Модальные глаголы

Тема 10. MODALS

1. Use the correct form of the verb (non-progressive or progressive, non-perfect or perfect) in brackets.

1. He can’t be watching us, he’s just looking this way. 2. You should _have been__ (watching) the children all the time! 3. We ought to ___ (watch) our step. They expect us to make a mistake. 4. Sorry, I must __be (leaving), it’s nearly midnight. 5. Dan, you must ___ (leave) Sarah alone. You must. 6. Well, well, you must _have_ (left) the door unlocked, young man. That’s how they got in. 7. She shouldn’t __have_ (left) the money in the kitchen. Naturally, it was stolen. 8. You needn’t ___ (worry), I’ll be OK. 9. We needn’t _have__ (worried after all. He proved to be a responsible man. 10. She must _have been__ (worrying) about it for ages. Why didn’t she ever tell anybody about it?

2. Choose between

A must, should/ought to, have/had to, is/are/was/were to, need to.

1. The hospitals were to___ look after the wounded and disabled but they couldn’t really because of the numerous injuries. 2. I know parents _must__ look after small children, but I simply have no time for that! 3. The doctor _is to__ tell him the news, it’s the doctor’s responsibility. 4. I knew we would _have to_ surrender. 5. I had to___ tell him the truth. There was no other way out. 6.They’ll have to___ surrender sooner or later. 7. Who _was to__ look after the wounded but didn’t? 8. ___Did you really have to___ surrender so soon? You didn’t even try to fight. 9. How long __should we keep from telling him the truth? What’s the best way? 10. We surrendered because we _had to__.

B mustn’t, shouldn’t, needn’t/didn’t need to/needn’t have, are/is/was/were not to, shouldn’t have, don’t/didn’t/ have to.

1. You __mustn’t_ tell so many lies, it’s awful! 2. You __shouldn’t_ tell so many lies, it’s shameful. 3. You __needn’t_ tell us so much, we can guess a lot. 4. You _shouldn’t have__ told a lie, it killed him. 5. We needn’ttell him anything, he knows everything. 6. We _mustn’t___ tell him everything. He is still so weak! 7. We __needn’t havetold him anything! He already knew the truth. 8. You __shouldn’t have_ told him that lie, he could have faced the truth. 9. In court you _mustn’t__ tell lies. You swear to tell the truth. 10. We __shouldn’t_ tell too many lies, though it’s often difficult to tell the truth.

3. Think of the meaning of the sentence and choose modal verbs which can render this meaning. Translate the sentences.

4. Correct the mistakes, if any.

1. Youmustn’tneedn’tstand up, it isn’t necessary.

2. The old ought to be respected and loved.

3. She had to move the furniture herself, didn’t she?

4. You need toshouldhave your hair cut.

5. You mustn’t have taken your father’s car.

6. Shall we start? – Yes, do, please.

7. Need we get up so early?

8. She was to come at five, but she was busy.

9. Did they really have to be so rude after all?

10. You needn’t rewrite the composition, it’s neat enough.

11. It’s 9 o’clock and Alice is still out. Alice should have come home already, she knows we are waiting.

12. It’s 9 o’clock, Alice may have come home already, she usually comes home by this time.

13. He should have contacted us, as soon as his plan changed.

14. He said we must keep quiet.

15. She was to do it in writing, but she did it orally.

16. She should have been told everything, she had the right to know.

17. You must be reading the wrong text; we are on the next page already.

18. You should have seen her in her youth!

19. You must have misunderstood me.

20. You need n’t have knocked twice; I was already unlocking the door.

Тема 12. Verbals Infinitive

1. Change the form according to the name.

2. Use “to” before infinitives where necessary.

1. Life made him change greatly. He simply had. 2. Let’s forget it. – I’d be glad but I can’t. 3. Why not take another seat? Why stay here if it’s uncomfortable? 4. Nobody saw me enter the house. I tried hard remain unnoticed. 5. Help me move the table. I won’t be able do it by myself. 6. I’d like protest but I’m afraid. I ought be braver. 7. He was heard say something quietly to the policeman. 8. We had nothing do but wait and wait and wait. 9. Here’s your book. I intended return it sooner, I really meant. 10. She got her husband buy her a pink coat, though he couldn’t really afford buy things like that.

11. You’d better not interfere. Let them solve their problem by themselves. 12. Me – marry a poor man? – Never. 13. They wanted sell their house and buy a cottage in the country. 14. Cut a long story short, they didn’t allow me sell any part of it. 15. What he did was only stare at her silently. 16. She ought have consulted someone, but had no one trust. 17. Why not put it off?There’s too much be done. 18. Did they let her have a key? Did they want it be stolen? 19. We couldn’t – but give in. We were made retire. 20. He had ask her help him clear the mess.

