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Учебно-методическая разработка на тему "Прилагательное"

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разработка содержит материал по теме "прилагательное в английском языке", а также презентацию.

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«Adjectives»


Introduction

Adjectives are the third major class of words in English, after nouns and verbs. Adjectives are words expressing properties of objects (e.g. large, blue, simple, clever, economic, progressive, productive, etc) and ,hence, qualifying nouns. Adjectives in English do not change for number or case. The only grammatical category they have is the degrees of comparison. They are also characterized by functions in the sentence. We have chosen this theme because it is interesting for us to investigate adjectives and to find something new that we didn’t know before. First of all we found out the basical definitions of adjectives to describe it as part of speech. In grammar, an adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. Adjectives exist in most languages. The aim of this work is to enlarge and to make our knowledge about adjectives deeper, and of course, it may lighten the teachers’ and students’ work at this concrete theme, and help to use both grammatical and practical material at lessons and lectures.

Введение

В морфологии все слова распределяются по группам (классам), которые называются частями речи. Одна из самостоятельных частей речи – имя прилагательное.Каждый предмет имеет признаки, в которых проявляется его особенность. Для названия признаков предметов в языке есть специальные слова. Это прилагательные. Они помогают нам выделить нужный предмет из многих одинаковых предметов.

Имя прилагательное – самостоятельная часть речи, которая обозначает признак предмета.

Общее грамматическое значение прилагательного – признак предмета.

Морфологические признаки прилагательного — род, число, падеж. Оно изменяется по родам, числам и падежам. Называя признаки предметов, прилагательные обслуживают, поясняют существительные. Поэтому и морфологические признаки прилагательного помогают ему теснее связываться с существительными, т. е. уподобляются им в форме рода, числа и падежа. Имя прилагательное – очень гибкое слово: оно может приспособиться к любому существительному.

Синтаксические признаки прилагательных – в предложении прилагательные бывают определениями или сказуемыми и согласуются с существительными в роде, числе и падеже.

Цель данной работы заключается в том, чтобы раскрыть значение самостоятельной части речи – имени прилагательного. Более углубиться в изучение: лексико-грамматических разрядов, степени сравнения прилагательных, типы склонения и употребление прилагательных в современных текстах.



Adjectives

Adjectives are words expressing properties and characteristics of objects and, hence, qualifying nouns. Grammatically, four features are generally considered to be characteristic of adjectives:

  1. Their syntactic function of attribute,

  2. Their syntactic function of predicative,

  3. Their taking of adverbial modifiers of degree (e.g. very),

  4. Their only grammatical category – the degrees of comparison.

Formation of Adjectives



Many adjectives are formed from other parts of speech by adding different suffixes the most common of which are:

-able: comfortable, reliable

-ible: sensible, visible

-ant: elegant, predominant

-ent: dependent, intelligent, innocent

-al: cultural, musical, medical

-ic: atomic, scientific

-ish: childish, foolish

-ive: attractive, expensive

-ful: careful, useful, skillful

-less: careless, helpless

-ly: brotherly, deadly

-ous: dangerous, curious

-y: dirty, dusty, sleepy

In English there is also a large number of adjectives ending in –ing and –ed.

  • His answer was very surprising

Such adjectives are former ing-forms which have become adjectivized, i.e. they have lost their verbal force and acquired some or all of the features of adjectives.

  • He is a disappointed old man.

Classification of adjectives

There are adjectives that can be used only attributively. To this group belong:

1)Intensifying adjectives: a) emphasizers(giving a general heightening effect): a clear failure, a definite loss, plain nonsense, a real hero;

b) amplifiers( denoting a high or extreme degree): a complete victory, total nonsense, the absolute truth, a strong opponent

c) downtoners(having a lowering effect): a slight misunderstanding, a feeble reason

2) restrictive adjectives( restrict the reference to the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly):the exact answer, the main reason, a particular occasion

3)adjecives related to adverbial expression: a former friend( →formerly a friend), a possible opponent( →possibly an opponent)

4)adjectives formed from noun: a criminal lawyer, an atomic student, a woollen dress.

Adjectives that can be used only predicatively are fewer in number. The most commonly used predicative adjectives are: able, conscious, fond, glad, ill, subject, (un)well, ablaze, afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, asleep, averse, awake, aware.

