Essential grammar Review

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Articles

• Determiners
• Pre-determiners
• Quantifiers
• Numbers

• No Gender
• Plural of nouns
• N + S

• Articles
• Recognition: plurals
• Define singular/plural Ns
• Learning new words

• A computer system consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, floppy disk drives, keyboard, monitor, cables, speakers, and printers. The term software describes the programs that are used to operate the computer system. Computer software, also called programs, instructs the computer on how to operate. These operations may include identifying, accessing, and processing information. Essentially, a program is a sequence of instructions that describe how data is to be processed. Programs vary widely, depending on the type of information that is to be accessed or generated. For example, the instructions involved in balancing a checkbook are very different from those required to simulate a virtual reality world on the Internet.

• No Gender
• No Number
• Adj. + Noun

Drills: Translating pairs of words, single words, guess the word, link pictures and words.

Recognition of adj. in text: position of Adj + Noun

• Adj. + Noun
• Noun + Noun
• Highlight examples in Cisco texts
• Cisco text: students highlight NPs
• Meaningful NPs: link words
• NPs for translation

• N1 + N2 +N
• Det./ Articile + N + Adj
• What?

• Conjugation
• The computer is fast
• It is fast.
• The computers are fast.
• They are fast.

• I am
• You are
• He is/ She is/ It is
• They are

• The computer is not fast
• The computers are fast.
• The computers are not fast.

• V = Action
• Conjugation
• Imperative
• Can + V
• Must + V
• Could + V
• Would + V
• Should + V

• Start (conjugation)
• He starts a/the computer

• Netscape displays files

S V O

Can + V Must + V

S-V-O structure; Recognition ex. (S,v,O)

• Formation
• Adj.+ly
• Direct  Direct ly
• Central  central ly
• Verb Modifiers
• Adj & Adv
• Adj.+ N
• V + Adv.





• Specialists install programs
• Computer specialists effectively install specific programs

Pronouns

• Personal
• Possessive
• Demonstrative
• Interrogative
• Definite/ Indefinite
• Relative pronouns

• I 
• You 

Me

You

Him/ Her/ It

Us

You

Them

• He/ She/ It 
• He/ She/ It 
• He/ She/ It 

• We 
• You 
• They 

• a computer.
• it.
• computers
• them
• monitors
• them

• I
• You
• He/ She/ It
• We
• You
• They

• My + N  my files
• Your + N  your files
• His/ Her/ Its + N  its files
• Our + N
• Your + N
• Their + N  their files

There is/ are

• There is a computer in the lab.
• There are computers in the lab.
• There is a laptop on the table.
• There are laptops on the tables.

Prepositions:

In

On

• Need
• Purpose
• Verb Pattern
• Decide to
• Want to
• Have to
• Use smth to do smth.

• Require to
• Begin to
• Try to

To Preposition

• Derection

Ex: send to; move to; connect to

V + ing

• N + Ving 

Switches corresponding to smth.

Data being transformed.

Networks using hardware.

• V + Ving

Start thinking; start using;

• Prep + Ving
• By using technology; for gaining information;

V+ing & V+ed

• Processing programs  Processed data
• Confusing question  Confused users
• Ving
• V+ed
• V + ed = Past tense

• I was a teacher.
• You were a specialist.
• He, She, It was a dog.

• We were students.
• You were students.
• They were specialists.

Passive construction is/are/was/were + Ved





Have/has + Ved

• I have deleted/ saved the files.
• I have not deleted the files.
• You have deleted/ saved the files.
• You have not deleted the files.
• He/ She/ It has saved the files.
• HE/ She/ It has not saved the files.
• We have saved the files.
• You have saved the files.
• They have saved the files . They have not saved the files.

• Sentences/ text:

You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk. All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].

• Who?
• Why?
• How?
• Which?
• What?
• How many/much?
• Where
• When?
• What is Microsoft/ Cisco?
• Who is Bill Gates.

• Why are you here?
• Which is your server/ file?
• How are you?
• How many files are in the folder?
• How much information is stored on your hard disk?
• Where are your documents?
• When is a router used.?
• Why is a router used?
• Why is a network segmented?