21. Nobody is allowed make copies. You can’t get me let you have it your way. 22. You needn’t ask for permission. You are sure get it. 23. He felt the child shudder and patted his shoulder calm him down. 24. I didn’t want reply then, nor do I want now. 25. Be sure, he failed again. He’ll have retake the exam. – He is not going. 26. He hoped escape, but he was seen leave the building and hail a taxi. 27. They expect you call soon. – I suppose I’ll have. But I don’t think I’ll be able see them soon, I don’t go out as much as I used. 28. I’d like you say it again and again. – I shall, if you wish me. 29. Did you really need pay so much?

3. Fill in the blanks with a suitable form of the infinitive.

1. I can hardly explain it, though perhaps it can ___ (explain). 2. She must ___ (be) beautiful when they met. 3. He is supposed to ___ (work) at a new book but he is wasting his time at restaurants and clubs. 4. You seem to ___ (forget) about our meeting. And you don’t even apologize. 5. They should ___ (watch) the criminal all the time. 6. I’m so dreadfully sorry to ___ (bother) you that way. 7. You shouldn’t ___ (put) the key into the hip pocket. Who is to blame? 8. She must ___ (live) a very hard life, judging by her aged wrinkled face. 9. The opportunity was too good to ___ (miss). 10. You are lucky to ___ (avoid) the punishment. It was unpleasant enough.

4. Complete the translation.

1. The door was to (надобылооткрыть) at two. 2. It was pleasant to (ужинатьдома) again. 3. He seems to (читает) my thoughts all my life. 4. She wanted to (чтобыееуважали). 5. He seemed to (читает) my thoughts, and I stopped talking. 6. They must (наблюдают) her right now. 7. The door should (надобылозакрыть) after you came in. 8. I don’t want my thoughts (чтобыможнобылочитать) very easily. 9. Something strange seemed to (случилось) since my arrival, I could feel the change. 10. The train can’t (отправился) yet.

5. Complete using infinitives or complexes with the infinitive.

1. If you’re hungry, why not ___. 2. He saw a dollar and stopped ___. 3. I’m not too old ___. 4. I’ve never seen a shop-assistant ___. 5. When my husband is against something, I can’t but ___. 6 All our parents want is ___. 7. If you’re hungry, you’d better not ___. 8. Our country is reported ___. 9. Some people never make ___. 10. Are the police allowed ___.

11. My parents have never let me ___. 12. Nobody can make me ___. 13. Students get examiners ___. 14. We are thirsty. Do you happen ___.15. In his childhood Dad used ___. 16. I’m not clever enough to ___. 17. My dog is clever enough not ___. 18. A poor man has nothing ___. 19. A stray dog can do nothing but ___. 20. Ourcountryisaboutto ___.

6. Translate.

1. Кто ушел последним? 2. Мы все рождены, чтобы нас любили. 3. Я жду, чтобы ты ушла. 4. Она перестала жевать, чтобы ответить. 5. Вам есть что внести в декларацию? 6. Они были настолько любезны, что проинформировали нас вовремя. 7. Ему не было необходимости пересдавать экзамен. 8. Здесь нечего искать. 9. Он вмешался, как будто для того, чтобы навредить нам. 10. Объявили, что самолет потерпел крушение. 11. Он не тот, на кого можно рассчитывать. 12. Так эту песню не выучишь. 13. Посмотреть на него, подумаешь, он-то никого не боится. 14. Она почти не приходит в институт, разве только поболтать да перекусить в буфете. 15. Покажи, как заполнить бланк. 16. Скажи мне, где заказать билет. 17. Пусть это вас не беспокоит. 18. Поторопи их, чтобы сдавали работы. 19. Он слишком ленив, чтобы регулярно учиться. 20. Их заставили пересдавать. 21. Я не хочу, чтобы тебя наказывали. 22. Ты когда-нибудь видела, чтобы он курил? 23. Объявили, что самолет садится. 24. Вскоре увидели, что его увозят в больницу. 25. Я никогда не слышала, чтобы она ругалась. 26. Считают, что он когда-то совершил преступление, но избежал наказания. 27. Мне не терпится, чтобы ты о нашей помолвке рассказал родителям. 28. Я бы предпочла, чтобы документ перепечатали заново. 29. Он не почувствовал, как она содрогнулась при этих словах. 30. Я недостаточно знаю немецкий, чтобы любой мог меня понять.