Degrees of comparison

There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.

The positive form is the plain stem of an adjective. There are two ways of forming the comparative and the superlative degrees: 1)by adding the suffixes –er and –est.

2)by using more and most before the adjective.

The first method is used for:

a)monosyllabic adjectives: new – newer – newest

b)disyllabic adjectives ending in –er, -ow, -y, -le: clever – cleverer – cleverest

c)disyllabic adjectives with the stress on the second syllable: polite – politer – politest

d)a few frequently used disyllabic adjectives: common – commoner – commonest

the second method is used for:

a)most disyllabic adjectives: careful – more careful – most careful

b)adjectives of more than two syllables: personal – more personal – most personal

c)adjectives formed from participles and ing-forms: tired – more tired – most tired

A few adjectives have irregular forms for the degrees of comparison. They are:

Good – better – best

Bad – worse – worst

Far – farther – farthest(for distance)

Fur – further – furthest (for time and distance)

Near – nearer – nearest (for distance)

next(for order)

Late – later – latest (for time)

last(for order)

Old – older – oldest (for age)

Elder – eldest (for seniority rather than age; used only attributively).

The comparative degree is used when there are two objects, actions or phenomena compared or contrasted:

  • She had the kind of heart trouble that comes to much older people.

  • He found the work easier than he had expected.

The superlative degree is used when an object, an action or a phenomenon is compared or contrasted with more than two objects, actions or phenomena:

  • At that time I worshipped Manet. His “Olimpia” seemed to me the greatest picture of modern times.

Note the following sentence patterns in which comparison is expressed:

a)comparison of equality (as….as): •The boy was as sly as monkey.

b)comparison of inequality (not so…as, not as…as): •The sun is not so hot today as I thought it would be.

c)comparison of superiority (…-er than, -est of/in/ever): • He looked younger than his years.

d)comparison of inferiority (less…than): • John is less musical than his sister.

e)comparison of parallel increase or decrease ( the…the, …-er as): • The longer I think of his proposal the less I like it.

He became more cautious as he grew.

Set-phrases

a change for the better – перемена к лучшему

So much the better(the worse) – тем лучше (хуже)

To be the worse for – делать что-то ещё хуже, ещё больше

None the worse for – хуже не станет (не стало) от…

If the worst comes to the worst – в худшем случае

To go from bad to worse – становиться всё хуже и хуже

As best – в полную меру старания, как только можно

At (the) best – в лучшем случае

Substantivization in adjectives

Substantivized adjectives may be of two kinds:

1)They may refer to a class of persons considered in a general sense. They are plural in meaning. To this group belong the following adjectives:

a)describing human condition or character: the blind, the brave, the deaf, the homeless, the old

b)denoting nationalities and ending in –(i)sh: British, Danish, Irish, in –ch: Dutch, French and in –ese: Chinese, Japanese and the adjective Swiss.

2)They may refer to abstract notions. Then they are singular: The good in him overweighs the bad.

Syntactic functions of adjectives

1)an attribute:

  • She had pleasant blue eyes and very long fair hair which she wore in neat plaits round her head.



2)a predicative:

  • Her smile was almost professional.

3)part of a compound verbal predicate:

  • He stood silent, with his back turned to the window.

4)an objective predicate:

  • I thought him very intelligent.

5)a subjective predicate:

  • The door was closed tight.

6)an adverbial modifier:

  • Whether right or wrong, the man ought to be treated fairly.

Place of adjectives in attributive phrases

Adjectives used as close attributes precede the noun they modify. Sometimes adjectives are found in post-position to the word they modify. It occurs in the following cases:

1)if an adjective modifies an indefinite pronoun:

  • Anyone intelligent can do it.

2)in some set phrases:

  • The president elect, the examination board proper…

3)if an attribute is expressed by the adjectives absent, present, concerned, involved:

  • The men present were all his friends.

