E-book. DISCOVER THE HUMAN BODY.

ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND ANATOMY

DISCOVER

THE HUMAN BODY

Learn English through Biology

Anastasiia Anikina

Annotation

This educational book is designed for English language learners who are curious about the human body and how it works. Through engaging content, clear structure, and carefully selected vocabulary, this book provides a bridge between science and language learning. It combines basic anatomy and physiology topics with language practice, making it suitable for students in schools, language courses, or those studying independently.

Each chapter introduces one system or function of the body – such as the nervous system, digestive system, senses, or muscles – and presents it in easy-to-understand English. The book uses short, informative texts, visual aids, vocabulary lists, and interactive tasks to reinforce comprehension. Activities such as matching, sentence completion, and creative tasks not only support language acquisition but also deepen understanding of scientific concepts.

Learners will expand their vocabulary with everyday and scientific terms, improve their reading and writing skills, and gain confidence in using English in academic contexts. In addition, the glossary at the end of the book provides helpful definitions for new terms, making this a practical tool for both teachers and students. Whether used in the classroom or for self-study, this book aims to make learning English and science enjoyable, meaningful, and relevant.

Content

Introduction 4

Text 1: Human Body 5

Text 2: The Human Brain 7

Text 3: The Nervous System 9

Text 4: Human Digestive System 11

Text 5: Sight and the Eye 13

Text 6: Hearing and the Ear 15

Text 7: Smelling and Tasting 17

Text 8: The Skin 19

Text 9: Muscular System 21

Text 10: Breathing and the Reparatory System 23

Glossary 25

Reference list 29

Introduction

Welcome to the fascinating world of the human body! Have you ever asked yourself how your brain helps you think, or why your heart keeps beating even while you sleep? Do you know what happens to your food after you eat it? Or how your eyes, ears, and skin help you understand the world around you? This book will help you find the answers to these questions – and more – while also helping you improve your English.

The human body is an amazing system made of many parts working together. Each part plays an important role in keeping us alive, healthy, and able to move, feel, and think. In this book, you will learn about body systems such as the nervous system, muscular system, digestive system, and respiratory system. You will also learn about the five senses – sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch – and the organs that make them possible.

This book was made for students at the A2 level of English. That means the language is simple, but still rich and useful. Each chapter includes:

• A short reading text that explains how a body system works.

• A list of new words with transcriptions and translations.

• Exercises to practice the new vocabulary and check understanding.

• Fun facts to keep you interested and motivated.

• Creative tasks where you can write, draw, or imagine.

The goal of this book is to make science and English fun to learn. You don’t need to be a doctor or a scientist to understand how your body works—you just need curiosity and a little help with the words. As you read and complete the tasks, you will not only learn more about your body, but you will also become more confident in reading, writing, and thinking in English.

Let’s begin our journey together. Open your mind, get your pen ready, and get ready to discover how amazing the human body truly is!

Text 1: Human Body

Task 1. Match the words with the correct pictures. Read the text. https://learningapps.org/watch?v=pgzxxi8xa24

The human body is a complex system made of cells, tissues, organs, and systems working together.

Main Structures

The head contains the brain, which controls the body. The neck and trunk house vital systems for survival, while the limbs allow movement and interaction.

Senses
The five senses—sight (eyes), hearing (ears), smell (nose), taste (tongue), and touch (skin)—send information to the brain.

Organ Systems

The body has 11 systems:

Skeletal System: Supports the body and protects organs.

Muscular System: Helps with movement.

Circulatory System: Delivers nutrients using the heart, blood, and vessels.

Digestive System: Converts food into energy (e.g., stomach, liver).

Nervous System: Controls body functions through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Respiratory System: Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Endocrine System: Produces hormones to regulate the body.

Urinary System: Filters blood and removes waste (kidneys, bladder).

Immune System: Protects against disease.

Reproductive System: Enables reproduction.

Integumentary System: Protects the body (skin, hair, nails).

Cells, Tissues, and Organs

The body is made of 37 trillion cells. Similar cells form tissues, such as muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissue. Tissues form organs, like the heart, lungs, and stomach, which carry out specific functions.

Interesting Facts

• The heart beats 100,000 times a day.

• The body is 60% water.

• Humans are born with 270 bones, but adults have 206.

• Stomach acid can dissolve metals.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

The brain controls the body.

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients through the body.

The kidneys are part of the digestive system.

The human body is 70% water.

Hormones are produced by the nervous system.

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Heart – /hɑːt/ – сердце

• Brain – /breɪn/ – мозг

• Lungs – /lʌŋz/ – лёгкие

• Blood vessels – /ˈblʌd ˌvesəlz/ – кровеносные сосуды

• Kidneys – /ˈkɪdniːz/ – почки

• Hormones – /ˈhɔːməʊnz/ – гормоны

• Oxygen – /ˈɒksɪdʒən/ – кислород

• Digestive system – /daɪˈdʒestɪv ˈsɪstəm/ – пищеварительная система

• Circulatory system – /ˈsɜːkjələtəri ˈsɪstəm/ – кровеносная система

• Skeletal system – /ˈskelɪtl ˈsɪstəm/ – скелетная система

• Spinal cord – /ˈspaɪnl kɔːd/ – спинной мозг

• Carbon dioxide – /ˌkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ – углекислый газ

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary: heart, brain, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide.

1. The _______ pumps blood throughout the body.

2. The _______ controls thoughts, memory, and body functions.

3. The _______ bring oxygen into the body and remove _______.

4. The _______ transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen to all parts of the body.

5. The _______ filter waste from the blood and produce urine.

6. _______ are chemical signals that regulate body processes.