• What do you use?
• What do they use?
• What does he use?
• Which server do they use?
• Which server does he use?

• What did you use?
• What did they use?
• What did he use?
• Which server did they use?
• Which server did he use?

• does not
• do not

• Where did they store the information?
• Where did he store the information?
• When did they update their account?
• When did he update his account?

• Where do they store the information?
• Where does he store the information?
• When do they update their account?
• When does he update his account?

• How do they connect computers?
• How does he connect computers?
• How many computers do they connect?
• How many computers does he connect in a network?
• How much data do the routers deliver?
• How much data doe s the router deliver?

• How did they connect the computers?
• How did he connect the computers?
• How many computers did they connect?
• How many computers did he connect in a network?
• How much data did the routers deliver?
• How much data did the router deliver ?

• When do they update their account? 
• Do they update their account?

• How does the lab help you? 
• Does the lab help you?
• When did they upgrade the computer? 
• Did they upgrade the computer?

• He has deleted files.

• Has he deleted files?

• What has he delete d ?

• Why has he deleted files?

• How many files has he deleted ?

• They have deleted files.
• They have not deleted files.

• Have they delete d files?

• What have they deleted ?

• Why have they deleted files?

• How many files have they deleted ?

• Will connect
• Will generate
• Will install
• Will save
• Will delete

• You will connect the PCs in a network.
• The OS will generate a message.
• You will understand how data packets travel.
• The current will flow through a piece of conductor.

• What
• How
• will use
• will connect
• will be

• It is difficult
• It is easy
• It is simple
• It is possible
• It is important

• It is difficult to use data.
• It is easy to change the file system.

• The network connects computers which communicate with the users.
• The network connects computers that communicate with the users.
• Waves travel through the atmosphere where there are no atoms.
• Now is the time when computers can communicate with each other in a second.
• It is the layer that is concerned with all the issues that an IP packet requires to make a physical link.

That - че

• You will verify that the PC is properly configured.
• Always remember that limits are both physical and technological.
• You also know that the basic unit of time is the “second”.
• You learned that computers are vital components of every network.
• It means that voltage measurements must be made between two points.

• how
• when

• What was needed
• What you pay for
• Knowing how bandwidth works
• The bandwidth limitations are what limit the throughput of conventional modems to about 56 kbps .

Throughput – realnata skorost v momenta/ bandwidth – kapatsitet, potentsialnata skorost

• The device
• The device
• The device a request packet ! it

• Electrostatic discharge can be uncomfortable.
• It is harmless.
• Electrostatic discharge can be uncomfortable but it is harmless.
• Computers can function without the Internet but the Internet cannot exist without computers.
• Businesses use their computers for many purposes but they also use them in some common ways.
• EM waves travel through the atmosphere but they also travel through the vacuum of outer space.
• You do not know how a letter gets there but you care that it arrives.

Text: Find out S1 and S2.

• required to connect your PC to a LAN and to gain access to the Internet
• where the amount of electricity [ they conduct can be precisely controlled.

• that is created when electrons move

• If you open the file you will see the picture.
• If you want to remember Layer 7, think of browsers.
• If communication happens at this rate, it will be very slow.
• You can decide if/ whether the bandwidth is adequate for the user.
• If one computer wants to send data to another computer the data must be packaged.
• Adjust the display, if necessary.
• Perform a few other tasks, if necessary.

• 0

• Both have application layers, though they use different services

• Would help
• Would be
• Would know
• Would take

• It would be chaos
• It would be very slow
• They needed a solution that would address the following questions.
• It would take minutes.

Ttranslate: Which would take less time, sending a floppy disk (1.44 MB) full of data or sending a 10 GB hard drive full of data?

There was a need to create a network model that would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together.

• Fortunately- un fortunately
• Able – un able
• Common – un common
• Compatible- in compatible
• Local – non -local
• Profit – non -profit
• Routable - non -routable

• Layer – sub -layer
• System - sub -system
• Network - sub -network
• Connect – dis connect
• Advantage- dis advantage
• Connect – re connect
• Transmit - re transmit