If there are several attributes modifying a noun their order within the attributive group is shown in the following table:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

epithet

size

shape

age

colour

origin

substance

Attribute forming a close sense-unit with a noun

noun



Conclusion

The subject of our investigation was adjectives. What we have learnt about adjectives is that most English adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. These are generally constructed in one of two ways: either by suffixes (big, bigger, biggest) or by the use of the grammatical particles more and most. We have investigated that some adjectives have superlative forms in their comparison, such as good, better, best. Comparative and superlative forms apply only to the base form of the adjective, so that duplicate forms like most biggest or worser are nonstandard (although lesser is sometimes permitted as a variant of less). A few adjectives have no comparative but a superlative with -most: uppermost, westernmost, etc. Also it has its own degrees, such as comparison, etc. Those such as male, female, extant and extinct which express "absolute" qualities do not admit comparisons: one animal cannot be more extinct than another. Which English adjectives are compared by -er/-est and which by more/most is a complex matter of English idiom. Generally, shorter adjectives (including most monosyllabic adjectives), Anglo-Saxon words, and shorter, fully domesticated French words (e.g. noble) use the suffixes -er/-est. Adjectives with two syllables vary. Some take either form, and the situation determines the usage. For example, one will see commoner and more common, depending on which sounds better in the context. Two-syllable adjectives that end in the sound [i], most often spelled with y, generally take -er/-est, e.g., pretty : prettier : prettiest. The aim of the work is attained, it was interesting to investigate adjectives and to try to do this material practically useful.

Заключение

Прилагательное в лексическом аспекте обладает богатейшим набором самых разнообразных денотативных и коннотативных значений, что позволяет ему служить одним из главных средств живописания и изобразительной инструментовки текста.

Для морфологии прилагательного наиболее существенным является понимание тех его особенностей, на основании которых прилагательное выделяется в самостоятельный грамматический класс слов, а так же своеобразия лексико-грамматических разрядов слов, функционирующих в недрах этой части речи. Опорным звеном в морфологической структуре прилагательного служит наличие у него зависимых форм рода, числа и падежа, дублирующих соответствующие значения существительных.

Наша речь без прилагательных была бы похожа на картину, написанную серой краской. Они позволяют передать красоту, яркость, разнообразие окружающих нас предметов, делает нашу речь выразительнее и точнее.

С прилагательными речь как цветная картина, может быть, даже еще богаче, чем картина, так как они не только обозначают цвета предметов, их звуки, запахи, вкус, но и выражают отношение к предметам.



Учебно-методическая карта

Цель урока: познакомить учащихся с таким понятием как «прилагательное», с особенностями образования степени сравнения прилагательных

Задачи урока:

Образовательная: дать определение понятию «прилагательное», дать понятия о степенях сравнения имён прилагательных;

Развивающая: развивать умение сравнивать и анализировать; развитие творческой фантазии; развитие умений обобщать информацию, делать выводы; развивать коммуникативные навыки учащихся.

Воспитательная: воспитывать культуру общения; воспитывать толерантность; воспитание трудолюбия и аккуратности.

Познавательная: практическая активизация лексики и грамматического материала по теме, умение вести монологическую и диалогическую речь.

Тип урока: комбинированный.

Материалы и оборудование:

• раздаточный материал;

• наглядные пособия;

• Мультимедийная презентация.



Ход урока:

I Организационный момент, приветствие.

Т: Good morning

Ps: Good morning

T: I’m glad to see you.

Ps: We are glad to see you, too.

T: How are you?

Ps: Fine, and you?

T: I’m fine. Thanks you, sit down, please.

II. Презентация грамматического материала.

Т: Сегодня мы на уроке узнаем, что такое прилагательное, как оно образуется в английском языке, какие особенности оно имеет, научимся составлять предложения и узнаем, как и когда употребляются степени сравнения прилагательных.

Объяснение грамматического материала с опорой на презентацию, во время чего учащиеся делают необходимые заметки. (см. Презентация «прилагательное»)

III. Далее учащимся предлагается сделать несколько упражнений на отработку и закрепление пройденного материала.



1.Open the brackets:

1. Nick is (happier, the happiest) boy that I know.

2. Of the six cars, I like the silver one (better, best).

3. Jane’s notebook is (cheaper, the cheapest) than mine.

4. This is (more delicious, the most delicious) cheese-cake I have ever had!

5. This bookcase is (more beautiful, the most beautiful) than that one.

6. Do you feel (better, the best) today than yesterday?

7. I think my cat is (prettier, the prettiest) of all the cats in the world.

8. Steve Jobs is (more famous, famouser) than Stephen Wozniak.

9. This week the weather is (hotter, more hot) than last week.

10. Our new house is (more expensive, expensiver) than the old one.

11. Girls are usually (cleaner, more clean) than boys.

12. Chemistry was (harder, the hardest) subject at school.

2. Write degrees of comparison of the following adjectives:

E.G.:wet – wetter – the wettest

expensive – more expensive – the most expensive

1. big (большой) 2. clever (умный) 3. good (хороший) 4. pleasant (приятный) 5. poor (бедный) 6. bad (плохой) 7. funny (смешной) 8. important (важный) 9. sunny (солнечный) 10. far (далекий) 11. comfortable (удобный) 12. wise (мудрый)