Task 5. Answer the following questions.

1. Which organ controls the body?

2. What do the lungs do?

3. How does the circulatory system help the body?

4. Which system produces hormones?

5. What is the role of the kidneys?

6. What is transported by the blood?

7. Why is the skeletal system important?

Task 6. Match each organ/system to its function.

Organs:

1. Skeletal System

2. Digestive System

3. Respiratory System

4. Circulatory System

5. Nervous System

6. Endocrine System

Functions:

1. Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

2. Produces hormones to regulate the body.

3. Supports the body and protects organs.

4. Delivers nutrients using the heart, blood, and vessels.

5. Controls body functions through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

6. Converts food into energy.

Text 2: The Human Brain

Task 1. Match the words with the correct pictures and definitions. Read the text. https://learningapps.org/display?v=pfoqp2ret25

The brain controls thinking, emotions, memory, and body movement. It processes sensory information to help us experience the world. Though powerful, it looks like a wrinkled, gray ball about the size of two fists, protected by the skull and fluid.

Communication
The brain, part of the central nervous system, connects to the spinal cord and nerves. Sensory nerves send signals to the brain, and the brain sends signals to muscles for movement.

Parts of the Brain

Cerebrum: The largest part, responsible for vision, movement, hearing, and thinking.

Cerebellum: Controls motor movements and learns physical tasks like typing or biking.

Brain Stem: Connects to the spinal cord and manages automatic functions like breathing and heartbeats.

Memory
The brain has short-term and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds information briefly, while long-term memory stores information for extended periods.

Energy and Halves

The brain uses 20% of the body's energy, supplied by blood. It is divided into two halves: the left controls logic and language (in right-handed people), and the right controls creativity and spatial awareness.

Task 2. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Brain – /breɪn/ – мозг

• Skull – /skʌl/ – череп

• Nerves – /nɜːvz/ – нервы

• Cerebrum – /ˈserəbrəm/ – большой мозг

• Cerebellum – /ˌserəˈbeləm/ – мозжечок

• Brain stem – /ˈbreɪn stem/ – ствол мозга

• Sensory nerves – /ˈsensəri nɜːvz/ – чувствительные нервы

• Memory – /ˈmeməri/ – память

• Short-term memory – /ˌʃɔːt tɜːm ˈmeməri/ – кратковременная память

• Long-term memory – /ˌlɒŋ tɜːm ˈmeməri/ – долговременная память

Task 3. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary: brain, skull, spinal cord, cerebellum, brain stem, nerves, memory, energy.

1. The _______ controls thinking, emotions, and body movement.

2. The _______ protects the brain.

3. The _______ connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls breathing and heartbeats.

4. The _______ controls physical tasks like walking and biking.

5. Sensory _______ send signals to the brain.

6. The _______ holds information for both short and long periods.

7. The brain uses 20% of the body’s _______.

Task 4. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the brain control?

2. What is the role of the cerebellum?

3. What does the brain stem manage?

4. How does the brain process sensory information?

5. What are the two types of memory?

6. How much energy does the brain use?

7. What does the left side of the brain control in right-handed people?

Task 5. Match each brain part to its function.

Brain parts:

1. Cerebrum

2. Cerebellum

3. Brain Stem

4. Sensory Nerves

5. Short-term Memory

6. Long-term Memory

Functions:

1. Responsible for vision, movement, hearing, and thinking.

2. Controls physical tasks like walking and biking.

3. Manages automatic functions like breathing and heartbeats.

4. Sends signals from the senses to the brain.

5. Holds information for a brief period.

6. Stores information for extended periods.

Task 6. Creative Task – Brain Mapping

Imagine you are designing a map of the human brain for a science museum. Use the following prompts to label and describe each section:

• Draw a simple sketch of a brain (use an outline if provided).

• Label the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, and Sensory Nerves.

• Write one fact or function about each part on the map.

Text 3: The Nervous System

Task 1. Match the word with their definitions. Read the text. https://learningapps.org/display?v=pnye9bk7t25

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves throughout the body. It enables communication between different body parts and allows the brain to control the body. Without it, the brain wouldn’t function or sense the outside world.

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the body.

Nerves
Nerves are like wires carrying impulses. There are two types:

Motor nerves: Send signals from the brain to muscles for movement.

Sensory nerves: Carry signals from senses (touch, sight, smell, etc.) to the brain.

Types of PNS Nerves:

Autonomic nerves: Work automatically (e.g., controlling heartbeat or digestion).

Somatic nerves: Control voluntary actions like moving arms or legs.

Neurons
Nerves are made of neurons. Motor neurons have three main parts: the cell body, dendrites (receiving signals), and the axon (sending signals to muscles).

Reflexes
Reflexes are quick responses bypassing the brain. For example, touching something hot triggers the hand to move before the brain processes the pain.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

1. The nervous system connects different body parts.

2. The peripheral nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

3. Motor nerves carry signals from muscles to the brain.

4. Reflexes require the brain to process information first.

5. Autonomic nerves control automatic functions like digestion.

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Central nervous system (CNS) – /ˈsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/ – центральная нервная система

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – /pəˈrɪfərəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/ – периферическая нервная система

• Motor nerves – /ˈməʊtə nɜːvz/ – двигательные нервы

• Sensory nerves – /ˈsensəri nɜːvz/ – чувствительные нервы

• Autonomic nerves – /ˌɔːtəˈnɒmɪk nɜːvz/ – автономные нервы

• Somatic nerves – /səˈmætɪk nɜːvz/ – соматические нервы

• Neurons – /ˈnjʊərɒnz/ – нейроны

• Axon – /ˈæksɒn/ – аксон

• Dendrites – /ˈdendraɪts/ – дендриты

• Reflexes – /ˈriːfleksɪz/ – рефлексы

Task 4. Answer the following questions. Use

• What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

• What is the role of motor nerves?

