ll bring … own sheets and towels. 11 . Every dog had … own special basket to sleep in. 12 . You should do … own washing up.

IV. Independent work. Самостоятельная работа:

1.Семантизациялексическогоматериала. Активизация грамматического материала: местоимения

1) Fill the gaps with personal or reflexive pronouns.

1 . He is quit right, I agree with … completely. 2 . I looked at … in the mirror and left the house in a very good mood. 3 . “Who is it?” — “It’s … may I come in?” 4 . Mr. Lloyds is very fat … weighs over a hundred kilos? 5 . … introduced his wife to the quests. 6 . Where shall … meet, Bob? 7 . James took the book and opened …. 8 . We don’t dress … for dinner here. 9 . I taught … to play the guitar. 10 . Selfish people only care about …

2) Put “some”, “any” or “no”.

1 . He does his homework without … difficulty. 2 . This yeas all the apples are red, we are going out this morning to pick … 3 . I’d like … water, please. 4 . There weren’t … tomatoes left. 5 . I won’t go with you. I have … free time. 6 . There aren’t … students at the moment. 7 . Sorry, I have … matches. 8 . Do you have … money? 9 . The box was empty. There was apples in it. 10 . Pour me … milk, please.

2. Изучите данные таблицы и составьте высказывание “Gas composition and properties”

Unit 5

Measuring

I. Learn the words below:

1. temperature температура

2. temperature scale температурная шкала

3. Fahrenheit Фаренгейт ( по Фаренгейту)

4. Rankine Ренкина (по Ренкину)

5.Centigrade Цельсий (по Цельсию )

6. Kelvin Кельвин (по Кельвину)

7. absolute абсолютное значение

8. boiling point температура кипения (воды)

9. freezing point температура замерзания (воды)

10. molecular motion молекулярное движение

11. scientific measurements научные измерения

12. temperature reading снятие температурных показаний

13. to convert переводить (из одних единиц в др.)

14. “liquid-in-glass” thermometer стеклянный термометр(с жидкостью)

15. to measure измерять

16. mercury ртуть

II. Read and translate the text.

Measuring temperature

There are in general use today four different temperature scales. These are the Fahrenheit, Rankine, Centigrade and Kelvin or absolute. On the Fahrenheit scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 212°, its freezing point at 32°. The equivalent points on the Centigrade (sometimes called Celsius) scale are 100° and 0°, on the Rankine scale they are 672° and 492° and on the absolute scale temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero is -273.1°C. The thermometers are all identically made but each has a different scale. In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in civil life, and the Rankine scale is used by engineers. The Centigrade and Kelvin scales are used in all countries for

It is frequently necessary to change temperature reading from one temperature scale to another. Fahrenheit reading =  × Centigrade reading + 32 and Centigrade reading = (Fahrenheit reading -32 ) ×  .

In short, to convert from the Fahrenheit scale to the Centigrade, subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9.

There are formulas for such changes:

F = 32 +  C C =  (F - 32) 32 F = 0C

64  5F = 18C (room temperature)

98  5F = 37C (blood heat)

tK = tC + 273

To change the Fahrenheit (or Rankine) scale into the Kelvin scale, the Fahrenheit scale is changed to the Centigrade scale and then to Kelvin. F→C→K, R→C→K.

The first and still most widely used hotness measuring instrument is the simple “liquid-in-glass” thermometer. The volume of liquid expands when hot so that increasing hotness is indicated by extention of the column of liquid (mercury or alcohol) in the glass stem of the thermometer. The stem has a very narrow uniform bore or capillary which is sealed at the “top” end. The space above the liquid is evacuated. At the “low’ end of the stem the capillary connects to the bulb or reservoir of liquid. This bulb is placed in contact with the sample.

The common thermometer uses a liquid as an agent to measure temperature and retains the liquid in a glass bulb. But if it necessary to measure very low or very high temperatures, other than mercury thermometers most be employed. At temperatures below -32°C, mercury freezes and becomes a solid; at high temperatures glass melts and becomes a liquid. For both of these temperature extremes, electrical thermometers are commonly used. These instruments operate upon the principle that the resistance a wire offers to a flow of electric current through it changes with temperature. The higher temperature, the greater is the resistance.

