Контрольные работы к учебнику М.Я. Бараковой, Р.И. Журавлевой “Английский язык для горных инженеров”

Министерство образования Республики Башкортостан

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Акъярский горный колледж имени И. Тасимова

Контрольные работы

к учебнику М.Я. Бараковой, Р.И. Журавлевой

“Английский язык для горных инженеров”

для студентов III-IV курса специальностей

«Открытые горные работы»

«Подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых»

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

Методическое пособие для преподавателей и студентов среднепрофессиональных учебных заведений

Разработала:

преподаватель английского языка

Бактыбаева А.Х.

с.Акъяр

2015 г.

Аннотация

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов средних специальных учебных заведений горно-геологического профиля и является дополнением к учебнику “Английский язык для горных инженеров” М.Я. Бараковой и Р.И. Журавлёвой. По своим учебным целям и содержанию пособие соответствует Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартам и требованиям программы по иностранному языку для неязыковых ссузов, рабочей программе по дисциплине «Английский язык для специальностей «Открытые горные работы» и «Подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых». Область профессиональной деятельности будущего специалиста – горные работы открытым способом и подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых. Квалификация – горный техник-технолог. Пособие предназначено для аудиторных занятий и самостоятельной работы.

Данное учебное пособие способствует формированию у студентов следующих компетенций:

^{ОК 1. Понимать сущность и социальную значимость своей будущей профессии, проявлять к ней устойчивый интерес.}

^{ОК 2. Организовывать собственную деятельность, выбирать типовые методы и способы выполнения профессиональных задач, оценивать их эффективность и качество.}

^{ОК 3. Принимать решения в стандартных и нестандартных ситуациях и нести за них ответственность.}

^{ОК 4. Осуществлять поиск и использование информации, необходимой для эффективного выполнения профессиональных задач, профессионального и личностного развития.}

^{ОК 5. Использовать информационно-коммуникационные технологии в профессиональной деятельности.}

^{ОК 6. Работать в коллективе и в команде, эффективно общаться с коллегами, руководством, потребителями.}

^{ОК 7. Брать на себя ответственность за работу членов команды (подчиненных), за результат выполнения заданий.}

^{ОК 8. Самостоятельно определять задачи профессионального и личностного развития, заниматься самообразованием, осознанно планировать повышение квалификации.}

В основу пособия положен принцип профессиональной направленности и коммуникативной ориентации.

Цель пособия — проверить уровень усвоения лексического материала профессионально ориентированного характера. Лексический минимум пособия составляет около 4 000 лексических единиц.

Учебное пособие состоит из 18 контрольных работ и рассчитано на 4 семестра работы.

Каждая контрольная работа содержит задания на:

1. проверку уровня усвоения словарного запаса по теме раздела;

2. чтение и контроль понимания содержания текста;

3. суммирование или обобщение прочитанного текста по ключевым словам;

4. вопросно-ответное задание.

Контрольная работа № 1 Тема “The first Mining school in Russia”.

Variant I

I. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

mining equipment to carry out research new course in to direct scientific activity to take an active part in prospecting for oil bedded deposits concentration plant technical education processing of non-ferrous metals the training of geologist and mining engineers

обогатительная фабрика подготовка горных инженеров разведка нефти обработка цветных металлов техническое образование новый (учебный) курс по принимать активное участие проводить исследования направлять научную деятельность горное оборудование пластовые месторождения

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

The First Mining School in Russia

1. The Moscow Mining Academy was established in 1918.

2. The main task of the Academy was to train mining engineers and technicians, to popularize technological achievements among miners, to work on important problems of mining and metallurgical engineering and to direct scientific research.

3. There were three departments in the Academy: mining, geological prospecting and metallurgy.

4. The Moscow Mining Academy introduced a new course in coal mining mechanization which provided the basis for the development of mining engineering.

5. The two scientists A.M. Terpigorev and M.M. Protodyakonov wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 2, 4, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. There were four departments in the Academy.

2. The Academy introduces a new course in coal mining mechanization.

3. The tree scientists wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits.

4. The Moscow State University was established in 1918.

5. The main task of the academy was to popularize technical achievements among miners.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What was the main task of the Academy?

2. What new course did the Academy introduce?

3. Were there three or four departments at the academy? Name them.

4. When was the Moscow Mining Academy established?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

обогатительная фабрика подготовка горных инженеров разведка нефти обработка цветных металлов техническое образование новый (учебный) курс по принимать активное участие проводить исследования направлять научную деятельность горное оборудование пластовые месторождения

mining equipment prospecting for oil bedded deposits concentration plant to direct scientific activity to take an active part in technical education processing of non-ferrous metals to carry out research new course in the training of geologist and mining engineers

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

The First Mining School in Russia

1. Much credit for the establishment of the Moscow Mining Academy and the development of co-operation among outstanding scientists and educators is due to Academician I.M. Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert.

2. In 1925 the Moscow Mining Academy was one of the best-known educational institutions in Russia.

3. It had well-equipped laboratories, demonstration rooms and a library which had many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals.

4. The Academy established close contacts with the coal and ore mining industries.

5. The scientists carried out scientific research and worked on important mining problems.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Much credit for the establishment of the Moscow Mining Academy is due to academician M.I. Lomonosov.

2. Academician I.M. Gubkin was a prominent geologist and oil expert.

3. In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was one of the best-known educational institutions in Russia.

4. The scientists of the Moscow Mining Academy carried out scientific research and worked on important mining problems.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Who wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits?

2. What industries did the Academy established contact with?

3. When was the Moscow Mining Academy the best in Russia?

4. Who worked on important mining problems in Moscow Mining Academy?

Variant III

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

factories for processing ferrous and non-ferrous metals to direct scientific research the ore mining industry geological prospecting collieries and open-cast mines to work on important mining problems to call for the establishment of new educational institutions

шахты и карьеры заводы по обработке черных и цветных металлов направлять научное исследование рудоразрабатывающая индустрия геологическая разведка требовать создание новых образовательных институтов разрабатывать важные горные проблемы

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

The First Mining School in Russia

1. The rapid growth of the mining industry called for the training of more highly-qualified specialists and the establishment of new educational institutions.

2. New collieries and open-cast mines, concentration plants, metallurgical works and metal-working factories for processing non-ferrous and ferrous metals appeared in the country.

3. The people took an active part in the construction of new industrial enterprises. The Academy alone could not cope with the problem of training specialists.

4. In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was transformed into six independent institutes.

5. Among the new colleges which grew out of the Academy's departments were the Moscow Mining Institute and the Moscow Institute of Geological Prospecting. Later, the scientific research Institute of Mining appeared near Moscow.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The Academy alone could cope with the problem of training specialists.

2. In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was transformed into six independent institutes.

3. The rapid growth of the mining industry called for the establishment of new educational institutions.

4. In 1930 the scientific research Institute of Mining appeared near Moscow.

5. New collieries and open-cast mines, concentration plants, metallurgical works and metal-working factories for processing non-ferrous and ferrous metals appeared in the country.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Why was the Academy transformed into six independent institutes?

2. Why was the Academy transformed?

3. What did appear in the country at that time?

4. Could the Academy alone cope with the problem of training specialists?

Контрольная работа № 2

Тема “Mining and Geological Higher education in Russia”.

Variant I

I. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

physical and chemical properties he deposits of useful minerals a wide range of problems valuable deposits mining mechanical engineer to carry out scientific research take shape undergraduates graduation paper hardware and software

широкий круг проблем ценные месторождения полезных ископаемых горный инженер-механик вести научно-исследовательскую работу принимать форму техническое и программное обеспечение студенты (последнего курса) дипломная работа физические и химические свойства месторождение полезных ископаемых

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining and Geological Higher Education in Russia

1. In Russia young people get mining education at special institutes which train geologists and mining engineers for coal and ore mining.

2. The total number of students of an institute includes full-time students, part-time students and postgraduate students.

3. Russian higher educational establishments offer different specializations for the students.

4. Thus; at the geological institutes, the students specialize in geology, the science which deals with different problems connected with the Earth, its history, the study of rocks, their physical and chemical properties.

5. One of the main tasks of geology is to prospect, discover and study the deposits of useful minerals.

6. Geology is both a theoretical and an applied science. Mining geology is of great importance to the mining engineer. As a rule, mining geology, includes economic geology.

7. The outstanding Russian geologist V.A. Obruchev says that geology is the science of the Earth which reveals to us how the Earth took shape its composition and its changes. Geology helps prospect for ores coal, oil salt and other useful minerals.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Russian higher educational establishments offer one specialization for the students.

2. Geology is a theoretical science.

3. At the geological institutes the students specialize in geology.

4. The main task of geology is to prospect, discover and study the deposits of useful minerals.

5. Mining geology is of great importance to the mining engineer.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Where can one get mining education in Russia?

2. What does geology study?

3. How did Obruchev define (определять) geology?

4. Does geology deal only with prospecting for useful minerals?

5. What specializations does the Mining Institute offer?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

широкий круг проблем ценные месторождения полезных ископаемых горный инженер-механик вести научно-исследовательскую работу принимать форму техническое и программное обеспечение студенты (последнего курса) дипломная работа физические и химические свойства месторождение полезных ископаемых

physical and chemical properties the deposits of useful minerals a wide range of problems valuable deposits mining mechanical engineer to carry out scientific research take shape undergraduates graduation paper hardware and software

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining and Geological Higher Education in Russia

1. Higher mining schools (universities, academies, institutes and colleges) develop a wide range of courses and program mes that meet the requirements of the society.

2. They offer courses in mining technology, machinery and transport, hydraulic engineering, electrical engineering, industrial electronics, automation, surveying, geodesy, information technology, etc.

3. The main trend in the development of higher mining education is the introduction of courses in environmental protection, management (environmental human resources), economics and management of mining enterprises, marketing studies, computer-aided design (CAD) and others.

4. Computer science is also of great importance. The course aims at providing students with understanding how software and hardware technology helps solving problems.