• How do sensory nerves help the body?

• What is the difference between autonomic and somatic nerves?

• What are reflexes, and how do they work?

• What are the main parts of a motor neuron?

• Why is the nervous system important for the brain?

Task 5. Match each term to its correct description or function.

Terms:

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

3. Motor Nerves

4. Sensory Nerves

5. Autonomic Nerves

6. Somatic Nerves

7. Reflexes

8. Neurons

Descriptions/Functions:

1. Carry signals from the brain to muscles for movement.

2. Send signals from senses to the brain.

3. Includes the brain and spinal cord.

4. Works automatically to control processes like digestion.

5. Responsible for quick, automatic reactions bypassing the brain.

6. Includes nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

7. Control voluntary movements, like raising your hand.

8. Basic units of the nervous system, made of a cell body, dendrites, and axon.

Task 6. Creative Task – Nerve Pathways Role-play

Imagine you are a nerve in the human body! Write or act out a short story about how you carry a signal from the brain to another part of the body. Use these prompts to help you:

• Are you a motor nerve or a sensory nerve?

• Where does the signal start (e.g., the brain or a sensory organ)?

• Where does it end (e.g., a muscle or the brain)?

• How fast do you work, and what challenges might you face?

Describe how reflexes might come into play if there's an emergency.

Text 4: Human Digestive System

Task 1. Match the word with their definitions. Read the text. https://learningapps.org/display?v=poph4aujn25

Human Digestive System

The digestive system helps break down food into substances the body can use for energy, vitamins, and minerals. It works in stages, and the entire system is about 20 to 30 feet long.

Stages of Digestion:

Chewing: Food is broken into smaller pieces, and saliva, which contains enzymes, begins breaking down starchy foods.

Swallowing: The tongue pushes food to the throat. Muscles in the esophagus move food to the stomach, while the epiglottis prevents food from entering the windpipe.

Stomach: Food stays in the stomach for around four hours, where enzymes break down proteins, and bacteria are killed.

Small Intestine: Juices from the liver and pancreas help digest food. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood.

Large Intestine: Leftover waste is processed and expelled from the body.

Liver and Pancreas

The liver produces bile, which breaks down fats, and the pancreas provides enzymes to digest various foods. The liver also processes nutrients from the blood before sending them to the body.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

1. The digestive system is about 10 feet long.

2. Saliva starts breaking down food in the mouth.

3. The epiglottis helps food move into the stomach.

4. The stomach kills bacteria and breaks down proteins.

5. The liver produces bile, which breaks down fats.

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Digestive system – /daɪˈdʒestɪv ˈsɪstəm/ – пищеварительная система

• Enzymes – /ˈenzaɪmz/ – ферменты

• Saliva – /səˈlaɪvə/ – слюна

• Esophagus – /ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/ – пищевод

• Epiglottis – /ˌepɪˈɡlɒtɪs/ – надгортанник

• Stomach – /ˈstʌmək/ – желудок

• Small intestine – /ˌsmɔːl ɪnˈtestɪn/ – тонкая кишка

• Large intestine – /ˌlɑːdʒ ɪnˈtestɪn/ – толстая кишка

• Liver – /ˈlɪvə/ – печень

• Pancreas – /ˈpæŋkriəs/ – поджелудочная железа

• Bile – /baɪl/ – желчь

• Nutrients – /ˈnjuːtriənts/ – питательные вещества

• Waste – /weɪst/ – отходы

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary: digestive system, enzymes, saliva, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, bile.

1. The _______ breaks down food into substances the body can use.

2. _______ in saliva starts breaking down starchy foods.

3. Food moves through the _______ to reach the stomach.

4. The _______ uses acids and enzymes to kill bacteria and digest proteins.

5. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood in the _______.

6. The _______ processes leftover waste and removes it from the body.

7. The _______ produces bile to help break down fats.

8. The _______ provides enzymes to digest different types of food.

Task 5. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the digestive system do?

2. How does chewing help digestion?

3. What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

4. Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood?

5. What does the liver produce, and what does it do?

6. What is the function of the pancreas?

7. What happens to leftover waste in the large intestine?

Task 6. Creative Task – Digestive Journey

Imagine you are a piece of food entering the body. Write or describe your journey through the digestive system. Include the following details:

• Where does your journey begin, and what happens to you in the mouth?

• How do you travel down the esophagus, and what happens in the stomach?

• Describe what the liver and pancreas do to help you in the small intestine.

• What happens to the nutrients and the waste?

Text 5: Sight and the Eye

Task 1. Read the text.

Sight is one of the five senses that helps us understand the world. We see through our eyes, which take in light and turn it into signals for the brain.

How do we see?
When we see, we are actually seeing reflected light. Light rays bounce off objects and enter our eyes.

Parts of the Eye

Pupil and Iris: Light enters the eye through the pupil. The iris, a muscle, controls how much light gets in by shrinking or enlarging the pupil.

Retina: Light reaches the retina at the back of the eye. The retina has rods (to see in the dark) and cones (to see colors). Cones help us see red, green, and blue light.

Lens: The lens focuses light onto the retina. If the lens doesn’t focus correctly, glasses or contacts are needed.