Тема 12. Verbals

Gerund

1. Change the form according to the meaning.

2. Insert the proper variant of the ing-form.

1. How long did they keep you ____ (wait)? 2. It seemed he didn’t mind ___ (keep) waiting. 3. I regret ___ (tell) the truth. It hurt everybody’s feelings. 4. Who suggested ___ (skip) the lecture? 5. Do you like ___ (cook)? 6. Nobody would enjoy ___ (cook). Neither do pigs. 7. I object to ___ (question) this way. 8. They lost the game in spite of ___ (train) very hard. 9. I’m not used to ___ (stare) at. 10. I’m getting used to ___ (live) alone. 11. All of us like ___ (praise), don’t we? 12. ___ (wait) in vain for several hours, he was not likely to be patient.

3. Complete, using gerunds as prepositional objects.

1. Drivers can hardly accuse traffic policemen of ___2. I’m thinking of___. 3. The mark depends on our ___. 4. Can we rely on men ___. 5. Most businessmen succeed in ___. 6. Some business men succeed by ___ 7. We all look forward to ___. 8. Laziness prevents us from ___. 9 We should thank our parents for ___. 10. We can hardly count on the government ___.

11. Some people suspect their neighbours of ___. 12. Some wives blame their husbands for ___. 13. Should teachers praise students for ___. 14. Customers sometimes accuse shop assistants of ___. 15. I only help my parents in ___.16. I help my parents by ___. 17. Should the university punish students for ___. 18. Examiners have no difficulty in ___. 19. We can ironically congratulate people on ___. 20. Even brave people are afraid of ___.

21. Few people are aware of ___. 22. Nobody seems to be responsible for ___. 23. I’m sick and tired of ___. 24. Teenagers are keen only on ___. 25. Are politicians sorry about ___. 26. Russian girls are not accustomed to ___. 27. Russian drivers are used to ___. 28. Can their parents really keep teenagers from ___ 29. When we answer in class we are not always aware of ___ 30. Though we all know what’s good and what’s bad, we sometimes persist in ___.

4. Translate.

1. Он просто неспособен кого-либо любить. 2. Бесполезно ему что-то объяснять. 3. Что толку все время ссориться? 4. Я предпочитаю отвечать первым. 5. Они упорно списывают на каждом тесте. 6. Подозреваю, что он ей не говорит правду. 7. Перестань хвастаться. 8. Ждите, ждите. 9. Почему она расплакалась? 10. Я против того, чтобы он мной управлял. 11. Кто за то, чтобы смыться? 12. Начинайте собираться, скоро придет такси. 13.Они все спорили и спорили. 14. Да брось же курить! 15. Что-то мне не хочется больше работать.

16. Я за уборку после занятий в пятницу. 17. Помоги мне с перестановкой мебели. 18. Поздравь его с окончанием института. 19. С нетерпением жду, когда ему все расскажу. 20. Я подумываю о том, чтобы найти работу. 21. Ты знаешь, что обижаешь родителей? 22. Родители не должны настаивать, чтобы мы сами не принимали никаких решений. 23. Некоторые мужья упорно скрывают часть денег от жен. 24. Есть ли способ наказать за списывание? 25. Могу ли я рассчитывать на то, что все люди будут говорить мне правду? 26. Способны ли молодые понять и пожалеть старых? 27. Он гордится тем, что легко обманывает доверчивых людей. 28. Она активно интересуется садоводством. 29. Я не привыкла занимать деньги. 30. Ей все еще несколько трудно ходить.

Participle I, II

5. Give the corresponding form of Participle I.

6. Open the brackets and use the necessary participle.

1. ___ (read) books, we learn a lot. 2. ___ (read) the book, I put it aside. 3. ___ (read) by a lot of people, the book looked old and dirty. 4. The tree, ___ (break) in the storm, was lying across the path. 5. The ___ (break) toy had to be repaired. 6. ___ (break) eggs for the omelet, she smeared her dress. 7. ___ (break) the ice, he looked pleased and self-assured. 8. The letter ___ (post), there was no way back. 9. ___ (post) the letter, she remembered that she hadn’t put in the photo and decided to send it in the next letter. 10. I saw John ___ (post) some letter yesterday.

7. Make one sentence using the right form of Participle I.

Model:  1) He was jumping down the stairs. He broke his leg. – He broke his leg jumping down the stairs. 2) He handed in his test. He had written all the exercises. – Having written all the exercises, he handed in his test.

1. Tom was watching the film. He fell asleep. 2. She went to her car and drove off. She had closed the door of the house. 3. The pupils opened their textbooks. They looked for the answer. 4. We moved to Florida. We had sold our cottage. 5. Julia was training to be a designer. She lived in Milan for 3 years. 6. His head was aching at night. He had studied all day. 7. They are vegetarians. They don’t eat meat. 8. Jane was tidying up her bedroom. She found some old letters. 9. He knew all the goals by heart. He had seen that match several times.

8. Choose the right word.

1. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.

b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.

2. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.

b) The floor (washing washed) by Helen looked very clean.