5. Laboratory work is an important part in training specialists. Experiments in laboratories and workshops will help students to develop their practical skills. They have a short period of field work to gain working experience.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 2, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Computer science is also of less importance.

2. Experiments in laboratories and workshops will help students to develop their practical skills.

3. Higher mining schools develop a wide range of courses and program mes.

4. The main trend in the development of higher mining education is the introduction of courses in computer science.

5. The mining technology course aims at providing students with understanding how software and hardware technology helps solving problems.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What subjects do the students study?

2. What helps students to develop their practical skills?

3. What is the main trend in the development of higher mining education?

4. What subject providing students with understanding how software and hardware technology helps solving problems?

Variant III

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих русских сочетаний слов.

mining engineers higher mining schools hydraulic engineering ore mining diploma paper information technology environmental protection mineral deposits human resources practical skills

практические навыки горные инженеры высшие горные школы гидротехническое конструирование разработка рудных месторождений дипломный проект человеческие ресурсы защита окружающей среды минеральные месторождения информационные технологии

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining and Geological Higher Education in Russia

1. The students go through practical training at mines, plants and other industrial enterprises. They become familiar with all stages of production and every job from worker to engineer. Here they get practical knowledge and experience necessary for their diploma (graduation) papers.

2. A lot of students belong to students' scientific groups. They take part in the research projects which their departments usually conduct. Postgraduates carry out research in different fields of science and engineering.

3. Sport centers give the students opportunities to play different sports such as tennis, football, basketball, volleyball, swimming, skiing, water polo, boxing, wrestling and others.

4. Students graduate from mining and geological higher schools as mining engineers, mining mechanical engineers, ecologists, mining electrical engineers, geologists, economists and managers for mining industry.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1, 3, 4.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The students go through practical training at mines, plants and other industrial enterprises.

2. Students graduate from mining and geological higher schools as mining engineers.

3. Sport centers give the students opportunities to play different sports.

4. Few students belong to students' scientific groups.

5. Postgraduates carry out research in different fields of science and engineering.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Where do the students go through practical training?

2. What do students get at practical training?

3. Do the students play sports?

4. What do postgraduates do in different fields of science and engineering?

5. How many students belong to scientific group?

Контрольная работа № 3

Тема “Mining Education in Great Britain”.

Variant I

I. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

electrical engineering applied sciences postgraduates in proximity to mines to draw logical conclusions to obtain good results to record observations

аспиранты получать хорошие результаты записывать наблюдения электротехника прикладные науки поблизости от шахт делать логические выводы

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. In Great Britain the students get mining education at special colleges and at mining departments of universities.

2. For example, the Mining Department at the University of Nottingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research mining schools in Great Britain.

3. The students come to the University from all parts of the country and from abroad. The close proximity of Nottingham to mines extracting coal and different metals makes it possible for the University to keep in close touch with new achievements in mining.

4. The aim of training at the University is to give the student an understanding of applied science based on lectures, tutorial system, laboratory work and design classes.

5. The laboratory work trains the student in accurate recording of observations, drawing of logical conclusions and presentation of scientific reports. Besides, it gives the student an understanding of experimental methods and familiarizes him (or her) with the characteristics of engineering materials, equipment and machines.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. In Great Britain the students can get mining education only at special colleges.

2. The students come to the University from all parts of the world.

3. The training at universities is based on tutorial system.

4. The laboratory work familiarizes the student with modern equipment.

5. The Mining Department at the University of Nottingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research mining schools in Great Britain.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Where can one get mining education in Great Britain?

2. Is the Mining Department at the University of Nottingham one of the foremost research mining schools in Great Britain?

3. What makes it possible for the University to keep in close touch with the achievements in mining?

4. What are the students supposed to do in the laboratories?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

1.. позволять (делать возможным) проводить исследования с другой стороны посещать лекции и практические занятия 5. нивелирование и горизонтальная съемка поддерживать контакт с как в лаборатории, так и в полевых условиях 8. научный доклад

on the other hand to keep in touch with to make it possible to carry out research (to be engaged in research) scientific report both in the laboratory and in the field levelling and traversing to attend lectures and classes

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. At Nottingham there are two types of laboratories, general and specialized.

2. General laboratories deal with the fundamentals of engineering science and specialized ones study the more specialized problems in different branches of engineering.

3. During the final two years of his course the student gets a comprehensive training in surveying.

4. Practical work both in the field and in drawing classes forms an important part of this course.

5. Besides, the students have practical work in survey camps during two weeks.

6. The equipment available for carrying out traversing, levelling, tacheometric and astronomical surveying is of the latest design.

7. The practical and laboratory work throughout the three or four years of study forms a very important part of the course, so the students obtain the required standard in their laboratory course work before they graduate.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. There are three types of laboratories at the University of Nottingham.

2. When the students study surveying, they have practical work both in the field and in drawing classes.

3. During two years of his course the student gets a comprehensive training in surveying.

4. The students have practical work in survey camps during three weeks.

5. The practical and laboratory work forms a very important part of the course.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Will the students have practical work in survey camps or in the laboratories?

2. What do the students use surveying equipment for?

3. How long does the surveying practice last?

4. Are there two types of laboratories at the University of Nottingham?

5. When do the students have the practical and laboratory work?

Variant III

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих русских сочетаний слов.

1. a wide range of activity 2. traversing and levelling 3. accurate scientific observations 4. fundamentals of engineering science 5. drawing classes 6. the equipment available for carrying out surveying 7. to obtain good results 8. ore mining 9. in proximity to coal-fields 10. mining departments of universities

горное отделение университета широкий круг деятельности нивелирование и маркшейдерская съемка основы инженерной науки уроки черчения оборудование, подходящее для проведения маркшейдерской съемки нивелирование и горизонтальная съемка разработка рудного месторождения вблизи от угольного месторождения получать хорошие результаты

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. British educational system is fee-paying.

2. The annual fee includes registration, tuition, examination, graduation and, in the case of full-time students, membership of the Union of Students.

3. Students from all over the world (nearly 100 countries) study at the University of Nottingham.

4. For many years the University has had a thriving community of international students.

5. The University pays much attention to learning foreign languages.

6. For individual study there is a 16-place self-access tape library with a tape archive of 3,000 tapes in 30 languages.

7. There are also 16 video work stations where the students play back video tapes or watch TV broadcasts in a variety of languages.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The students from abroad don't study at Nottingham.

2. There is a 16-place self-access tape library with a tape archive of 3,000 tapes in 30 languages.

3. There are also 16 video work stations where the students play back video tapes or watch TV broadcasts in a variety of languages.

4. British educational system is free.

5. The annual fee includes registration, tuition, examination, graduation and, in the case of full-time students, membership of the Union of Students.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What can you say about studying foreign languages at the University?

2. Is the mining education free?

3. What does the annual fee include?

4. Where can students watch TV broadcasts?

5. Has the University had a thriving community of international students?

Variant IV

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих английских сочетаний слов.

1. the mining engineering department 2. the college authority 3. advanced courses 4. metalliferous deposits 5. to encourage students 6. to meet the requirements of the University 7. means of production 8. management studies 9. surface excavation 10. an experienced engineer

курсы по расширенной программе рудоносные отложения средства производства горный факультет открытые горные работы опытный инженер администрация колледжа поощрять студентов отвечать требованиям университета наука об управлении

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. At present in Great Britain there are a number of universities and colleges which give instruction in mechanical engineering, mining, metallurgy, etc.

2. These institutions provide full-time and part-time education. It should be noted that technical colleges confer diplomas on college graduates.

3. A university graduate leaves with the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science, which is an academic qualification awarded by universities.

4. For example, the University in Cardiff has become one of the largest in Wales.

5. It is one of the four colleges which together with the Welsh National School of Medicine form the University of Wales.

6. There is the Mining Engineering Department in the University of Wales.

7. The Department deals with the whole range of extractive industries such as coal and metalliferous mining, quarrying and oil technology.

8. After graduating from the college a student can be recommended for entry to the university by a college authority and he can apply for admission to the university.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. At present there are about a hundred technical institutions in Great Britain.

2. It should be noted that British colleges confer degrees.

3. As a rule a college authority recommends the graduates for entry to the university.

4. The University in Cardiff has become one of the largest in England.

5. The Department deals with the whole range of extractive industries such as coal and metalliferous mining, quarrying and oil technology.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Are there many technical institutions in Great Britain?

2. What is the difference between colleges and universities?

3. Is the Mining Engineering Department the only one in the University Wales?

1. Does the Mining Engineering Department deal only with metalliferous mining?

2. Can a student enter the university after he has graduated from the college?

Variant V

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих русских сочетаний слов.

зависеть от условий значить, означать признать необходимость (чего-л.) ежегодная производительность (шахты) начальник шахты добывающая промышленность представлять особую важность 8. механика горных пород 9. единственный карьер 10. основывать факультет (школу, систему и т.д.)

the manager of a colliery (mine) rock mechanics the only quarry annual output to be of particular importance to depend upon the conditions to found a department (school, system, etc.) to recognize the need (of) to mean (meant) extractive industry

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. At the Mining Department students may take several courses such as geology, mining engineering, mine surveying, quarrying, management studies and others.

2. It has become a tradition that the courses are based on an intensive tutorial system.

3. It means that students are allotted to members of the teaching staff for individual tuition separately in mining, in quarrying and in mine surveying.

4. The system is founded on that of the older universities of Great Britain.

5. At the Department of Mining Engineering of the Newcastle University mining has now become a technically advanced profession.

6. The Department of Mining Engineering trains industrially experienced engineers through various advanced courses in rock mechanics and surface excavation.

7. For many years the Mining Engineering Department at Newcastle has recognized the need for highly-qualified engineers and realized that the courses in rock mechanics and surface excavation are of great importance for mining engineers.

8. At the University a student studies for three or four years. The organization of the academic year is based on a three-term system which usually runs from about the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. At the Mining Engineering Department of the University of Wales the students study only metalliferous mining.

2. At the Mining Engineering Department the courses are based on an intensive tutorial system.

3. The Mining Engineering Department at the Newcastle Univer­sity has recognized the importance of teaching rock mechanics and surface excavation (open-cast mining).