How the Eye Communicates with the Brain

The retina turns light into signals that the optic nerve sends to the brain. The brain combines signals from both eyes to create one image and gives us depth perception.

Fun Facts

• The image at the retina is upside down, but the brain flips it for us.

• We blink 15 times per minute on average.

• Around 8% of men are colorblind, but less than 1% of women are.

Task 2. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Sight – /saɪt/ – зрение

• Pupil – /ˈpjuːpɪl/ – зрачок

• Iris – /ˈaɪrɪs/ – радужка

• Retina – /ˈretɪnə/ – сетчатка

• Lens – /lenz/ – хрусталик

• Rods – /rɒdz/ – палочки (клетки для зрения в темноте)

• Cones – /kəʊnz/ – колбочки (клетки для восприятия цвета)

• Optic nerve – /ˈɒptɪk nɜːv/ – зрительный нерв

• Depth perception – /depθ pəˈsepʃən/ – восприятие глубины

• Colorblind – /ˈkʌləblaɪnd/ – дальтоник

• Light rays – /laɪt reɪz/ – лучи света

• Blink – /blɪŋk/ – моргать

Task 3. Do the crossword puzzle.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=pjk2ciwzc25

Task 4. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the function of the pupil?

2. How does the iris help the eye see in different light conditions?

3. What are rods and cones, and what do they do?

4. What happens if the lens doesn’t focus correctly?

5. How does the retina communicate with the brain?

6. Why do we need two eyes for depth perception?

7. What percentage of men are colorblind?

Task 5. Put the following steps of seeing in the correct order. Write the number of the step next to each one.

1. Light hits the retina.

2. The brain flips the image right-side up.

3. The optic nerve sends signals from the retina to the brain.

4. Light enters the eye through the pupil.

5. The lens focuses the light on the retina.

6. The brain combines signals from both eyes to create one image.

7. The iris controls how much light enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Task 6. Fun Facts Reflection. Think about the fun facts mentioned in the text. Answer these questions based on those facts.

1. Why does the brain flip the image we see at the retina?

2. How many times do we blink in a minute?

3. Why is colorblindness more common in men than women?

4. If you were to experience seeing with only rods and no cones, what would you be able to see?

5. Imagine you could see in complete darkness. What would your world look like?

Text 6: Hearing and the Ear

Task 1. Read the text.

Hearing allows us to perceive sound by turning sound waves into signals the brain understands.

Parts of the Ear

Outer Ear

Pinna: The visible part of the ear collects sound vibrations.

Ear Canal: A tube that carries sound to the eardrum.

Eardrum: A sensitive, thin sheet that vibrates when sound waves hit it.

Middle Ear

The middle ear contains three tiny bones—hammer, anvil, and stirrup—that amplify sound and transfer it from air to the fluid in the inner ear. The stirrup is the smallest bone in the body.

Inner Ear

The inner ear contains the cochlea, which converts sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain. It also has fluid-filled tubes that help with balance.

Why Two Ears?

Two ears help determine the direction of sound by comparing when and how loudly sound reaches each ear.

Frequency Range

Humans hear sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Animals like dolphins and dogs can hear much higher frequencies.

Why Do We Get Dizzy?
Fluid in the inner ear helps with balance. After spinning, the fluid keeps moving, confusing the brain and causing dizziness.

Task 2. Divide the statements into two columns: True or False.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=pcnv9nw3n25

Task 3. Vocabulary Development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Hearing – /ˈhɪərɪŋ/ – слух

• Pinna – /ˈpɪnə/ – ушная раковина

• Ear canal – /ɪə kəˈnæl/ – слуховой канал

• Eardrum – /ˈɪədrʌm/ – барабанная перепонка

• Cochlea – /ˈkɒkliə/ – улитка

• Stirrup – /ˈstɪrəp/ – стремечко

• Frequency – /ˈfriːkwənsi/ – частота

• Balance – /ˈbæləns/ – равновесие

• Sound waves – /saʊnd weɪvz/ – звуковые волны

• Dizzy – /ˈdɪzi/ – головокружение

• Direction – /dəˈrekʃən/ – направление

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary: pinna, ear canal, eardrum, cochlea, stirrup, frequency, balance.

1. The _______ collects sound vibrations.

2. Sound travels through the _______ to reach the _______.

3. The _______ is a small bone that amplifies sound.

4. The _______ converts sound vibrations into signals for the brain.

5. The inner ear helps with _______ to keep the body steady.

6. We hear sounds in a certain _______ range.

7. When the sound reaches the eardrum, it causes it to _______.

Task 5. Answer the following questions

1. What does the Pinna do in the hearing process?

2. What is the function of the stirrup in the ear?

3. How does the cochlea help us hear?

4. Why do we need two ears to determine the direction of sound?

5. What range of frequencies can humans hear, and how does this compare to animals like dolphins?

6. How does the ear help us maintain balance?

7. What causes dizziness after spinning around?

Task 6. Put the following steps of hearing in the correct order. Write the number of the step next to each one:

1. Sound enters the ear through the Pinna.

2. The ear canal carries the sound to the eardrum.

3. The eardrum vibrates when it receives sound waves.

4. The stirrup amplifies the sound.

5. The cochlea converts the vibrations into electrical signals.

6. The nerve sends the electrical signals to the brain.

7. The brain processes the signals as sound.

Text 7: Smelling and Tasting

Task 1. Read the text.

Smelling and tasting are senses that often work together.

Smelling and the Nose

The nose detects smells using tiny hairs called cilia at the top of its interior. These are connected to sensors that send signals to the brain via the olfactory nerve.

Molecules from objects float in the air and enter the nose. Sniffing helps bring more molecules to the sensors.