III. Translate the words combinations:

General use, temperature scale, the boiling point of water, molecular motion, civil life, mercury thermometers, temperature reading, room temperature, blood heat, heat measuring instruments, top end, a glass bulb, for these temperature extremes, the temperature recording device, in boiling water, melting point temperature.

IV. Find the nouns to the verbs:

To fit, to call, to measure, to use (to be used), to change, to illustrate, to be based.

V. Do these exercises:

1. Name the four temperature scales and draw their diagrams.

2. Draw the diagram of the thermocouple and explain its principle.

3. If a Centigrade3 thermometer indicates a temperature of 16°C, what would a Fahrenheit thermometer read in the same room?

4. What temperature on the centigrade scale and the Rankine scale is equivalent to the following: 50°F, 77°F, 95°F, 85°F, - 40°F?

IV. Read and translate the text.

Measuring atmospheric pressure.

The air surrounding the earth is really a mixture of well-known gases: about 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon. The remaining 1% includes small quantities of such gases as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, krypton, helium, ozone, and xenon. The atmosphere is the most dense at sea level. For measuring the atmospheric pressure a device, called a barometer, is used. There are in common use today two kinds of barometers – the mercury barometer and the aneroid barometer.

The mercury barometer was invited by the Italian physicist Torricelli, some 300 years ago.

Torricelli`s experiment is illustrated in figure.

A long glass tube is filled with mercury and the finger placed over one end. This tube is then inverted with the open end in a dish of mercury and the finger is removed. At the instant the finger is removed, the mercury level drops in the tube to a height AB as shown. The mercury drops until the pressure due to its own weight inside the tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure outside. At sea level the height at which the mercury column stands is about 30 in. This height will be the same regardless of the diameter of the tube or the length of the vacuum space at the top.

It was the French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise Pascal, who first showed that when a mercury barometer is taken to the top of a mountain, the height of the mercury column drops considerably. It drops because there is less air above that point and hence a lesser downward pressure on the free mercury surface. Standard atmospheric pressure is defined as the pressure equivalent to a column of mercury 76 cm high when temperature is 0°C. (This is equivalent to 29.92 in. of mercury at 32 F.) Standard atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 14.7 lb/in².

Some barometers work on a different principle from the mercury “weather glass”. They are known as aneroid barometers. An aneroid barometer consists of a thin metal box from which the air has been removed. The atmospheric pressure pushes in (presses) the sides of the box. As the pressure decreases they will spring outwards. This movement is magnified and communicated to a pointer by a system of levers. Some aneroid barometers are self-registering (they are called barographs). Instead of a pointer a lever is moved. This carries an inked stylo, which moves over a roll of paper fixed to a drum which is slowly turned by clock-work. In this way continuous records of the atmospheric pressure can be taken for periods of a week or longer.

Atmospheric pressure not only varies with altitude but also with time. Although the time variations are small and do not follow any regular law, they can be and are used by the weather bureau for predicting weather conditions. When the barometric pressure begins to fall, it is a sign of changing weather. If the pressure goes on falling rain usually follows. As the storm passes, the barometer rises again. So, watching the changes of barometric pressure the weather for that place can be forecast.

If you look at the dial of a household barometer you can see the following readings : “Very dry, fair, rain, much rain, change, stormy”.

V. Translate the words combinations:

Carbon dioxide, a long glass tube, sea level, mercury level, mercury column, mercury barometer, time variations, the weather bureau, weather conditions.

VI. Finish the sentences:

1.The air consists of … . 2. A barometer is used … . 3. Torricelli`s principle is as follows: … . 4. Blaise Pascal proved that … . 5. Standard atmospheric pressure … . 6. An aneroid barometer consists of … . 7. As atmospheric pressure varies with altitude we can define …

VII. Open the brackets and put the words in the correct form

Example: We suspect (she, help) by him. – We suspect him be helped by her.