4. At the University a student studies for five years.

5. The organization of the academic year is based on a three-term system.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What courses are of special importance for mining engineers?

2. What do you know about the organization of the academic year at British universities?

Variant VI

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих английских сочетаний слов.

the mining engineering department the college authority advanced courses metalliferous deposits to encourage students to meet the requirements of the University means of production management studies surface excavation an experienced engineer

курсы по расширенной программе рудоносные отложения средства производства горный факультет открытые горные работы опытный инженер администрация колледжа поощрять студентов отвечать требованиям университета наука об управлении

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Mining Education in Great Britain

1. Students course is designed on a modular basis. Modules are self-contained 'units' of study, which are taught and assessed indepen­dently of each other.

2. When a student passes a module, he (she) gains a credit. All modules carry a number of credits.

3. At the end of the term, the number of credits a student gets, determines the award he (she) receives.

4. Each module is continuously assessed by coursework and/or end-of-term examinations.

5. Admission to the British universities is by examination and se­lection. The minimum age for admission to the four-year course is normally 18 years.

6. Departments usually interview all the candidates. The aim of the interview is to select better candidates.

7. Just over half of all university students live in colleges, halls of residence, or other accommodation provided by their university, another third lives in lodgings or privately rented accommodation; and the rest live at home.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 5, 7.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Just over half of all university students live at home.

2. Departments usually interview all the students.

3. Students course is designed on an intensive tutorial system.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. When do the students take their examinations?

2. What is the age for admission to the four-year course?

3. What is designed students course on?

Контрольная работа № 4

Тема “Technical Higher Education in the USA”.

Variant I

I. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

Обогатительная фабрика, на всем протяжении, придавать особое значение, полевые работы, безопасность шахт, нефтеочистительный завод, наука о земле, исследование, горная механика, вентиляция шахт.

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Technical Higher Education in the USA

1. In the USA the basic aim of technical higher education is the training of qualified specialists in a selected field of technology.

2. In the field of technical education they have a three-part programme: 1) The University programme for engineers and scientists. 2) The technical institute programme for engineering technicians. 3) The vocational trade programme.

3. The students can get mining education at special colleges and at mining departments of universities. For example, one of the oldest mining schools in the USA is the Colorado School of Mines. Early mining operations in the Territory of Colorado emphasized the need for a college to train mining engineers.

4. The Colorado School of Mines is situated in the mineral-producing area of the Rocky Mountains. The area is rich in non-ferrous metals such as molybdenum, vanadium, zinc and other deposits. Besides, Colorado has processing (dressing) plants, petroleum refineries and steel plants. Many coal mines are in operation throughout the area.

5. The field of study includes earth sciences (geology, geochemistry, geophysics and others) and engineering. The students may specialize in petrology, mineral deposits, mining engineering and other disciplines.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The basic aim of technical higher education is the training of qualified engineers in a selected field of technology.

2. Field work is one important part of training.

3. In the field of technical education they have a two-part program me.

4. The students can get mining education at special colleges and at mining departments of universities.

5. The Colorado School of Mines is situated in the mineral-producing area of the Caucasus.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What is the main aim of technical higher education in the USA?

2. What programme in the technical education have the USA?

3. Where can students get mining education in the USA?

4. Where is the Colorado School of Mines situated?

5. What sciences does the field of study include?

Variant II

I. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

Отказываться от, бухгалтерское дело, стажер (практикант), иметь склонность, быть более высокого мнения, штат служащих.

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Technical Higher Education in the USA

1. Field work is an important part of training. All students take part in a summer field course during their undergraduate programme. Geology laboratories are available within the Department of Geology for study and research.

2. The mining engineering students study the basic sciences, principles and technologies of mineral exploration, underground and surface operations, rock mechanics, mine ventilation, surveying, mine safety and operating research. The Department operates the experimental mine. It is a large and well-equipped laboratory for teaching and research in mining operations.

3. The education is fee-paying. The School collects fees at the beginning of each semester. Semester fees include fees for health service, athletics, student centre and others. A student will not be allowed to take final examinations or be graduated if he (or she) has debts (долги) to the college.

4. During their course of training the students may visit surface and underground mines, oil fields, dressing plants and regions of geological interest.

5. A study of current curricula shows that the average American engineer receives only 10% of geology and 25% of mining in his (or her) undergraduate education in mining. As a rule, mining en­gineering programmes include: Liberal arts — 20%; Basic sciences — 25%; General engineering — 20%; Geology — 10%; Mining — 25%.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Part of students take part in a summer field course during their undergraduate programme.

2. The Department operates the experimental mine.

3. The education is free.

4. During their course of training the students may visit surface and underground mines, oil fields, dressing plants and regions of geological interest.

5. Semester fees include fees for health service, athletics, student centre and others.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What does the average American current curricula show?

2. What do the student visit during their course of training?

3. What do fees include?

Контрольная работа № 5

Тема “A.M. Terpigorev”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

to fulfill the task to accept an offer fire damp flat seam mine safety to confirm to collect the material exploitation of deposits coal winning

охрана труда в шахтах подтверждать добыча угля эксплуатация месторождений метан принять предложение выполнить задачу, задание горизонтальный пласт собирать материал

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

A.M. Terpigorev

1. Academician A.M. Terpigorev is a well-known mining engineer who successfully combined his practical experience with scientific research. He was born in 1873 in Tambov.

2. In 1892 he finished school with honours' and decided to get a higher education. He chose the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg, passed all the entrance examinations successfully and became a student of the Mining Institute. At the Institute he studied the full range of subjects relating to metallurgy, mining and mining mechanics.

3. At that time students' specialization was based on descriptive courses and elementary practical training. One of the best lecturers was AP. Karpinsky. His lectures on historical geology were very popular.

4. During his practical training Terpigorev visited mines and saw that the miners' work was very difficult. While he was working in the Donbas he collected material for his graduation paper which he soon defended. The Mining of flat seams in the Donbas was carefully studied and described in it.

5. In 1897 Terpigorev graduated from the Institute with a first-class diploma of a mining engineer.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 2, 3, 4.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. After school Terpigorev decided to work in a mine.

2. Terpigorev collected material for his graduation paper which dealt with mining thick seams in the Donbas.

3. For more than three years Terpigorev worked at the Sulin mines.

4. In 1887 Terpigorev graduated from the Institute with a first-class diploma of a mining engineer.

5. At that time students' specialization was based on descriptive courses and elementary practical training.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. When and where was Terpigorev born?

2. What institute did he graduate from?

3. What material did he collect while he was working in the Donbas?

4. When did Terpigorev graduate from the Institute?

5. What was studied and described in his graduated paper?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

поступить в институт решать важные проблемы выдающиеся исследователи успешно провести эксперименты выбрать профессию описательный курс происхождение железной руды

descriptive course to choose a profession to enter an institute to solve important problems outstanding (prominent) researchers to carry out experiments successfully

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

A.M. Terpigorev

1. His first job as a mining engineer was at the Sulin mines where he worked for more than three years first as Assistant Manager and later as Manager.

2. From 1900 till 1922 Terpigorev worked at the Yekaterinoslav Mining Institute (now the Mining Institute in Dnepropetrovsk).

3. In 1922 he accepted an offer to take charge ofthe mining chair at the Moscow Mining Academy and moved to Moscow. From 1930 he headed the chairs' of Mining Transport and Mining of Bedded Deposits at the Moscow Mining Institute.

4. Academician Terpigorev took a particular interest in mine safety. As a result of his investigations a series of safety measures in gassy collieries was worked out. For some time he was working on the problem of fire damp, the most harmful and dangerous of all the gases in mines.

5. His two-volume work Coal Mining and Mine Transport Facilities is a full description of the state of mechanization and the economy of the Donbas. His other works are about mining transport facilities, mechanization of coal mining and mining machinery. He is one of the pioneers in scientific methods of coal gasification.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. In 1922 Terpigorev accepted an offer to take charge of the mining chair at the Moscow Mining Institute.

2. He investigated the problems of mine safety.

3. He was one of the first to work on the problem of gasification of coal.

4. Academician Terpigorev took a particular interest in mine safety.

5. His two-volume work Coal Mining and Mine Transport Facilities is a full description of the state of mechanization and the economy of the Donbas.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Where did Terpigorev work from 1900 till 1922?

2. At what institute did Terpigorev head the chair of Mining Bedded Deposits?

3. What did Terpigorev take a particular interest in?

4. What works by Terpigorev do you know?

5. What problems do Terpigorev's works deal with?

6. What was the result of his investigations on mine safety?

Контрольная работа № 6

Тема “A.P. Karpinsky”.

Variant I

I. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

the Earth's crust prominent scientist deposits of useful minerals to make up a detailed map remarkable works to advance the view scientific society to head a Committee (to be at the head of a Committee) to lay the foundation of to elect chairman (president) to take an interest in geology

земная кора составить подробную карту замечательные работы выдающийся ученый залежи полезных ископаемых научное общество избирать председателя (президента) заложить основы школы интересоваться геологией высказать точку зрения возглавлять комитет

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

A.P. Karpinsky

1. V.A. Obruchev, I.M. Gubkin, A.Y. Fersman, V.I. Vernadsky and A. P. Karpinsky were the prominent Russian scientists who laid the foundation of the Russian school of geology and mining.

2. An entire epoch in the history of Russian geology is connected with Karpinsky's name. One of the greatest Russian geologists, he was a member and for some time President of the Academy of Sciences of the former USSR and a member of several Academies abroad.

3. The Geological Society of London elected him a foreign member in 1901. His greatest contribution to geology was a new detailed geological map of the European part of Russia and the Urals.

4. For many years he headed the Russian Geological Committee the staff of which was made up of his pupils. He was one of those geologists who embraced the whole of geological science.

5. He created the new stratigraphy of Russia. He studied the geological systems in various regions of the country and was the first to establish³ the regularity of the Earth's crust movement.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Karpinsky was the first President of the Academy of Sciences.