Smell enhances the taste of food and warns of dangers like spoiled food or smoke.

Tasting and the Tongue

The tongue tastes food using taste buds, which send signals to the brain.

There are four basic tastes: bitter, sour, salty, and sweet. These flavors can be detected across most of the tongue.

Using Smell and Taste Together

Taste is limited to four flavors, but smell adds complexity, allowing us to perceive thousands of flavors.

Texture, spiciness, and temperature also influence taste.

Interesting Facts

• Scientists know less about taste and smell than hearing or sight.

• Tongue bumps are called papillae, and the tongue is made of muscles.

• Some people can't smell (anosmia), and the sense of smell weakens with age.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

1. The nose detects smells using cilia, which are tiny hairs.

2. Smell is only important for detecting food flavors.

3. The tongue tastes food using sensors called cilia.

4. There are only two basic tastes: sweet and salty.

5. Smell and taste work independently of each other.

6. Texture and temperature can influence the taste of food.

7. People with anosmia cannot smell anything.

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Smell – /smel/ – запах

• Taste – /teɪst/ – вкус

• Nose – /nəʊz/ – нос

• Cilia – /ˈsɪliə/ – реснички

• Olfactory nerve – /ɒlˈfæktəri nɜːv/ – обонятельный нерв

• Molecules – /ˈmɒlɪkjuːlz/ – молекулы

• Sniffing – /ˈsnɪfɪŋ/ – нюхать

• Taste buds – /teɪst bʌdz/ – вкусовые почки

• Bitter – /ˈbɪtə/ – горький

• Sour – /ˈsaʊə/ – кислый

• Salty – /ˈsɒlti/ – солёный

• Sweet – /swiːt/ – сладкий

• Papillae – /pəˈpɪliː/ – папиллы (бугорки на языке)

• Anosmia – /əˈnɒzmiə/ – аносмия (потеря обоняния)

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=p24jvberk25

Task 5. Answer the following questions

1. How does the nose detect smells?

2. What is the role of sniffing in smelling?

3. What are the four basic tastes, and where are they detected on the tongue?

4. How do smell and taste work together?

5. What are papillae, and what is their function?

6. How do texture and temperature influence taste?

7. What happens to the sense of smell as people age?

Task 6. Fun Facts Reflection. Think about the fun facts mentioned in the text. Now, answer these questions based on those facts:

1. Why is the sense of smell important for detecting dangers?

2. What are papillae, and how do they relate to taste?

3. How does the sense of smell affect the perception of taste?

4. Why do you think scientists know less about taste and smell compared to other senses?

5. What might happen to your experience of food if you couldn’t smell or taste it?

Text 8: The Skin

Task 1. Read the text.

What is it?

The skin is an organ, like the heart or brain, that covers the body, keeping good stuff in and bad stuff out.

Integumentary System

The skin is part of the integumentary system, which includes skin, hair, nails, and glands.

Functions of the Skin

Protection: The skin, around 2mm thick on average, keeps germs out and fluids like water and blood in.

Sense of Touch: It has receptors that send signals to the brain about sensations like heat, cold, pain, or texture. Sensitive areas (hands, feet, lips) have more receptors.

Temperature Control: The skin regulates body temperature through sweating, widening blood vessels to cool off, or narrowing them to warm up.

Layers of the Skin

Epidermis: The outer layer, providing protection. Outer cells die and are replaced regularly.

Dermis: Thicker, it houses blood cells, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

Hypodermis: Connects the skin to muscles and bones.

Task 2. Divide the statements into two columns: True or False.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=p706oe9fj25

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Skin – /skɪn/ – кожа

• Integumentary system – /ɪnˌteɡjʊˈmentəri ˈsɪstəm/ – покровная система

• Protection – /prəˈtekʃən/ – защита

• Sense of touch – /sens əv tʌtʃ/ – осязание

• Temperature control – /ˈtemprətʃə kənˈtrəʊl/ – терморегуляция

• Epidermis – /ˌepɪˈdɜːmɪs/ – эпидермис

• Dermis – /ˈdɜːmɪs/ – дерма

• Hypodermis – /ˌhaɪpəʊˈdɜːmɪs/ – гиподерма

• Receptors – /rɪˈseptəz/ – рецепторы

• Sweat glands – /swet ɡlændz/ – потовые железы

• Hair follicles – /heə ˈfɒlɪklz/ – волосяные фолликулы

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the given vocabulary: skin, integumentary system, protection, sense of touch, temperature control, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, receptors.

1. The _______ includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands.

2. The _______ is the outer layer of the skin that provides _______.

3. The _______ contains blood cells, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

4. The _______ connects the skin to muscles and bones.

5. The _______ are responsible for sending signals to the brain about sensations like pain or temperature.

6. The _______ helps regulate body temperature through sweating and changes in blood vessel size.

7. The _______ is the organ that keeps harmful substances out and good stuff in.

Task 5. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the main function of the skin?

2. How does the skin regulate body temperature?

3. What is the difference between the epidermis and dermis?

4. What are receptors, and what do they do?

5. How does the hypodermis help the skin?

6. Why are areas like the hands and feet more sensitive than others?

7. How does the skin protect the body from harmful substances?

Task 6. Think about the information presented in the text. Answer these questions.

1. How does the skin help in protecting the body?

2. What role do receptors play in the sense of touch?

3. Why is the skin able to help regulate temperature?

4. How do the different layers of the skin contribute to its functions?

5. What would happen if the skin didn't have the ability to replace dead cells regularly?

Text 9: Muscular System

Task 1. Read the text.