3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework?

b) The exercise (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.

4. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.

b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.

5. a) The girl (writing, written) is our best pupil.

b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.

6. a) Read the (translating, translated) sentences one more.

b) The pupils (translating, translated) a very difficult text are tired.

9. Use the verb in the correct form of Participle I.

1. (to live) in the south of our country, he cannot enjoy the beauty of Moscow. 2. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 3. (to buy) some fruit and cakes, we went home. 4. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm. 5. (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hoping to see his friends. 6. (to sell) his fruit, he went to see his friends. 7. (to write) out and (to learn) all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to do) homework he was thinking hard. 10. (to do) homework he went for a work.

11. (To impress) by the film, they kept silent. 12. (To lose) the book, the student couldn’t remember the topic. 13. He spent the whole day (to read) a book. 14. (To travel) around America for a month, she returned to England. 15. He watched Mike (to go) out of the door and (to cross) the street. 16. The question (to discuss) now is very important. 17. (To pack) in the beautiful box the flowers looked very lovely. 18. (To descent) the mountains, they heard a man calling for help. 19. (To reject) by everybody he became a monk. 20. (To show) the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.

Тема 10. MODALS

1. Use the correct form of the verb (non-progressive or progressive, non-perfect or perfect) in brackets.

1. He can’tbe watching us, he’s just looking this way. 2. You should have watched the children all the time! 3. We ought to watch our step. They expect us to make a mistake. 4. Sorry, I mustbeleavingit’s nearly midnight. 5. Dan, you must leave Sarah alone. You must. 6. Well, well, you must have left the door unlocked, young man. That’s how they got in. 7. She shouldn’t have left the money in the kitchen. Naturally, it was stolen. 8. You needn’t worry, I’ll be OK. 9. We needn’t???haveworriedafter all. He proved to be a responsible man. 10. She must have worried about it for ages. Why didn’t she ever tell anybody about it?

2. Choose between

A must, should/ought to, have/had to, is/are/was/were to, need to.

1. The hospitals were tohadtolook after the wounded and disabled but they couldn’t really because of the numerous injuries. 2. I know parents mustneed to look after small children, but I simply have no time for that! 3. The doctor is to tell him the news, it’s the doctor’s responsibility. 4. I knew we would have to surrender. 5. Ihavetomust tell him the truth. There was no other way out. 6. They’llhavetosurrendersooner or later. 7. Who was tohad to look after the wounded but didn’t? 8did you have to. Were you really to surrender so soon? You didn’t even try to fight. 9. How long should we keep from telling him the truth? What’s the best way? 10. We surrendered because we had to.

B mustn’t, shouldn’t, needn’t/didn’t need to/needn’t have, are/is/was/were not to, shouldn’t have, don’t/didn’t/ have to.

1. You mustn’t tell so many lies, it’s awful! 2. You shouldn’t tell so many lies, it’s shameful. 3. You needn’t tell us so much, we can guess a lot. 4. Youhaveshouldn’t,told a lie, it killed him. 5. We needn’t tell him anything, he knows everything. 6. We mustn’t tell him everything. He is still so weak! 7. We need todidn’ttell him anything! He already knew the truth. 8. You shouldn’t have told him that lie, he could have faced the truth. 9. In court you mustn’t tell lies. You swear to tell the truth. 10. We shouldn’t tell too many lies, though it’s often difficult to tell the truth.

3. Think of the meaning of the sentence and choose modal verbs which can render this meaning. Translate the sentences.

4. Correct the mistakes, if any.

1. You mustn’tneedn’tstand up, it isn’t necessary. 2. The old ought tobe respected and loved. 3. She had to move the furniture herself, didn’t she? 4. You need to have your hair cut. 5. You mustn’t have takenshouldn’tyour father’s car. 6. Shall we start? – Yes, you will.Can. 7. Need doweneed toto get up so early? 8. She hadwasto come at five, but she was busy. 9. Haddidthey really todid they really have to be so rude after all? 10. You needn’tto rewrite the composition, it’s neat enough.

11. It’s 9 o’clock and Alice is still out. Alice must havehadcbe coming home already, she knows we are waiting. 12. It’s 9 o’clock, Alice must have come home already, she usually comes home by this time. 13. He shouldhave contacted us, as soon as his plan changed. 14. He said we musthadtohave kept quiet. 15. She had toshoulddonedo it in writing, but she did it orally. 16. She should have told everything, she had the right to know. 17. You mustbe reading the wrong text; we are on the next page already. 18. You should see her in her youth! 19. You must notcouldn’thave understood me. 20. You mustn’t have knocked twice; I was already unlocking the door.

16. should have been told

18. should have seen

19. must haven’t

20. didn’t have to knock