Масляные фильтры для автомобилей

• Масляные фильтры для автомобилей

Notes: The subject of Filtration is a very wide one, but as our organisation is mainly in the automotive business we will address the subject as applicable to automotive filtration.

• Что такое фильтрация
• Методы фильтрации
• Типы фильтров
• Описание фильтров
• Обслуживание фильтров
• Проверка фильтров

Notes: In this presentation we are going to go through a brief explanation and overview of the subjects listed.

• What is meant by Filtration as it applies to Automotive vehicles and off-highway equipment using Internal combustion engines.
• What filtration media ,of the very many available are practical for us to use ,e.g. Surface? Depth ?.
• What type of Filter. Full-flow or By-pass or Combination.
• A description of the main type of Filter product.
• The reasons for and importance of oil filter servicing.
• Filter Testing, what tests are carried out on oil filters.

Терминология

• Микрон
• Фильтрующий материал
• Полнопоточный фильтр
• Байпассный фильтр
• Комбинированная фильтрация
• Антидренажный клапан
• Перепускной клапан

• Картридж
• Тип «Корпус-болт»
• Тип «Чашка»
• Накручивающийся фильтр
• Пропускная способность
• Падение давления

Notes: During the presentation several terms may come up which you are not familiar with. Hopefully the narrative will make them clear, however do not hesitate to question them if they are unclear. You may think everybody else present knows them, but if you don’t the chances are others won’t either.

You will find a Glossary of Filtration Terms at the back of the handout which you can take away with you at the end of the presentation.

Фильтрация масла:

Определение и цель

• Определение:
• Фильтрацией называют процесс удаления вредных компонентов, примесей, частиц из фильтруемой жидкости.
• Цель фильтрации масла в двигателе:
• Удаление вредных частиц из масла, смазывающего трущиеся поверхности деталей двигателя -
• металлических, силикатных и карбонатных частиц.

Notes : There are many definitions of Filtration and very many applications, however, simply put , the above definition will suffice for the application of mainly solids filtration we are discussing.

The liquid being processed ,that is filtered, is Lubricating Oil from the Engine Lubrication system.

The harmful particles are :Metallic, Silicate (Sand), and Carbonaceous.

• Металлические частицы

• Металлические опилки и микро-кусочки.

• Силикаты

Силикатная дорожная пыль и отложения .

• Карбонаты

Смолистые продукты сгорания топлива

Notes :-

The harmful particles are :

Metallic: metal chips and small particles found inside the engine , caused through wear and friction between working surfaces or the residue of improperly cleaned surfaces during engine build or after tear down for repairs or ingress during oil change or top-up.

Silicate: Silica dust is present in the air and also can be present as a residue from casting manufacture. Although manufacturers take great care to clean all internal engine surfaces before building the engine, silica particles can be eroded from oilways by the action of the oil flow. Silica in the air is ingested into the engine and although air filters primarily remove this they are not always fully efficient in doing so.

Carbonaceous: These particles are generated by the products of combustion, from blow-by gases and agglomerate with tarry resins to sizable and harmful particles. Modern good quality oils keep this agglomeration to a minimum.

• Удаление вредных примесей
• Низкое сопротивление потоку
• Малые размеры для размещения в моторном отсеке
• Доступность для сервиса
• Соответствие требованиям стандартов

Notes: All automotive Filters are a compromise. On the one hand the filter must remove harmful contaminants and on the other it must allow the relatively unobstructed passage of lubricating oil and be of a size that will package onto the engine.

In addition to this it must be accessible for servicing as well as have sufficient capacity to meet the service life expectation of the customer.

We have briefly touched on the types of harmful contaminant found in the engine oil, let us now discuss contaminant “size”.

• Что такое Микрон ?

1 Микрон = 1 миллионная метра

1 Микрон = 1 тысячная миллиметра

40 Микрон - предел видимости без увеличения

40 - 90 Микрон - диаметр человеческого волоса

• 1 Микрон = 1 миллионная метра 1 Микрон = 1 тысячная миллиметра 40 Микрон - предел видимости без увеличения 40 - 90 Микрон - диаметр человеческого волоса

40 Микрон

10 Микрон

20 Микрон

5 M

Notes: We have referred to the harmful contaminants to be found in an Engine lubricating oil system. Due to the compromises discussed we can’t filter all the particles out of the oil.

The particles filtered out are compared to an International dimension known as a “Micron” This slide shows the relationship of a Micron to other sizes and to the diameter of a human hair.

The thinnest of human hair is about 40 microns diameter which is the smallest size discernible to the human eye unaided.

So when we say that a filter will remove particles down to 15 to 20 micron, which is the normal efficiency rating of a full flow oil filter ,you will understand that we are referring to particles which are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Of course actual contaminant in the engine is not completely spherical but are seen under a microscope as jagged irregular shapes.

Соотношения диаметров частиц

• Глубинные слои

Волокна хлопка

Волокна фетра

Скрученная бумага

Целлюлозные волокна

• Волокна хлопка Волокна фетра Скрученная бумага Целлюлозные волокна

• Поверхностный слой

Сетка

Бумага

• Сетка Бумага

Filter media can be categorized into Depth or Surface media.

Examples of depth media are Felts , Cotton fibres , Wood chips, sometimes blended with cotton fibres, and Rolled paper.

Examples of Surface media are Metal or Synthetic fibre meshes , and Filter Paper.