What is it?

Muscles control all movement in the body. Some, like the heart, work automatically, while others move under our control. The body has over 650 muscles, working together to help us move.

How Muscles Work

Muscles move by contracting and relaxing.

Muscle fibers respond to signals from nerves to release energy for movement.

Many muscles work in pairs, like the biceps and triceps, allowing back-and-forth motion.

Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscles: Move the body, cover bones, and are voluntary.

Smooth Muscles: Control internal organs and work automatically.

Cardiac Muscle: Pumps the heart and circulates blood.

Tendons
Tendons connect muscles to bones, enabling movement by linking soft muscle tissue to hard bone.

Muscle Memory
Repetition trains muscles to perform precise motions, improving skills in activities like sports or music.

Muscles and Exercise

Taskstrengthens muscles, keeping them strong and flexible. Without use, muscles shrink (atrophy).

Fun Facts

• Shivering warms us by contracting muscles.

• It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown.

• The longest muscle is the Sartorius (hip to knee).

• The strongest muscle is in the jaw, used for chewing.

• The smallest muscle, the stapedius, is in the ear.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

1. Muscles are only responsible for movement in the body.

2. The heart is controlled by smooth muscles.

3. Skeletal muscles are involuntary and can be controlled consciously.

4. Tendons connect muscles to bones to allow movement.

5. Muscle memory helps improve physical skills through repetition.

6. Taskweakens muscles and makes them shrink.

Task 3. Vocabulary development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Muscular system – /ˈmʌskjələ ˈsɪstəm/ – мышечная система

• Muscles – /ˈmʌslz/ – мышцы

• Contraction – /kənˈtrækʃən/ – сокращение

• Relaxation – /ˌriːlækˈseɪʃən/ – расслабление

• Skeletal muscles – /ˈskelɪtl ˈmʌslz/ – скелетные мышцы

• Smooth muscles – /smuːð ˈmʌslz/ – гладкие мышцы

• Cardiac muscle – /ˈkɑːdiæk ˈmʌsl/ – сердечная мышца

• Tendons – /ˈtendənz/ – сухожилия

• Muscle memory – /ˈmʌsl ˈmeməri/ – мышечная память

• Atrophy – /ˈætrəfi/ – атрофия

• Task – /tɑːsk/ – физическая нагрузка

Task 4. Find the words in the word search puzzle.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=psa54irq225

Task 5. Answer the following questions

1. What is the function of muscles in the body?

2. How do muscles work to create movement?

3. What are the three types of muscles, and how do they differ?

4. What is the role of tendons in muscle movement?

5. How does muscle memory help improve skills in activities like sports or music?

6. What happens to muscles when they are not used?

7. How does task affect muscles?

Task 6. Think about the fun facts mentioned in the text. Answer these questions.

1. How do muscles help us stay warm when we are cold?

2. Why does it take more muscles to frown than to smile?

3. What is the longest muscle in the body, and where is it located?

4. What is the strongest muscle in the body, and what is its function?

5. Where is the smallest muscle in the body, and what is its role?

Text 10: Breathing and the Reparatory System

Task 1. Read the text.

What is it?

The respiratory system, consisting mainly of the lungs and windpipe, enables humans to breathe and provides the body with the oxygen needed for energy production.

Why do we breathe?

Our body needs energy to function, which is created when oxygen reacts with glucose. Breathing delivers oxygen to our cells, supporting this energy production process.

Breathing In

When we inhale, the diaphragm flattens, expanding the lungs to fill with air. The air travels from the nose or mouth through the windpipe, then into smaller bronchi tubes, reaching the lungs.

Alveoli
At the end of the bronchi are tiny air sacs called alveoli. These sacs have thin walls, allowing oxygen to pass into red blood cells. There are millions of alveoli in our lungs, ensuring efficient oxygen transfer.

Breathing Out

The alveoli also help remove waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from the blood. When we exhale, the diaphragm rises and pushes the air out, expelling carbon dioxide and making room for fresh oxygen.

The Nose

The nose plays a vital role in breathing by filtering the air through hairs and mucus. It also warms and moistens the air before it enters the lungs, ensuring it is in the right condition for our respiratory system.

Why do we get out of breath?

During physical activity, our muscles burn energy and use up oxygen more quickly. To compensate, our heart pumps faster to send more blood to the lungs, and our lungs work harder to take in more oxygen, which makes us feel out of breath.

Talking
The respiratory system also helps us speak. Air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate and create sound, enabling us to talk, sing, or shout.

Task 2. Are these statements true or false?

1. The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen for energy production.

2. Breathing in is the process of expelling carbon dioxide from the body.

3. The diaphragm flattens when we exhale.

4. Alveoli help transfer oxygen to red blood cells and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

5. The nose filters, warms, and moistens the air before it enters the lungs.

6. We get out of breath when our muscles burn energy and use up oxygen more quickly.

Task 3. Vocabulary Development. Here are some useful words. Make sure you know them.

• Respiratory system – /rɪˈspɪrətəri ˈsɪstəm/ – дыхательная система

• Diaphragm – /ˈdaɪəfræm/ – диафрагма

• Lungs – /lʌŋz/ – лёгкие

• Windpipe – /ˈwɪndpaɪp/ – трахея

• Bronchi – /ˈbrɒŋkaɪ/ – бронхи

• Alveoli – /ˌælviˈəʊlaɪ/ – альвеолы

• Oxygen – /ˈɒksɪdʒən/ – кислород

• Carbon dioxide – /ˌkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ – углекислый газ

• Red blood cells – /red ˈblʌd selz/ – красные кровяные клетки

• Vocal cords – /ˈvəʊkəl kɔːdz/ – голосовые связки

Task 4. Write the terms to their definitions.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=pueaoiscn25

Task 5. Answer the following questions

1. What is the role of the respiratory system?

2. How does the diaphragm help with breathing?

3. What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?

4. Why do we get out of breath during physical activity?

5. How does the nose assist in breathing?

6. How does the respiratory system help us speak?

Task 6. Fun Facts Reflection. Think about the facts mentioned in the text. Answer these questions.