1.We don’t like (he, prevent) us from making it. 2. Everyone considered (she, be) a good person. 3.They want (he, treat) like Peter. 4.We would like (the car, buy) by Monday. 6. Rob expected (Rose, invite) to the celebration party by the Tailors. 7. Children don’t want (parents, be late) for their wedding ceremony. 8. People want (she, introduce) them to the director. 9. We would like (he, fix) the appointment for us for Saturday. 10. Everyone expected (the meeting, hold) in the head office. 11. Grandmother wanted (Rosie, tell) her news in brief. 12. I expect (he, arrange) everything by the time I return from our trip. 13. Does he want (I, show) him around the city? 14. We’d like (the specialist, look trough) our papers. 15. Does he want (you, stay) in this room any longer?

VIII. Read and discuss this topic:

IX. Independent work. Самостоятельная работа.

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: сложное дополнение (Complex Object).

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное дополнение:

1.We didn’t expect the policeman to be such an impolite person. 2. We want you to deliver our goods by the end of July. 3. I expected her to be invited there. 4. They didn’t expect him to be asked about it. 5. I heard his name mentioned several times during the meeting. 6. He didn’t notice us come closer. 7. Have you seen them laughing at something? 8. We didn’t expect it to be announced on the radio. 9. I want her tell us what is she going to do this evening. 10. I think you will hear her sing this evening. 11. When he heard his son crying he stood up and went to the nursery. 12. I don’t want anyone take my clothes. 13. He wants us to come today. 14. I want you to wait me here. 15. He wants his son to become a doctor. 16. Do you want him to help you? 17. I never heard him speak French. 18. He didn’t hear me knock on the door. 19. I heard him return home. 20. I never saw him swimming.

2. Выпишите слова по следующим разделам:

a) types of temperature measurement devices;

b) their quality;

c) their description;

d) their use.

3. Составьте краткое описание какого-либо прибора для измерения температуры (на английском языке).

Additional texts

I. Importance of English in your career

My choice is closely connected with the importance of foreign languages and cultures which is growing nowadays. Foreign languages are needed for communication with people on our planet. I believe that among all, English is the most universal and widely spread. It’s an official language in a vast number of countries. Besides, it’s the language of international aviation, sports, medicine, the language of science and technology, trade, cultural and business relations.

II. Composite material

The article below is from an engineering journal.

Materials under the microscope: composites

When you think of examples of hi-tech materials, composite materials come to mind- such as carbon-fibre, used in aerospace and Formula 1 cars. But although we think of composites as hi-tech and highly expensive, that's not always true. The earliest examples of composite materials were bricks made from mud and straw. Or, to use the correct composite terms, from straw reinforcement- the structural

network that reinforces the material inside, and a mud matrix- the material surrounding the reinforcement. These terms explain what a composite material is: a

matrix with a reinforcing material inside it. A modern, everyday example is fibre glass- correctly called glass reinforced plastic (GRP) -which has a plastic matrix

reinforced with glass fibres.

III. The Sakhalin II Project

The Sakhalin II project takes gas and oil from the Piltun-Astokhoskoye and Lunskoye fields. It's Russia's first liquefied natural gas plant and one of the biggest oil and gas developments in the world. Production is about 9.6 million tonnes of natural gas per year. The two fields probably contain 500 billion m3 of natural gas reserves. There are two 100,000  LNG tanks at Prigorodnoye. Each tank has an inner tank and an outer tank. The inner tank is steel, and the outer tank is concrete. The tanks' storage temperature is -165 °C. The tanks should be safe even in a big earthquake. Sakhalin II supplies about 8% of global LNG. Work will continue there for 30-40 years. Pipes carry the gas from the fields to the natural gas liquefaction

facilities in Prigorodnoye, Sakhalin. Tankers take the LNG from the terminal at Prigorodnoye to Japan and other East Asian consumers. Sakhalin's first gas shipment to Japan was in April, 2009. It was 145,000  The receiving terminal was in Sodegaura, near Tokyo.