3.Make up sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. most – the Mona Lisa – in – is – painting – the – famous – the – world.

2. longer – the Don – is – the Volga – than.

3. more – Spain – Germany – than – beautiful - is.

4. London – city – in – biggest – the – England – is.

5. the – team – Adam – is - worst – the – player – in.



4. Choose the right word and complete the sentence:

1. Jane`s answer wasn`t (correct, correctly).

2. The pupils have to spell English words (correct, correctly).

3. It was (cold, coldly) in the garden.



4. Your wife looks very (cold, coldly) at my sister.



5. It was not so (warm, warmly) a day before yesterday



6. Her husband can cook very (good, well).



7. James` idea was (good, well).



8. His neighbors never greet us (warm, warmly).

9. Barbara can translate these texts (easy, easily).

10. His task wasn`t (easy, easily).

5. Write the adjectives given in brackets in a right form and complete the sentences:

1. Mary is (young) than her sister Jane.

2.Barbara is (young) of four sisters.

3. John is (clever) than his friend Bob.



4. Richard is (clever) boy in this group. –



5. Sirius is (bright) than the polar star.



6.The polar star is (bright) star in the north hemisphere. –

7.The bedroom is (dark) than the kitchen.

8. The wallpapers in the hall are (dark) ones in our flat.

9. Your answer was (unusual) than the answer of her son.

10. Elisabeth suggested (unusual) way out.

6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сейчас Энн выглядит ещё печальнее, чем утром.

2. Пятое мая был самым плохим днём в его жизни.

3. Я не могу быть счастливее.

4. Комната моего брата больше моей.

5. Ваш сын – самый вежливый мальчик из всех кого нам довелось увидеть.

6. Ты должен взять самую тяжёлую сумку.

7. Питер – это мой старший брат.

8. Бабушка Джеймса старше его дедушки.

9. Твоё кресло удобнее моего стула.

10. Он самый известный архитектор в нашем городе.

11. Где находится ближайшая автобусная остановка?

12. Этот журнал менее известный, чем «Newsweek».

13. Диаметр Земли больше диаметра Луны.

14. Этот рабочий более занятой, чем тот.

15. Твой кот жирнее моей собаки.

16. Е го дом – самый красивый дом в посёлке.

17. Твои волосы хороши, но её волосы лучше.

18. Джон – самый маленький (по росту) в их классе.

19. Климат здесь мягче.

20 Это самый короткий путь до нашего бассейна.

























































Список литературы

  1. Антрушина Г. Б., Афанасьева О. В., Морозова Н. Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 2005.

  2. Гуревич В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. М., 2010.

  3. Веб-сайт http://www.acronymfinder.com.

  4. Веб-сайт http://onelook.com.

  5. Веб-сайт http://study-english.info.






Просмотр содержимого презентации
«прилагательное»

Adjectives Adjectives are words expressing properties and characteristics of objects and, hence, qualifying nouns.

Adjectives

Adjectives are words expressing properties and characteristics of objects and, hence, qualifying nouns.

Formation of Adjectives -able : comfortable, reliable -ible : sensible, visible - ant : elegant, predominant -ent : dependent, intelligent, innocent -al : cultural, musical, medical -ic : atomic, scientific

Formation of Adjectives

-able : comfortable, reliable

-ible : sensible, visible

- ant : elegant, predominant

-ent : dependent, intelligent, innocent

-al : cultural, musical, medical

-ic : atomic, scientific

-ish : childish, foolish -ive : attractive, expensive -ful : careful, useful, skillful Subheading goes here -less : careless, helpless -ly : brotherly, deadly -ous : dangerous, curious -y : dirty, dusty, sleepy