1. Why is oxygen so important for our cells?

2. How does the body compensate when we use oxygen more quickly during exercise?

3. What role does the nose play in preparing the air for the lungs?

4. How does the respiratory system help us talk or sing?

5. What would happen if the alveoli didn’t work properly in the lungs?

Glossary

English Word	Transcription			Translation	Word combination
Alveoli	/ˌælviˈəʊlaɪ/			альвеолы	gas exchange in the alveoli
Anosmia	/əˈnɒzmiə/			аносмия	symptoms of anosmia
Atrophy	/ˈætrəfi/			атрофия	muscle atrophy
Autonomic nerves	/ˌɔːtəˈnɒmɪk nɜːvz/			автономные нервы	control by autonomic nerves
Axon	/ˈæksɒn/			аксон	axon of a neuron
Balance	/ˈbæləns/			равновесие	maintain balance
Bile	/baɪl/			желчь	production of bile
Bitter	/ˈbɪtə/			горький	bitter taste
Blink	/blɪŋk/			моргать	blink reflex
Blood vessels	/ˈblʌd ˌvesəlz/			кровеносные сосуды	constriction of blood vessels
Brain	/breɪn/			мозг	brain activity
Brain stem	/ˈbreɪn stem/			ствол мозга	damage to the brain stem
Bronchi	/ˈbrɒŋkaɪ/			бронхи	inflammation of the bronchi
Carbon dioxide	/ˌkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/			углекислый газ	levels of carbon dioxide
Cardiac muscle	/ˈkɑːdiæk ˈmʌsl/			сердечная мышца	contraction of cardiac muscle
Central nervous system	/ˈsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/			центральная нервная система	functions of the central nervous system
Cerebellum	/ˌserəˈbeləm/			мозжечок	the role of the cerebellum
Cerebrum	/ˈserəbrəm/			большой мозг	structure of the cerebrum
Cilia	/ˈsɪliə/			реснички	movement of cilia
Circulatory system	/ˈsɜːkjələtəri ˈsɪstəm/			кровеносная система	organs of the circulatory system
Cochlea	/ˈkɒkliə/			улитка	signals from the cochlea
Colorblind	/ˈkʌləblaɪnd/			дальтоник	colorblind people
Cones	/kəʊnz/			колбочки	cones detect color
Contraction	/kənˈtrækʃən/			сокращение	muscle contraction
Dendrites	/ˈdendraɪts/			дендриты	signal transfer by dendrites
Depth perception	/depθ pəˈsepʃən/			восприятие глубины	test depth perception
Dermis	/ˈdɜːmɪs/			дерма	layers of the dermis
Diaphragm	/ˈdaɪəfræm/			диафрагма	contraction of the diaphragm
Digestive system	/daɪˈdʒestɪv ˈsɪstəm/			пищеварительная система	organs of the digestive system
Direction	/dəˈrekʃən/			направление	direction of sound
Dizzy	/ˈdɪzi/			головокружение	feel dizzy
Ear canal	/ɪə kəˈnæl/			слуховой канал	blockage in the ear canal
Eardrum	/ˈɪədrʌm/			барабанная перепонка	a ruptured eardrum
Enzymes	/ˈenzaɪmz/			ферменты	digestive enzymes
Epidermis	/ˌepɪˈdɜːmɪs/			эпидермис	cells in the epidermis
Epiglottis	/ˌepɪˈɡlɒtɪs/			надгортанник	the function of the epiglottis
Esophagus	/ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/			пищевод	food travels through the esophagus
Frequency	/ˈfriːkwənsi/			частота	sound frequency
Hair follicles	/heə ˈfɒlɪklz/			волосяные фолликулы	clogged hair follicles
Hearing	/ˈhɪərɪŋ/			слух	hearing loss
Heart	/hɑːt/			сердце	heartbeat of the heart
Hormones	/ˈhɔːməʊnz/			гормоны	hormone production
Hypodermis	/ˌhaɪpəʊˈdɜːmɪs/			гиподерма	fat cells in the hypodermis
Integumentary system	/ɪnˌteɡjʊˈmentəri ˈsɪstəm/			покровная система	parts of the integumentary system
Iris	/ˈaɪrɪs/			радужка	the color of the iris
Kidneys	/ˈkɪdniːz/			почки	kidneys filter blood
Large intestine	/ˌlɑːdʒ ɪnˈtestɪn/			толстая кишка	water absorption in the large intestine
Lens	/lenz/			хрусталик	lens of the eye
Light rays	/laɪt reɪz/			лучи света	focusing light rays
Liver	/ˈlɪvə/			печень	liver function
Long-term memory	/ˌlɒŋ tɜːm ˈmeməri/			долговременная память	stored in long-term memory
Lungs	/lʌŋz/			лёгкие	oxygen exchange in the lungs
Memory		/ˈmeməri/	память			improve your memory
Molecules		/ˈmɒlɪkjuːlz/	молекулы			water molecules
Motor nerves		/ˈməʊtə nɜːvz/	двигательные нервы			signals via motor nerves
Muscle memory		/ˈmʌsl ˈmeməri/	мышечная память			develop muscle memory
Muscles		/ˈmʌslz/	мышцы			contract your muscles
Muscular system		/ˈmʌskjələ ˈsɪstəm/	мышечная система			study the muscular system
Nerves		/nɜːvz/	нервы			calm your nerves
Neurons		/ˈnjʊərɒnz/	нейроны			firing of neurons
Nose		/nəʊz/	нос			smell with your nose
Nutrients		/ˈnjuːtriənts/	питательные вещества			absorb nutrients