IV. From carbon black to PVC

Before oil and gas were freely available, people made everyday things from natural materials. Clothes were made from cotton, wool, and leather. Containers, for example bottles and cups, were made from metal, glass, and clay (soft earth that becomes hard when cooked). Paints and cosmetics were made from plants and minerals. One example of a natural product is carbon black. It's a colouring used in ink for writing and drawing and for paint. It is made by burning wood, oil, or other natural materials. It was discovered in prehistoric times, and it's commonly used today. The first petrochemical factory was built in 1872, and it made carbon black from natural gas. Carbon black wasn't a new product, but using a factory was a new way of making it. It became possible to make large amounts of it cheaply because natural gas was plentiful and inexpensive. At that time, carbon black was used to make ink, paint, and crayons. It is now used mostly to make car tyres. In the early 1900s, the petrochemical business began to grow. There were a lot of oil refineries, and they created chemical by-products. Oil companies wanted to find ways to use these chemicals. Soon scientists and engineers learned to change the hydrocarbon molecules in coal, petroleum, and refinery by-products. From the 1920s to the 1940s, familiar man-made products like nylon, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were developed. Synthetic dyes, paints, and medicines were invented. Today, petrochemical products are everywhere. They are very useful, but they also have some problems. People throw away a lot of plastic products because they are inexpensive. One problem with plastics is that generally they do not rot or break up like natural materials. Plastic bags are already polluting oceans and killi;pg wildlife. They cannot easily be remelted and reused. Scientists and petrochemical manufacturers continue their work to develop safe and useful products.

V. Wytch Farm

In 1973, the British Gas Corporation discovered a large oilfield in the south of England. There were 65 million tonnes of crude oil in the ground. And on the ground? A nature reserve including forests, trees, animals, birds, and a perfect beach and seaside - and a village. The engineers faced many challenges:

• noise from construction and drilling

• noise from trucks going to and from the site

• bad smells from the site

• possible oil spills, fires, and explosions

• possible damage to the plants and animals in the area.

British Gas planned the work very carefully. They studied the plants and animals in the area and developed a wildlife protection programme. In 1979, they began drilling. They put the drilling rig in a wood. It was behind the trees so people couldn't see it easily. And they used a special drilling technique: horizontal drilling. The easiest way to drill oil is straight down vertically into the oil. Horizontal drilling (sometimes called extended reach drilling) starts straight down, but then it turns. The drill goes into the oil from the side. Oil companies sometimes drill this way to help the oil flow into the well more easily. But at Wytch Hill, it was a way to protect the environment. When you use horizontal drilling, the oil can be under a beautiful forest, a village, or even the sea, but the drilling rig and the gathering station can be far away. At Wytch Farm, some of the drilling started more than ten kilometres away from the oil. Wytch Farm is the largest onshore oilfield in Western Europe. But environmental damage at the site is very small.

Список литературы

Учебная литература

1. “Do your best” O.L.Zaitseva, Department of West-European Languages and Cultures “real English” series, 2009.

2. «Английский язык для ССУЗов» И.П.Агабекян, 2010.

3. “Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка” А.С.Саакян, 2012.

4. Oxford English for careers “Technology 2”. Eric H. Glendinning and Alison Pohl, Oxford , 2012.

5. «Сборник упражнений по грамматике современного английского языка» Цветкова Т.К. ,2012.

6. «Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Сварка» В.П. Шевченко, Москва , издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2010

7. Oxford English for careers “Oil and gas 1” Lewis Lansford and D´Arcy Vallance, Oxford , 2011.

8. «Пособие по переводу технических текстов с английского языка на русский» А.В. Парахина, Москва «Высшая школа» 1982.

9.«Английский для технических вузов» И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко, Ростов на Дону «Феникс», 2008.

10. Cambridge University Press, “Professional English in use” Engineering, Technical English for Professionals, Mark Ibbotson, f.p. 2009.

Сайты

http://www.lingvo.ru

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.native-english.ru/

http://www.alleng.ru/index.htm

http://englishhobby.ru/grammar/