2. He worked at the Mining Institute in St.Petersburg.

3. Karpinsky was a member of many Academies abroad.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What society elected Karpinsky a foreign member and when?

2. Did he head the Russian Geological Committee or was he a member of that Committee?

3. Did Karpinsky investigate various regions of the Russian territory?

4. Which of his works are the most remarkable?

5. What can you say about Karpinsky's investigations in petrology?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

   земная кора составить подробную карту замечательные работы выдающийся ученый залежи полезных ископаемых научное общество избирать председателя (президента) заложить основы школы интересоваться геологией высказать точку зрения возглавлять комитет

   the Earth's crust prominent scientist deposits of useful minerals to make up a detailed map remarkable works to advance the view scientific society to head a Committee (to be at the head of a Committee) to lay the foundation of to elect chairman (president) to take an interest in geology

2. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

A.P. Karpinsky

1. His paleontological studies are of no less importance, especially those on palaeozoic ammonoids.

2. He also took an interest in deposits of useful minerals and gave a classification of volcanic rocks.

3. He advanced the view that petroleum deposits existed in Russian, which was confirmed later.

4. He studied some ore and platinum deposits and may be justly considered the founder of practical geology of the Urals.

5. He was the first Russian scientist who introduced microscope in the study of petrographic slides.

6. Karpinsky was a prominent scientist, an excellent man and citizen.

7. He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining Institute in his time.

8. He was also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

9. Students were attracted to him not only because he was a great scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.

10. Every geologist and every geology student knows very well Karpinsky's most significant work An Outline of the Physical and Geographical Conditions in European Russia in Past Geological Periods.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Karpinsky made up a detailed map of the Asian part of our country.

2. He headed the Russian Geological Committee.

3. Karpinsky created a new branch of geology, namely stratigraphy.

4. Karpinsky may be justly considered the founder of the practical geology of the Urals.

5. Students were attracted to him because he was a great scientist.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Which of his works are the most remarkable?

2. Who was the first Russian scientist who introduced microscope in the study of petrographic slide?

3. What kind of person was Karpinsy?

4. What was the most significant Karpinsky's work?

5. What deposits did exist in Russian?

Контрольная работа № 7

Тема “Sedimentary Rocks”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

coarse-grained sand siltstone and shale the destructive action of water existing rocks chemical decay sedimentary rocks stratified deposits preglacial period particles of a substance

разрушительная сила воды пластовые месторождения доледниковый период крупнозернистый(грубозернистый) песок частицы вещества алеврит и сланец существующие породы осадочные породы

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Sedimentary Rocks

1. Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earth.

2. Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified.

3. Thus, stratification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

4. It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

5. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

6. Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms.

7. Fig. 1 shows relative abundance¹ of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth's crust is made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary.

8. In contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 right).

Fig. 1. Relative abundance of sedimentary and igneous rocks

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main groups.

2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks.

3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified.

4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers.

5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What main groups of rocks do you know?

2. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing rocks?

3. How were igneous rocks formed?

4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?

5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sediments?

6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's crust?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

разрушительная сила воды алеврит и сланец доледниковый период пластовые месторождения крупнозернистый (грубозернистый) песок осадочные породы частицы вещества существующие породы химический распад

coarse-grained sand siltstone and shale the destructive action of water existing rocks chemical decay sedimentary rocks stratified deposits pre-glacial period particles of a substance

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Sedimentary Rocks

1. Sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust.

2. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks.

3. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth's surface.

4. The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place.

5. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay.

6. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.

7. Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated.

8. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles (grains).

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Sedimentary rocks form a large proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust.

2. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation of materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water.

3. Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated.

4. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments.

5. About three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment?

2. And what about sand and clay?

3. What are cementing substances?

4. Can calcium carbonate be used as a cementing substance?

5. Are there only fine-grained sandstones?

Variant III

I. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

coarse-grained sand siltstone and shale the destructive action of water existing rocks chemical decay sedimentary rocks stratified deposits preglacial period particles of a substance

разрушительная сила воды пластовые месторождения доледниковый период крупнозернистый (грубозернистый) песок частицы вещества алеврит и сланец существующие породы осадочные породы

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Sedimentary Rocks

1. On the Earth's surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance.

2. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others.

3. Thus sandstones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated.

4. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

5. On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of deposits or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water.

6. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral substances that are dissolved in water.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Sandstones are consolidated rocks.

2. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments.

3. Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical action of water.

4. Peat and coal are the organic sediments which are of great practical value.

5. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimentation period and clay was formed later.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What can you say about chemical sediments?

2. Can you give an example of organic sediments?

3. How are they formed?

Variant IV

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

разрушительная сила воды пластовые месторождения доледниковый период крупнозернистый (грубозернистый) песок частицы вещества алеврит и сланец существующие породы осадочные породы химический распад

coarse-grained sand the destructive action of water sedimentary rocks chemical decay pre-glacial period stratified deposits existing rockssiltstone and shale particles of a substance

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Sedimentary Rocks

1. Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.

2. They are called organic sediments.

3. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.

4. The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite.

5. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

6. As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Sediments can not be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.

2. The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate only.

3. Water, wind and organisms are called internal forces.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. How can sediments also be formed?

2. Why are water, wind and organisms called external forces?

3. What is the most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks?

Контрольная работа № 8

Тема “Weathering of Rocks”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

the Earth's surface to be composed of different minerals the expansion of rocks changes in temperature under the influence of heat weathering destructive forces a great number of fractures to penetrate into fissures

под влиянием тепла разрушительные силы выветривание большое количество трещин состоять из различных минералов расширение пород проникать в трещины изменения температуры поверхность земли

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Weathering of Rocks

1. All rocks which are exposed on the Earth's surface (high mountain peaks, deserts) are decomposed to a certain degree.

2. The process of rock disintegration by the direct influence of local atmospheric conditions on the Earth's surface is called weathering.

3. This phenomenon is often referred to in geology because weathering is an active process. It takes place in the upper layers of the Earth's crust.

4. The main cause of physical weathering is the change in temperature that takes place with the succession of day and night.

5. This phenomenon can best be observed in the deserts and high moun­tains where the changes in temperature are common.

6. During the day under the influence of heat, rocks expand whereas at night they begin to contract.

7. As rocks are generally composed of different minerals, their expansion and contraction do not occur uniformly. As a result of this rocks crack.

8. At the beginning these cracks or fissures are hardly noticeable but gradually they become wider and deeper until the whole surface of rock is finally transformed into gravel, sand or dust.

9. In the regions of a moderate or cold climate, where the temperature in winter goes down to below 0 (zero), the decomposition of rocks is greatly facilitated by the action of water.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The process of sedimentation is called weathering.

2. The change in temperature causes physical weathering.

3. As a rule during the night rocks expand.

4. When freezing water decreases in volume and develops enor­mous lateral pressure.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What process ia called weathering?

2. What process is called physical weathering?

3. Where can the phenomenon of physical weathering be best observed?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

1. увеличиваться в объеме 2. развивать боковое давление 3. способствовать разрушению пород 4. подвергаться гниению 5. растворять вещества 6. сопротивляться (чему-л.) 7. некоторые органические вещества 8. ускорять процесс выветривания 9. куски пород различных размеров

a) to facilitate the decomposition of rocks b) to increase in volume c) to resist (smth) d) rock pieces of varied (different) sizes e) to accelerate the process of weathering f) to be subjected to decay g) to dissolve substances h) to develop lateral pressure I) certain organic substances

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Weathering of Rocks

1. When water freezes it increases in volume and develops enormous lateral pressure. Under the action of water, rocks decompose to pieces of varied forms and sizes.

2. The decomposition of rocks under the direct influence of heat and cold is called physical weathering.

3. Rocks are subjected not only to physical decomposition but also to chemical weathering, i.e. to the action of chemical agents, such as water, carbon dioxide and oxygen.

4. In a general way, chemical weathering is an acid attack on the rocks of the Earth's crust, in particular an attack on the most abundant minerals — quartz (sand) and aluminosilicates (clays).

5. Only few minerals and rocks are resistant to the action of natural waters.

6. The solvent action of water is stronger when it contains carbon dioxide. Water causes more complex and varied changes.

7. With the participation of oxygen and carbon dioxide up to 90 per cent of rocks is transformed into soluble minerals, which are carried away by the waters.

8. Organisms and plants also take part in the disintegration of rocks. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks by making holes in them to live in. The action of plants can often be even more destructive.

9. Their roots penetrate into the fissures of rocks and develop the lateral pressure which fractures and destroys rocks.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The decomposition of rocks is due to the influence of heat and cold.

2. As a rule water contains_dissolved mineral substances.

3. The solvent action of water is stronger when it does not contain carbon dioxide.

4. It should be noticed that the action of organisms and plants is destructive.

5. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What process is called chemical weathering?

2. What substances can act as solvents?

3. Are all minerals and rocks resistant to the action of natural waters or only few minerals and rocks can resist the action of water?

4. How do organisms act on the destruction of rocks?

Контрольная работа № 9

Тема “Igneous Rocks”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

adjacent layers 2. abyssal rocks 3. dimensions of crystals 4. valuable minerals 5. shape and size of grains 6. mode of occurrence 7. coarse-grained 8. uplifts 9. zones of major deformation

способ залегания крупнозернистый зоны крупных нарушений абиссальные (глубинные) породы смежные пласты (слои) размеры кристаллов взбросы форма и размер зерен ценные минералы

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Igneous Rocks

1. Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma.

2. Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence.

3. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the Earth's surface.

4. The terms "intrusive" and "extrusive" refer to the place where rocks solidified.

5. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on their occurrence.

6. The intrusive rocks generally cool more slowly than the extrusive rocks and crystallize to a larger grain size.

7. The coarser-grained intrusive rocks with grain size of more than 0.5 mm called plutonic or abyssal are referred to as intrusive igneous rocks because they are intruded into older pre-existing rocks.