Olfactory nerve		/ɒlˈfæktəri nɜːv/	обонятельный нерв			signals sent by the olfactory nerve
Optic nerve		/ˈɒptɪk nɜːv/	зрительный нерв			damaged optic nerve
Oxygen		/ˈɒksɪdʒən/	кислород			inhale oxygen
Pancreas		/ˈpæŋkriəs/	поджелудочная железа			insulin from the pancreas
Papillae		/pəˈpɪliː/	папиллы			taste papillae on the tongue
Peripheral nervous system		/pəˈrɪfərəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/	периферическая нервная система			damage to the peripheral nervous system
Pinna		/ˈpɪnə/	ушная раковина			sound collected by the pinna
Protection		/prəˈtekʃən/	защита			skin provides protection
Pupil		/ˈpjuːpɪl/	зрачок			pupil dilates in darkness
Receptors		/rɪˈseptəz/	рецепторы			pain receptors
Red blood cells		/red ˈblʌd selz/	красные кровяные клетки			oxygen transport by red blood cells
Reflexes		/ˈriːfleksɪz/	рефлексы			quick reflexes
Relaxation		/ˌriːlækˈseɪʃən/	расслабление			muscle relaxation
Respiratory system		/rɪˈspɪrətəri ˈsɪstəm/	дыхательная система			diseases of the respiratory system
Retina		/ˈretɪnə/	сетчатка			light hits the retina
Rods		/rɒdz/	палочки			rods detect dim light
Saliva		/səˈlaɪvə/	слюна			saliva helps digestion
Salty		/ˈsɒlti/	солёный			salty food
Sense of touch		/sens əv tʌtʃ/	осязание			develop sense of touch
Sensory nerves		/ˈsensəri nɜːvz/	чувствительные нервы			impulses in sensory nerves
Short-term memory		/ˌʃɔːt tɜːm ˈmeməri/	кратковременная память			store data in short-term memory
Sight		/saɪt/	зрение			loss of sight
Skeletal muscles		/ˈskelɪtl ˈmʌslz/	скелетные мышцы			movement by skeletal muscles
Skeletal system		/ˈskelɪtl ˈsɪstəm/	скелетная система			bones in the skeletal system
Skin		/skɪn/	кожа			dry skin
Skull		/skʌl/	череп			protect the brain with the skull
Small intestine		/ˌsmɔːl ɪnˈtestɪn/	тонкая кишка			nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
Smell		/smel/	запах			strong smell
Smooth muscles		/smuːð ˈmʌslz/	гладкие мышцы			found in smooth muscles
Sniffing		/ˈsnɪfɪŋ/	нюхать			sniffing flowers
Somatic nerves		/səˈmætɪk nɜːvz/	соматические нервы			somatic nerves control movement
Sound waves		/saʊnd weɪvz/	звуковые волны			sound waves travel in air
Sour		/ˈsaʊə/	кислый			sour taste
Spinal cord		/ˈspaɪnl kɔːd/	спинной мозг			injury to the spinal cord
Stirrup		/ˈstɪrəp/	стремечко			smallest bone – stirrup
Stomach		/ˈstʌmək/	желудок			food in the stomach
Sweat glands		/swet ɡlændz/	потовые железы			activated sweat glands
Sweet		/swiːt/	сладкий			sweet flavor
Task		/tɑːsk/	физическая нагрузка / задание			complete the task
Taste		/teɪst/	вкус			sense of taste
Taste buds		/teɪst bʌdz/	вкусовые почки			taste buds on the tongue
Temperature control		/ˈtemprətʃə kənˈtrəʊl/	терморегуляция			body temperature control
Tendons		/ˈtendənz/	сухожилия			tendons connect muscle to bone
Vocal cords		/ˈvəʊkəl kɔːdz/	голосовые связки			vibration of vocal cords
Waste		/weɪst/	отходы			body eliminates waste
Windpipe		/ˈwɪndpaɪp/	трахея			air enters the windpipe

Reference list

1. Anatomy of the Brain // Johns Hopkins Medicine. URL: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain

2. Breathing and the Human Respiratory System // Mind is the Master. URL: https://www.mindisthemaster.com/breathing-and-the-human-respiratory-system/

3. Breathing and the Respiratory System // NTA Exam. URL: https://ntaexam.net/breathing-and-the-respiratory-system/

4. Hearing and the Ear // NTA Exam. URL: https://ntaexam.net/hearing-and-the-ear/

5. Human body // Encyclopædia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body

6. Human digestive system // Encyclopædia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-system

7. Muscles // Cleveland Clinic. URL: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21887-muscle (дата обращения: 21.04.2025).

8. Nervous System // Cleveland Clinic. URL: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21202-nervous-system

9. Sight and the Eye // NTA Exam. URL: https://ntaexam.net/sight-and-the-eye/

10. Skin // Cleveland Clinic. URL: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/10978-skin

11. Smelling and Tasting // NTA Exam. URL: https://ntaexam.net/smelling-and-tasting/

12. The human body – Revision 1 // BBC Bitesize. URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztkr82p/revision/1