-ish : childish, foolish

-ive : attractive, expensive

-ful : careful, useful, skillful

Subheading goes here

-less : careless, helpless

-ly : brotherly, deadly

-ous : dangerous, curious

-y : dirty, dusty, sleepy

Classification of adjectives a) emphasizers(giving a general heightening effect): a clear failure 1)Intensifying adjectives b) amplifiers( denoting a high or extreme degree): a complete victory c) downtoners(having a lowering effect): a slight misunderstanding 2) restrictive adjectives ( restrict the reference to the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly):the exact answer, the main reason, a particular occasion 3 )adjecives related to adverbial expression: a former friend( →formerly a friend), a possible opponent( →possibly an opponent) 4)adjectives formed from noun: a criminal lawyer, an atomic student, a woollen dress.

Classification of adjectives

a) emphasizers(giving a general heightening effect): a clear failure

1)Intensifying adjectives

b) amplifiers( denoting a high or extreme degree): a complete victory

c) downtoners(having a lowering effect): a slight misunderstanding

2) restrictive adjectives ( restrict the reference to the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly):the exact answer, the main reason, a particular occasion

3 )adjecives related to adverbial expression: a former friend( →formerly a friend), a possible opponent( →possibly an opponent)

4)adjectives formed from noun: a criminal lawyer, an atomic student, a woollen dress.

Degrees of comparison Positive New, beautiful Superlative -est: new – the newest Most: beautiful – the most beautiful Comparative -er: new – newer More: beautiful – more beautiful

Degrees of comparison

Positive

New, beautiful

Superlative

-est: new – the newest

Most: beautiful – the most beautiful

Comparative

-er: new – newer

More: beautiful – more beautiful

irregular forms Good – better – best Bad – worse – worst Far – farther – farthest(for distance) Fur – further – furthest (for time and distance) Near – nearer – nearest (for distance)  next(for order) Late – later – latest (for time)  last(for order) Old – older – oldest (for age) Elder – eldest (for seniority rather than age; used only attributively).

irregular forms

Good – better – best

Bad – worse – worst

Far – farther – farthest(for distance)

Fur – further – furthest (for time and distance)

Near – nearer – nearest (for distance)

next(for order)

Late – later – latest (for time)

last(for order)

Old – older – oldest (for age)

Elder – eldest (for seniority rather than age; used only attributively).

Set-phrases a change for the better – перемена к лучшему So much the better(the worse) – тем лучше (хуже) To be the worse for – делать что-то ещё хуже, ещё больше None the worse for – хуже не станет (не стало) от… If the worst comes to the worst – в худшем случае To go from bad to worse – становиться всё хуже и хуже As best – в полную меру старания, как только можно At (the) best – в лучшем случае

Set-phrases

a change for the better – перемена к лучшему

So much the better(the worse) – тем лучше (хуже)

To be the worse for – делать что-то ещё хуже, ещё больше

None the worse for – хуже не станет (не стало) от…

If the worst comes to the worst – в худшем случае

To go from bad to worse – становиться всё хуже и хуже

As best – в полную меру старания, как только можно

At (the) best – в лучшем случае

Syntactic functions of adjectives an attribute : She had pleasant blue eyes and very long fair hair which she wore in neat plaits round her head. a predicative : part of a compound verbal predicate : He stood silent, with his back turned to the window . Her smile was almost professional . an objective predicate : I thought him very intelligent . an adverbial modifier : Whether right or wrong , the man ought to be treated fairly. a subjective predicate : The door was closed tight .

Syntactic functions of adjectives

an attribute :

She had pleasant blue eyes and very long fair hair which she wore in neat plaits round her head.

a predicative :

part of a compound verbal predicate :

He stood silent, with his back turned to the window .

Her smile was almost professional .

an objective predicate :

I thought him very intelligent .

an adverbial modifier :

Whether right or wrong , the man ought to be treated fairly.

a subjective predicate :

The door was closed tight .

Place of adjectives in attributive phrases 1 2 epithet 3 size 4 shape 5 age 6 colour 7 origin 8 substance 9 Attribute forming a close sense-unit with a noun noun

Place of adjectives in attributive phrases

1

2

epithet

3

size

4

shape

5

age

6

colour

7

origin

8

substance

9

Attribute forming a close sense-unit with a noun

noun

Thank you for attention )))

Thank you for attention )))