8. Extrusive or volcanic rocks have even finer grains, less than 0.05 mm and are glassy.

9. Exposed igneous rocks are most numerous in mountain zones for two reasons.

10. First, the mountain belts have been zones of major deformation.

11. Second, uplifts in mountain belts have permitted plutonic masses to be formed.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения

1,4, 5, 7, 8

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Igneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation.

2. Intrusive rocks have been formed by the cooling of rocks of the Earth's crust.

3. Extrusive rocks have been formed the same way.

4. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of occurrence.

5. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Which types of igneous rocks do you know?

2. Have igneous rocks crystallized from magma or have they been formed by

sedimentation?

3. What does the grain size of igneous rocks depend on?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний слов.

обломочные породы медленно остывать мелкозернистый многочисленные трещины неправильная форма на определенной глубине экономически важный научная ценность существующие типы пород

irregular shape at a certain depth economically important masses scientific value to cool slowly existing types of rocks fine-grained fragmentary rocks numerous cracks or fissures

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Igneous Rocks

1. The largest bodies of igneous rocks are called batholiths. Batholiths cooled very slowly.

2. This slow cooling permitted large mineral grains to form.

3. It is not surprising that batholiths are composed mainly of granitic rocks with large crystals called plutons.

4. As is known, granites and diorites belong to the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks formed by solidification of igneous mass under the Earth's crust.

5. Granites sometimes form smaller masses called stocks, when the occurrence has an irregular shape but smaller dimensions than the batholiths.

6. Laccoliths and sills, which are very similar, are intruded between sedimentary rocks.

7. Sills are thin and they may be horizontal, inclined or vertical. Laccoliths are thicker bodies and in some cases they form mountains.

8. Dykes are also intrusive bodies. They range in thickness from a few inches to several thousand feet.

9. Dykes are generally much longer than they are wide. Most dykes occupy cracks and have straight parallel walls.

10. These bodies cool much more rapidly and are commonly fine-grained. For example, granite may occur in dykes that cut older rocks.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения

1, 4, 5, 7, 8.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of occurrence.

2. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.

3. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks.

4. As a rule, granite may occur in dykes.

5. Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Can you give an example of intrusive or plutonic rocks?

2. Are diorites intrusive or extrusive formations?

3. What do you know about batholiths?

Variant III

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

adjacent layers 2. abyssal rocks 3. dimensions of crystals 4. valuable minerals 5. shape and size of grains 6. mode of occurrence 7. coarse-grained 8. uplifts 9. zones of major deformation

способ залегания крупнозернистый зоны крупных нарушений абиссальные (глубинные) породы смежные пласты (слои) размеры кристаллов взбросы форма и размер зерен ценные минералы

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Igneous Rocks

1. Dykes are also intrusive bodies. They range in thickness from a few inches to several thousand feet.

2. Dykes are generally much longer than they are wide. Most dykes occupy cracks and have straight parallel walls.

3. These bodies cool much more rapidly and are commonly fine-grained. For example, granite may occur in dykes that cut older rocks.

4. Pegmatites (quartz, orthoclase and mica) also belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks.

5. They occur in numerous veins which usually cut through other plutonites, most often granite, or adjacent rocks.

6. Extrusive igneous rocks have been formed from lava flows which come from fissures to the surface and form fields of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite, andesite,basalt, as well as volcanic ashes and dust, tuff, etc.

7. As a rule, these rocks of volcanic origin cool rapidly and are fine-grained. It is interesting to note that basalt is the mostabundant of all lavatypes.It is the principal rock type of the ocean floor.

8. Igneous rocks are rich in minerals that are important economically or have great scientific value. Igneous rocks and their veins are rich in iron, gold, zinc, nickel and other ferrous metals.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5, 7, 8

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.

2. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks.

3. As a rule, granite may occur in dykes.

4. Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Do pegmatites belong to the group of plutonic or volcanic rocks?

2. How do pegmatites occur?

3. What minerals are igneous rocks rich in?

Контрольная работа № 10

Тема “Metamorphic Rocks”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

as a result of the chemical and physical changes constituents of rocks to be subjected to constant development to undergo changes excess of water low-grade ores coal band to cleave into separate layers traces of original structure generally speaking

полоса (или прослоек) угля составляющие пород расщепляться на отдельные слои вообще говоря в результате химических и физических изменений избыток воды изменяться находиться в постоянном развитии низкосортные руды следы первоначальной структуры

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Metamorphic Rocks

1. The problem discussed concerns metamorphic rocks which compose the third large family of rocks. "Metamorphic" means "changed from".

2. It shows that the original rock has been changed from its primary form to a new one.

3. Being subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids beneath the Earth's surface, various rocks in the Earth's crust undergo changes in texture, in mineral composition and structure and are transformed into metamorphic rocks. The process described is called metamorphism.

4. As is known, metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of heat and pressure.

5. Gneisses, mica schists, phyllites, marbles, slate, quartz, etc. belong to the same group of rocks.

6. Having the same mineral composition as granite, gneisses consist chiefly of quartz, orthoclase and mica.

7. However unlike granite, they have a schistose structure. It means that their constituents are distributed in bands or layers and run parallel to each other in one direction.

8. If disturbed the rock cleaves easily into separate plates.The role of water in metamorphism is determined by at least four variable geologically related parameters: rock pressure, temperature, water pressure, and the amount of water present.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5, 7, 8.

2. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Generally speaking, metamorphic rocks have been developed from ores.

2. Marble, slate and phyllite belong to the group of metamorphic rocks.

3. As is known, unlike granite metamorphic rocks have a schis- , tose structure.

4. It is quite obvious that the role of water in metamorphism is great.

5. As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Do you know how metamorphic rocks have been formed?

2. Which rocks belong to the group of metamorphic?

3. Does gneiss have the same structure as granite?

4. Is the role of water great in metamorphism?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

иметь значение упомянутые выше сланцеватая структура в отличие от гранита недостаток воды существовавшие ранее породы слоистые породы мрамор и сланец гнейс давать возможность определять структуру

unlike granite to be of importance pre-existing rocks mentioned above schistose structure to give an opportunity (of doing smth) to define (determine) rock texture deficiency of water flaky rocks marble and slate gneiss

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Metamorphic Rocks

1. During a normal progressive metamorphism rock pressure and temperature are interdependent, and the amount of water and the pressure of water are related to the sediments and to the degree of metamorphism in such a way that, generally speaking, the low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the excess of water.

2. The medium-grade rocks defined by some deficiency of water and the high-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

3. Many of the metamorphic rocks mentioned above consist of flaky materials such as mica and chlorite.

4. These minerals cause the rock to split into thin sheets, and rocks become foliated.

5. Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss belong to the group of foliated metamorphic rocks.

6. Marble and quartzite are non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

7. The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance because it shows the nature of pre-existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation.

8. Every trace of original structure is of great importance to geologists.

9. It gives an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism.g often called crystalline schists, metamorphic rocks such as gneisses and mica have a schistose structure. Metamorphic rocks represent the oldest portion of the Earth's crust.

10. They are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts where great dislocations on the Earth once took place.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5, 7, 8

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

2. Flaky materials cause the rock to split into thin sheets.

3. It should be noted that marble and quartzite are foliated metamorphic rocks.

4. The structure of metamorphic rocks shows the nature of older pre - existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation as well.

5. All metamorphic rocks are non-foliated.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What rocks do we call foliated?

2. What can you say about non-foliated metamorphic rocks?

3. How can geologists trace the original structure of metamorphic rocks?

4. Why are metamorphic rocks often called crystalline schists?

Контрольная работа № 11

Тема “Fossil Fuels”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

fossil fuel raw material crude oil the chief sources of energy to refer to any direct or indirect evidence of the deposit shale and limestone carbon-containing materials wood and peat the small amount of mudstone

дерево и торф небольшое количество аргиллита органическое топливо сырье материалы, содержащие углерод главные источники энергии любые прямые или косвенные признаки месторождения сырая (неочищенная) нефть относиться к (чему-л.);

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Fossil Fuels

1. The chief sources of energy available to man today are oil, natu­ral gas, coal, water power and atomic energy.

2. Coal, gas and oil represent energy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials (plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels.

3. The word fossil (derived from the Latin fodere "to dig up") originally referred to anything that was dug from the ground, particularly a mineral.

4. Today the term fossil generally means any direct evidence of past life, for example, the footprints of ancient animals.

5. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well.

6. They are most abundant in mudstone, shale and limestone, but fossils are also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerate.

7. Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned in air. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different purposes.

8. Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be divided into two main groups, natural and manufactured.

9. The former category includes coal, wood, peat and other plant products.

10. The latter category includes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence of air.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5, 7, 8.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of energy available to man today.

2. Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.

3. As a rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels?

2. What does the word fossil mean?

3. What rocks are most abundant in fossil fuels?

4. What types of fossil fuels do you know?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

древесный уголь и кокс жидкое топливо накапливать собирать данные происходить от получать хорошие результаты богатый горючими сланцами состоять из известняков

a) to collect data b) charcoal and coke c) to be composed of limestones d) liquid fuel e) to accumulate f) to derive from g) to obtain good results h) abundant in oil shales

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Fossil Fuels

1. Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels.

2. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons — compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon — together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen.

3. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas.

4. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area.

5. Petroleum is one of the most efficient fuels and raw materials.

6. Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum.

7. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of fuels.

8. Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics.

9. Scientists consider that a most promising source of natural resources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has become an important field of research.

10. Generally speaking, all types of fossil fuels described in the text are of great economic importance as they represent the sources of energy the man uses today.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5, 7, 8.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.

2. Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.

3. Gas is used to produce synthetic materials.

4. Not all types of fossil fuels burn.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What rocks is petroleum usually associated with?

2. What are the advantages of gaseous fuels?

Контрольная работа № 12

Тема “Coal and Its Classification”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

spontaneous combustion moisture and ash content the most abundant variety of coal brilliant lustre in its turn the amount of volatile matter easily inflammable gas to smelt iron ore high-rank coal a smoky flame

а) легковоспламеняющийся газ b) высокосортный уголь c) плавить железную руду d) самовозгорание e) содержание влаги и золы f) дымное пламя g) наиболее широко распространенные угли h) яркий блеск i) в свою очередь j) количество летучих веществ

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Coal and Its Classification

1. Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed by the action of decay, weathering, the effects of pressure, temperature and time millions of years ago.

2. Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation processes are similar to those of sedimentary rocks.

3. Structurally coal beds are geological strata characterized by the same irregularities in thickness, uniformity and continuity as other strata of sedimentary origin. Coal beds may consist of essentially uniform continuous strata or like other sedimentary deposits may be made up of different bands or benches of varying thickness.

4. Like other sedimentary rocks coal beds may be structurally disturbed by folding and faulting.

5. According to the amount of carbon coals are classified into; brown coals, bituminous coals and anthracite. Brown coals are in their turn subdivided into lignite and common brown coal.

6. Although carbon is the most important element in coal, as many as 72 elements have been found in some coal deposits, in-| eluding lithium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, tungsten and others.

7. Lignite is intermediate in properties between peat and bituminous coal, containing when dry about 60 to 75 per cent of carbon | and a variable proportion of ash. Lignite is a low-rank brown-to-black coal containing 30 to 40 per cent of moisture. Developing heat it gives from 2,500 to 4,500 calories. It is easily inflammable but burns with a smoky flame. Lignite is liable to spontaneous combustion. It has been estimated that about 50 per cent of the world's total coal reserves are lignitic.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 7.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Anthracite coals may be divided into lignite and common brown coal.

2. Coals are ranked according to the percentage of carbon they contain.

3. Peat, with the least amount of carbon is the lowest rank, and then comes lignite or brown coal.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What is the classification of coal based on?

2. Is carbon the only element in coal?

3. Is lignite intermediate in properties between peat and bituminous coal?

4. What heat value does lignite develop when burnt?

5. What coals are liable to spontaneous combustion?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

тип угля некоксующийся уголь доменная печь содержание углерода смешиваться с другими углями улучшенного качества складировать уголь теплотворная способность быстро выветриваться

heat value amount of carbon coal rank to store coal to weather rapidly non-coking coal blast furnace of improved quality to blend with other coals

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Coal and Its Classification

1. Brown coal is harder than lignite, containing from 60 to 65 per cent of carbon and developing greater heat than lignite (4,000-7,000 calories). It is very combustible and gives a brown powder.

2. Bituminous coal is the most abundant variety, varying from medium to high rank. It is a soft, black, usually banded coal. It gives a black powder and contains 75 to 90 per cent of carbon. It weathers only slightly and may be kept in open piles with little danger of spontaneous combustion if properly stored.

3. Medium-to-low volatile bituminous coals may be of coking quality. Coal is used intensively in blast furnaces for smelting iron ore. There are non-coking varieties of coal. As for the thickness, the beds of this kind of coal are not very thick (1-1.5 metres). The great quantities of bituminous coal are found in the Russian Federation.

4. Anthracite or "hard" coal has a brilliant lustre containing more than 90 per cent of carbon and low percentage of volatile matter. It is used primarily as a domestic fuel, although it can sometimes be blended with bituminous grades of coal to produce a mixture with improved coking qualities. The largest beds of anthracite are found in Russia, the USA and Great Britain.

5. Coal is still of great importance for the development of modern industry. It may be used for domestic and industrial purposes. Being the main source of coke, coal is widely used in the iron and steel industry. Lignite, for example either in the raw state or in briquetted form, is a source of industrial carbon and industrial gases.

6. There is a strong tendency now for increased research into new technologies to utilize coal. No doubt, coal will be used as a raw material for the chemical industry and petrochemical processes. All these processes involve coal conversion which include gasification designed to produce synthetic gas from coal as the basis for hydrogen manufacture, liquefaction (разжижение) for making liquid fuel from coal and other processes.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 2, 4, 6.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Brown coal is hard and it is not liable to spontaneous combustion.

2. Bituminous coal weathers rapidly and one cannot keep it in open piles.

3. Being intensively used in the iron and steel industry bituminous coal varies from medium to high rank.

4. Anthracite or hard coal, the highest in percentage of carbon, can be blended with bituminous grades of coal.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Is bituminous coal high- or low-volatile?

2. Does anthracite contain 90 percent of carbon?

3. Where are the largest deposits of anthracite found?

4. And what can you say about bituminous coal?

5. What do you know about the utilization of coal?

Контрольная работа № 13

Тема “Prospecting”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

country rock panning the search for commercially useful deposits geological exploration to look for evidence of mineralization distinctive properties lustrous metal capable of attracting a piece of iron additional supplies of minerals 10. the occurrence of ore deposits

залегание рудных месторождений блестящий металл коренная (основная) порода доплнительные запасы минералов промывка (золотоносного песка в лотке) геологическая разведка (с попутной добычей) искать доказательства наличия месторождения отличительные свойства поиски экономически полезных месторождений способный притягивать кусок металла

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Prospecting

1. Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.

2. As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.

3. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.

4. As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 2.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving.

2. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral deposits.

3. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.

4. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What is prospecting?

2. What is proving?

3. How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?

4. Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal or as a heavy dark-grey one?

5. What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

стоимость геологических исследований выходить на поверхность (обнажаться) произвести предварительную оценку (месторождения) визуальные наблюдения с воздуха полученные данные галенит, песчаники и сланцы общие показания находить признаки месторождения определенные рудные месторождения

a) the data obtained b) galena, sandstones and shales c) the cost of geological investigations d) to crop out e) certain ore deposits f) to make a preliminary estimation (of a deposit) g) visual aerial observations h) to find the signs of a deposit I) general indications

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Prospecting

1. The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not.

2. Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

3. General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary depos- i its would be expected.

4. Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.

5. At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:

1. Surface geological and mineralogical prospecting such as panning.

2. Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.

6. Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to explore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.

7.In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. As a rale prospecting includes four stages.

2. The study of general topographical relief and the type of ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.

3. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground.

4. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What does prospecting work provide?

2. What are the three main stages of prospecting?

3. Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality for exposing this or that mineral?

4. What methods of prospecting do you know?

5. What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting now?

Контрольная работа № 14

Тема “Exploration of Mineral Deposits”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

bedded deposits core drilling 3.the angle of dip of the seam the thickness of overburden exploratory workings composition of minerals pits and crosscuts to exploit new oil deposits sampling 10. geological section

а) мощность наносов б) разрабатывать новые месторождения нефти в) шурфы и квершлаги г) пластовые месторождения д) опробование (отбор) образцов е) угол падения пласта ж) колонковое бурение з) геологический разрез (пород) и) состав минералов к) разведочные выработки

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Exploration of Mineral Deposits

1. Exploration is known to include a whole complex of investigations carried out for determining the industrial importance of a deposit. The main task is to determine the quality and quantity of mineral and the natural and economic conditions in which it occurs. The exploration of the deposit is divided into three stages, namely preliminary exploration, detailed exploration and exploitation exploration.

2. The aim of preliminary exploration is to establish the general size of a deposit and to obtain an approximate idea of its shape, dimensions and quality. At this stage the geological map of the deposit is corrected and a detailed survey of its surface is completed.

3. The information on the preliminary exploration is expected to give an all-round description of the deposit which will enable the cost of its detailed exploration to be estimated.

4. The following points should be taken into consideration: 1) the shape and area of the deposit, 2) its depth and angles of dip and strike; 3) its thickness; 4) the properties of the surrounding rock and overburden; 5) the degree of uniformity of distribution of the mineral within the deposit and the country rock, etc.

5. Preliminary explorations can make use of exploratory openings such as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts and boreholes. They are planned according to a definite system, and some are driven to a great depth.

6. All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These data allow the geologist to establish the vertical section of the deposit.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

IV. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. The purpose of preliminary exploration is to determine the mineral reserves and their distribution in the different sectors of the deposit.

2. The properties of the surrounding rock and overburden should be taken into consideration during the preliminary exploration.

3. The purpose of the detailed exploration is to find out the quantity (reserves) of the deposit.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What stages does exploration include?

2. What is the main purpose of preliminary exploration?

3. What should be taken into consideration by geologists during preliminary exploration?

4. What exploratory openings do you know?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

буровые скважины по простиранию пласта равномерность распределения минерала в залежи водоносность пород карбидные и алмазные коронки детальная разведка использовать новые поисковые методы проникать в залежь коренная порода

ground water conditions detailed exploration boreholes along the strike of the bed (seam) carbide and diamond bits the uniformity of mineral distrbution in the deposit the properties of surrounding rocks to make use of new prospecting methods country rock o penetrate intc me deposit

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Exploration of Mineral Deposits

1. The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the basis of analyses and tests of samples taken from exploratory workings.

2. The method of exploration to be chosen in any particular case depends on the thickness of overburden, the angle of dip, the surface relief, the ground water conditions and the shape of the mineral deposit.

3. The task of the detailed exploration is to obtain reliable information on the mineral reserves, their grades and distribution in the different sectors of the deposit. Detailed exploration data provide a much more exact estimate of the mineral reserves.

4. Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon as mining operations start. It provides data for detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections. It facilitates the planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

5. The searching and discovering of new mineralized areas are based on geological survey and regional geophysical prospecting. The results of these investigations provide data on iron-bearing formations and new deposits for commercial extraction.

6. In detailed exploration both underground workings and borehole survey are used. Core drilling with diamond and carbide bits is widely used. Non-core drilling is also used in loose rocks in combination with borehole geophysical survey.

7. One of the main methods to explore coal deposits is also core-drilling. Modern drilling equipment makes it possible to accurately measure bed thickness and determine structure of beds, faults and folds. Recording control instruments are attached to drilling rigs which allow the geologists to get reliable samples good for nearly all parameters of coal quality to be determined.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Exploitation exploration facilitates the planning of current production.

2. Both core drilling and non-core drilling are widely used.

3. Recording control instruments allow geologists to get reliable ore samples.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Do you know how the quality of the mineral deposit is determined?

2. What is the aim of a detailed exploration?

3. Is core drilling used in prospecting for loose rocks?

4. What is drilling equipment used for?

Контрольная работа № 15

Тема “General Information on Mining”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

direct access to the surface open-cast mining tabular (or bedded) deposits oil well underground workings cross-section of a working production face the roof of the mine working to drive mine workings in barren rock to affect the mining method

a) нефтяная скважина b) проходить горные выработки по пустой породе c) влиять на метод разработки d) прямой доступ к поверхности f) пластовые месторождения g) открытая разраблтка h) поперечное сечение выработки I) подземные выработки j) очистной забой k) кровля горной выработки

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

General Information on Mining

As has been said, mining refers to actual ore extraction. Broadly speaking, mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth's crust. The term "mining" includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells; metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and other hydrocarbons from the earth. In other words, the work done to extract mineral, or to prepare for its extraction is called mining.

1. The tendency in mining lias been towards the increased use of mining machinery so that modern mines are characterized by tremendous capacities. This has contributed to: 1) improving working conditions and raising labour productivity; 2) the exploitation of lower-grade metal-bearing substances and 3) the building of mines of great dimensions.

2. Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries, opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode of occurrence of the sought-for metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practised. The problem of depth also affects the mining method. If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a shallow site and is massive, it may be economically excavated by a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. If the metal-bearing mass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneath the surface, then it will be worked by some method of underground mining.

3. Working or exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral. With this point in view a number of underground workings is driven in . barren (waste) rock and in mineral. Mine workings vary in shape, dimensions, location and function.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. As a rule, the term “mining” include the recovery of oil and gas from wells as coal, iron ores and other useful minerals from the earth.

2. The increased use of mining machinery has greatly contributed to raising labour productivity and improving working conditions.

3. It is quite obvious that the problem of depth is not always taken into consideration in choosing the mining method.

4. Productive workings are usually used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What is mining?

2. What has contributed to the better working conditions of the miners?

3. What factors influence the choice of the mining method?

4. In what case is useful mineral worked by open pits?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

способствоать чему-л. размер ствола извлекать, добывать (уголь) штреки и квершлаги пустая порода вообще говоря удалять, премещать(крепь, вскрышу и др.) с целью … подготовительные работы мощность пласта

a) thickness of a seam b) shaft dimension c) with a view to d) to contribute to smth. e) development work f) to remove (timber, overburden, etc.) g) drifts (gate roads) and crosscuts h) generally speaking I) to recover (coal) j) waste (barren) rock

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

General Information on Mining

1. Depending on their function mine workings are described as exploratory, if they are driven with a view to finding or proving mineral, and as productive if they are used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral. Productive mining can be divided into capital investment work, development work, and face or production work. Investment work aims at ensuring access to the deposit from the surface. Development work prepares for the face work, and mineral is extracted (or produced) in bulk.

2. The rock surfaces at the sides of workings are called the sides, or in coal, the ribs. The surface above the workings is the roof in coal mining while in metal mining it is called the back. The surface below is called the floor.

3. The factors such as function, direct access to the surface, driving in mineral or in barren rock can be used for classifying mine workings:

I. Underground workings:

a) Long or deep by comparison with their cross-section may. be: 1) vertical (shaft, blind pit); 2) sloping (slopes, sloping drifts, inclines); 3) horizontal (drifts, levels, drives, gate roads, adits, crosscuts).

b) Large openings having cross dimensions comparable with their length.

c) Production faces, whose dimensions depend on the thickness of the deposit being worked, and on the method of mining it.

II. Opencasts.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Underground workings are driven in barren rock or in mineral.

2. A shaft is a vertical underground working which is long and deep in comparison with its cross-section.

3. The surface above the mine working is usually called the floor.

4. The rock surface at the sides of mine workings are called the ribs.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Are exploratory workings driven with a view to finding and proving mineral or are they driven for immediate extration of mineral?

2. What is the difference between development and production work?

3. What main factors are used for classifying mine workings?

4. What do the dimentions of production faces depend on?

Контрольная работа № 16

Тема “Methods of Working Bedded Deposits Underground”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

development face great losses shield method of mining continuopus mining longwall advancing to the dip the room-and-pillar method of mining to open up a deposit pillar mining to satisfy the requirements to depend upon the geological conditions

a) Сплошная система разработки b) выемка целиком c) подготовительный забой d) большие потери e) удовлетворять потребностям f) зависеть от геологических условий g) выемка лавами прямым ходом по падению h) щитовая система разработки i) вскрывать месторождение g) камерно-столбовая система разработка

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Methods of Working Bedded Deposits Underground

1. The method of working (or method of mining) includes a definite sequence and organization of development work of a deposit, its openings and its face work in certain geological conditions. It depends on the mining plan and machines and develops with their improvements.

2. A rational method of working should satisfy the following requirements in any particular conditions: 1) safety of the man; 2) maximum output of mineral; 3) minimum development work (per 1,000 tons output); 4) minimum production cost and 5) minimum losses of mineral.

3. Notwithstanding the considerable number of mining methods in existence, they can be reduced to the following main types: 1. Methods of working with long faces (continuous mining); 2. Methods of working with short faces (room-and-pillar).

4. The characteristic feature of the continuous mining is the absence of any development openings made in advance of production faces. The main advantage of long continuous faces is that they yield more mineral. Besides, they allow the maximum use of combines (shearers), cutting machines, powered supports and conveyers. The longwall method permits an almost 100 per cent recovery of mineral instead of 50 to 80 per cent obtainable in room-and-pillar methods.

5. The basic principle of room-and-pillar method is that rooms from 4 to 12 metres wide (usually 6-7) are driven from the entries, each room is separated from each other by a rib pillar. Rib pillars are recovered or robbed after the rooms are excavated. The main disadvantage of shortwall work is a considerable loss of mineral and the difficulty of ventilation. In working bedded deposits methods of mining mentioned above may be used either with stowing or with caving.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. A definite sequence and organization of development work is called mining.

2. Mining methods in existence can be reduced to the two main types.

3. The depth and the shape of the deposit influence the choice of the method of working.

4. As is known, in Belgium all the faces are short now, in Great Britain they amount to 84 per cent.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What factors does mining depend on?

2. What is mining?

3. What are the most important factors which affect the choice of the method of working?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

включать (в себя) выемка лавами обратным ходом достигать 50% превышать 60% безопасность годовая добыча основной недостаток системы разработки под-этаж крутопадающий пласт щитовая система разработки предложить новый способ разработки в связи с трпудностями не смотря на вскрывать месторождение

a) safety b) annual output c) to involve d) to propose a new method of mining e) longwall retraiting f) in connection with difficulties g) to exceed 60 per cent h) notwithstanding (in spite of) i) to reach 50 per cent j) the main disadvantage of the method of mining k) sublevel l) the shield method of mining m) open up deposit n) steep seam

II. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Methods of Working Bedded Deposits Underground

1. In Russia, Germany (the Ruhr coal-field), France and Belgium nearly all the faces are now long ones. In Britain longwall faces predominate.

2. The USA, Canada, Australia and to some extent India are developing shortwall faces and creating the machines for them. In these countries shortwall faces are widely used.

3. In Russia the thick seams are taken out to full thickness up to 4.5 m thick if they are steep, and up to 3.5 m thick if they are gently sloping or inclined. In the Kuznetsk coal-field long faces are worked to the dip with ashield protection, using a method proposed by N.Chinakal. In shield mining coal is delivered to the lower working by gravity so that additional haulage is not required.

4. It should also be noted that in Russia hydraulic mining is widely used as it is one of the most economic and advantageous methods of coal getting. New hydraulic mines are coming into use in a number of coal-fields. Hydraulic mining is developing in other countries as well.

5. The aim of hydraulic mining is to remove coal by the monitors (or giants) which win coal and transport it hydraulically from the place of work right to the surface.

6. It is quite obvious that the choice of the method of mining will primarily depend on the depth and the shape and the general type of the deposit.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. As is known, in Belgium all the faces are short now, in Great Britain they amount to 84 per cent.

2. In Australian collieries shortwall faces are widely used.

3. The room-and-pillar method is characterized by the
   absence of any development openings.

4. N. Chinakal worked out the shield method of mining which is used in Kuzbas.

5. High-capacity monitors win coal and transport it hydrauli-cally right to the surface.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Do short faces or long faces predominate in Russia? What can you say about the Ruhr coal-field?

2. Is Canada developing shortwall faces or longwall faces? What can you say about the USA?

3. What are the main disadvantages of shortwall faces?

4. What are the two main methods of working?

5. What is the main advantage of long continuous faces?

6. What methods of mining long faces do you know?

7. What method of mining is characterized by the absence of development openings?

Контрольная работа № 17

Тема “Open-cast Mining”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

to consume energy friable roof waste heap (spoil heap) sludge and gravel pumps automatic dumper mounted drill explosives overcasting slicing method not to mention ...

а) автоматический опрокид b) не говоря о (чем-л.) c) перфоратор на колонке d) слоевая система разработки e) слабая кровля f) потреблять энергию g) отвал, террикон h) песковый и шламовый насосы I) взрывчатые вещества j)перелопачивание

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Open-cast Mining

1. Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open-cast mining which is cheaper than underground mining. Open-cast mining consists in removing the overburden, and other strata that lie above mineral or fuel deposits to recover them.

2. Opencasts or open-pit mines are in fact quarries for getting coal or metalliferous minerals. In the USA opencasts are called strip mines (strip pits).

All the surface excavations, waste heaps and equipment needed for extracting mineral in the open form an independent mining

1. In opencasts the excavation is by horizontal slices corresponding to the type of mineral or overburden in slice. In Fig. 9 one can see the benches (or slices). A bench is a thickness of rock or mineral which is separately broken or excavated. Other open workings are called trenches, which are long, narrow, shallow exploratory workings.

2. The whole production process in opencasts can be divided into the following basic stages: 1) preparing the site to be worked; 2) de-watering it and preventing inflows of water to the site; 3) providing access (entry) to the deposit by the necessary permanent investment; 4) removal of overburden (stripping); 5) mineral excavation.

3. Stripping the overburden and mineral production include breaking rock or mineral, transporting it and loading it.

4. Minerals can often be dug directly by earth-moving equipment, while to break hard rocks it is necessary to use explosives.

5. Modern methods of working opencasts involve the use of mechanical plants or hydraulicking. The basic units of a mechanical plant are excavators, car drills or other mounted drills, and various mechanical handling equipment whereas the basic units of hydraulicking are monitors, pumps such as sludge pumps or gravel pumps. Hydraulicking can be used in soft or friable ground.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 3, 7.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. An opencast is a long, shallow, narrow exploratory working.

2. Explosives are used for excavating hard rocks.

3. Monitors, different types of pumps and other handling
equipment are the basic units used in open-cast operations.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What deposits can be extracted by the open-cast method?

2. What is called an opencast?

3. What is the difference between a trench and an opencast?

4. Is the removal of overburden the first operation in open-cast mining?

5. In what case is it necessary to use explosives to break mineral?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

участок (место) внешнее отвалообразование открытая разработка, вскрыша агрегат (установка) углемойка вскрыша; покрывающие породы гидродобыча грузовик привлекать чье-л. внимание 10.восстановление ландшафта

a) washery b) overburden c) site d) sidecasting e) lorry (truck) f) to attract smb's attention g) landscape restoration h) unit i) stripping j) hydraulicking

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Open-cast Mining

1. Transport operations involve the removal of waste rock or mineral, the latter being transported to coal washeries, ore concentration plants, to power stations, or to a railway station. Waste rock is removed to a spoil heap or dump (tip) either outside the deposit or in an extracted area, these being called external or internal dumps, respectively.

2. The transport used in opencasts are rail cars, large lorries, and conveyers. Sometimes the overburden is stripped and dumped by excavators without other transport, in overcasting or sidecasting.

3. Mineral is usually unloaded at specially equipped permanent stations. Waste rock is dumped at various points which are moved as the work develops.

4. Summing up, mention should be made of the fact that last decades have seen a marked trend towards open-cast operations. Large near-surface (though usually low-grade) deposits offer the possibility of achieving greater outputs. There can be little doubt that the cost per ton of ore mined by underground methods is generally higher than that for open-cast mining.

5. At the same time it is necessary to say that although efforts are made to develop mine sites in harmony with the environment, extraction methods produce some disturbances on the Earth's surface which reduce its economic value. In recent years Russia and other countries have developed national programmes for environmental protection. The aim of such programmes applicable to the mining industry is to control and protect natural resources and regulate reclamation and landscape restoration.

III. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 4, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Waste rock is always removed to a spoil heap outside the deposit.

2. Large near-surface, usually low-grade deposits are extracted by the open-cast method.

3. Open-cast mining has all the advantages of low-cost production.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. Is hydraulicking used only in open-cast mining?

2. What equipment is used in hydraulicking?

3. What transport systems are used in opencasts?

4. Where is waste rock dumped?

5. What is the main advantage of open-cast mining?

Контрольная работа № 18

Тема “Ore Mining”.

Variant I

1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

block caving crashing and drying power shovel grabbing to range (from ... to) remote control shrinkage stoping waste heap 9. cutter-loader 10. overcasting and side-casting 11.stripping operations

a) породный отвал, терриконик b) открытые горные работы, вскрыша c) блоковое (этажное) оборудование d) дробление и сушка e) врубо-погрузочная машина, горный комбайн f) колебаться (в определенных пределах) g) погрузка грейфером h) дистанционное управление i) выемка системой с магазинированием g) механическая лопата, экскаватор k) перелопачивание и внешнее отвалообразование

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Ore Mining

1. As has already been said mining is a branch of industry which deals with the recovery of valuable minerals from the interior of the Earth.

2. When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit, they are called ore deposits. Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non-metallic minerals such as building materials (sand, stone, etc.).

3. In choosing the methods of working ore deposits one must take into consideration the following main factors: 1) the shape of the deposit; 2) the dimensions of the deposit in thickness, along the strike and down the dip; 3) the type of ore and the distribution of metal in the ore body.

4. The shape of the ore deposit affects the mining method. Besides, the contact of the deposit with the country rock is of great importance.

5. According to their angle of dip the deposits are divided into gently sloping (up to 25°), inclined (25-45°) and steep deposits (45-90°). The thickness of ore deposits also varies. They may be very thin (from 0.7-0.8 m to 20 m) and extremely thick (more than 20 m).

6. One must say that a rational method of mining ensures the following: 1) safety; 2) minimum cost of production; 3) minimum losses of ore; 4) rate of extraction.

7. In metal mining as well as in mining bedded deposits preliminary activities (before mining) involve prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 2, 3, 5.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. Ore deposits may be called economically workable natural concentrations of minerals.

2. It is quite enough to take into consideration the shape of the deposit for choosing its method of working.

3. The thickness of ore deposits is a constant value.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What minerals do we usually call economic?

2. Is the type of ore the only factor which the engineer takes into consideration in choosing the methods of working ore deposits?

3. What does a rational method of mining guarantee?

4. What does before mining activity include?

Variant II

1. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

породный отвал, терриконик открытые горные работы, вскрыша блоковое (этажное) оборудование дробление и сушка врубо-погрузочная машина, горный комбайн колебаться (в определенных пределах) погрузка грейфером дистанционное управление выемка системой с магазинированием механическая лопата, экскаватор перелопачивание и внешнее отвалообразование

block caving crashing and drying power shovel grabbing to range (from ... to) remote control shrinkage stoping waste heap cutter-loader overcasting and side-casting stripping operations

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

Ore Mining

1. After exploration has provided information on the shape and size of a deposit and its general geological characteristics, site development for mining begins. Mine development depends largely upon the kind of ore body and the mining method to be applied. As a rule mine development work involves development drilling; access road construction; clearing and grubbing; adit, slope or shaft development; overburden removal, construction of facilities such as concentration (dressing, processing) plants, etc. The different type of equipment required range from small, simple units such as backhoes and dump trucks to earth-movers, draglines and power shovels.

2. Mining operations begin with excavation work (blasting or separating portions of rock from the solid mass), loading, hauling and hoisting of the rock to the surface and supporting mine workings.

3. Generally speaking, the working of an ore deposit involves opening up, development, blocking out and stoping operations, the basic stoping methods in use now being open stoping, room and pillar mining, shrinkage stoping, block caving and others.

4. After ores are mined or dredged, they are usually processed (crushed, concentrated or dried).

5. Extraction processes can be done by underground or open-cast mining. The main trend has been toward low-cost open-cast mining.

1. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме предложения 1, 2.

1. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют (+), а какие не соответствуют (-) содержанию текста.

1. As a rule exploration provides information for mining.

2. Equipment of various types and capacities is readily available for rock excavation and it includes power shovels, backhoes, draglines, bucket wheel excavators, etc.

3. After mining or dredging ores are usually processed, crushed or dried.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно, используя предложения из текста:

1. What processes does development work involve?

2. What basic stoping methods are in use now?

3. What are the main methods of working bedded deposits?

4. Is underground or open-cast mining preferable now? Why?

5. Can you give a few examples of the largest enterprises producing ores in the country?

Список используемой литературы

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский для технических вузов/ И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Ковалева. Изд. 9-е. – Ростовн/Д: Феникс, 2007. – 349 с .

2. Айзенкоп С.М., Багадасарова Л.В., Васина Н.С., Глущенко И.Н. Научно-технический перевод. Английский язык. Для школ и лицеев. Изд. 4-е, исправленное и дополненное.- Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2008. - 352 с.

3. Баракова М.Я., Журавлёва Р.И. Английский язык для горных инженеров: Учебн./ Баракова М.Я., Журавлёва Р.И. – 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Высш. Шк., 2007. – 288 с.

Оглавление

Контрольная работа № 1 3

Тема “The first Mining school in Russia”. 3

Variant I 3

Variant II 4

Variant III 5

Контрольная работа № 2 6

Тема “Mining and Geological Higher education in Russia”. 6

Variant I 6

Variant II 8

Variant III 9

Контрольная работа № 3 10

Тема “Mining Education in Great Britain”. 10

Variant I 11

Variant II 12

Variant III 13

Variant IV 14

Variant V 15

Variant VI 17

Контрольная работа № 4 18

Тема “Technical Higher Education in the USA”. 18

Variant I 18

Variant II 19

Контрольная работа № 5 20

Тема “A.M. Terpigorev”. 20

Variant I 20

Variant II 22

Контрольная работа № 6 23

Тема “A.P. Karpinsky”. 23

Variant I 23

Variant II 24

Контрольная работа № 7 26

Тема “Sedimentary Rocks”. 26

Variant I 26

Variant II 27

Variant III 29

Variant IV 30

Контрольная работа № 8 31

Тема “Weathering of Rocks”. 31

Variant I 31

Variant II 32

Контрольная работа № 9 34

Тема “Igneous Rocks”. 34

Variant I 34

Variant II 35

Variant III 36

Контрольная работа № 10 38

Тема “Metamorphic Rocks”. 38

Variant I 38

Variant II 39

Контрольная работа № 11 41

Тема “Fossil Fuels”. 41

Variant I 41

Variant II 42

Контрольная работа № 12 44

Тема “Coal and Its Classification”. 44

Variant I 44

Variant II 45

Контрольная работа № 13 47

Тема “Prospecting”. 47

Variant I 47

Variant II 48

Контрольная работа № 14 50

Тема “Exploration of Mineral Deposits”. 50

Variant I 50

Variant II 51

Контрольная работа № 15 53

Тема “General Information on Mining”. 53

Variant I 53

Variant II 54

Контрольная работа № 16 56

Тема “Methods of Working Bedded Deposits Underground”. 56

Variant I 56

Variant II 57

Контрольная работа № 17 59

Тема “Open-cast Mining”. 59

Variant I 59

Variant II 60

Контрольная работа № 18 62

Тема “Ore Mining”. 62

Variant I 62

Variant II 63

Список используемой литературы 65

2