Generally speaking the distinction between Depth and Surface media lies in the fact that Depth medias are a relatively loose juxtaposition of random fibres used in some depth or thickness in filters, whereas Surface medias have much more precisely controlled fibres or in the case of meshes woven strands.

Each type of media has its own best uses but the most effective media to achieve the filtration compromise required for full flow filters in particular is ‘Filter Paper’.

• Фильтровальная бумага

• Целлюлозная основа
• Заданный размер волокон
• Добавки синтетических смол
• Возможно включение синтетических волокон
• Термообработка

Notes : Paper media is very carefully developed for the purpose. The structure is strictly controlled during manufacture to arrive at the correct blend of fibres and resins to provide the desired compromise of porosity and ‘contaminant stopping‘ capability. The finally developed media must be processable into a filter element and able to withstand the rigours of service in hot lubricating oil.

The picture shows the fibrous structure of the media under the microscope and the way the resin envelopes the fibres.

Типы фильтрации

• Типы фильтрации

• Полнопоточная
• Полнопоточная
• Полнопоточная

• Байпасная
• Байпасная
• Байпасная

• Комбинированная
• Комбинированная
• Комбинированная

Notes : There are several types of Engine lubricating oil filtration systems to be found.

i.e Full Flow, By - Pass, and Combination .

However by far the most common is the Full flow system found on most automobile engines.

К масляным магистралям

Регулятор давления

Накручивающийся полнопоточный фильтр

Notes : A full flow oil system is one in which all the lubricating oil output from the engine oil pump is passed through the oil filter before flowing to the engine bearing surfaces.

The oil filter must be capable of filtering all of the oil all of the time.

Its function is to remove particulate matter from the engine lubricating oil which would be harmful to the engine bearing surfaces and cause excessive wear or even bearing failure.

Particles of 15 to 20 microns and above are considered harmful.

The sketch on the slide depicts a Spin-on type filter.

A Full Flow type filter system is necessarily a compromise between size cost and filtration efficiency. It provides adequate protection from excessive wear and damaging abrasive contaminents.

Most modern engines do not generate large quantities of carbonaceous sludge when operating with modern high quality detergent oils.

Масляный насос

Картер

Байпасная система смазки

Байпассный накручивающийся фильтр

К масляным магистралям

Регулятор давления

Notes :- A By-pass system is one in which only part of the oil presented to the engine lubrication system is passed through a filter at any one time. Typically 10% of the oil flow from the lubricating oil pump is “by-passed” through the filter instead of going to the engine bearings.

The purpose of the filter is to remove harmful particles from engine oil, particularly the agglomeration of carbonaceous and tarry substances which cause ‘sludging ‘ of the engine oil.

By-pass filters are most commonly used on larger Heavy Duty diesel engines and often but not always side by side with a Full Flow Filter system.(see Combination system).

Normally a higher efficiency filter than a full flow type but operates at a much lower flow rate.

Масляный насос

Картер

Комбинированная система

(полнопоточная + байпассная)

Полнопоточный фильтр

К масляным магистралям

Регулятор давления

Notes : - In a Combination Full Flow, By-Pass system ,as the name implies,the oil is directed through a full flow filter whilst simultaneously part of the flow is directed through a by-pass filter. The oilflow to the by-pass filteris restricted so that it does not starve the main oil pressure system . The return flow from the by-pass filter is always bled back to the sump not back into the pressure cicuit.

The sketch shows a separate full flow and bypass filter. In some instances the by-pass and full flow functions are combined into one filter housing. In this case the filter is a combination filter. To function properly it must still be installed in a combination full flow/by-pass engine system .

Such combination filters are not common but are fitted to some Toyota and Fiat car engines , also perhaps more commonly found on Diesel engined trucks such as Ford .

Масляный насос

Байпассный фильтр

Картер

• Полнопоточная - весь поток масла к магистралям постоянно проходит через фильтр. Байпасная - постоянная фильтрация части масла, отведенной от основного потока. Комбинированная - весь поток масла проходит через один фильтр и еще часть потока - через другой фильтр.
• Полнопоточная - весь поток масла к магистралям постоянно проходит через фильтр. Байпасная - постоянная фильтрация части масла, отведенной от основного потока. Комбинированная - весь поток масла проходит через один фильтр и еще часть потока - через другой фильтр.
• Полнопоточная - весь поток масла к магистралям постоянно проходит через фильтр.
• Байпасная - постоянная фильтрация части масла, отведенной от основного потока.
• Комбинированная - весь поток масла проходит через один фильтр и еще часть потока - через другой фильтр.

Notes:- To sum up the systems outlined on the sketches.

Full flow systems -The Filters have to cope with the total oil flow to the engine bearings all of the time.

By-pass Systems - The Filters deal with a percentage of the oil ‘ by-passing ‘ it from the pressure feed system and returning the oil to the sump after filtering it.

This system is sometimes called a Part-flow system.

Combination systems - These systems may have one combined full flow / by-pass filter or a separate full flow and by-pass filter fitted.

• Фильтрующий элемент
• Фильтрующий элемент

• Корпус
• Корпус

• Дополнительные устройства
• Дополнительные устройства

Notes :- Basically all filters have the following in common.

1 A Cartridge containing the filter medium.

2 The filter housing which as its name suggests contains or ‘ houses ‘ the filter cartridge.

3 Ancillary devices which may or may not be fitted.

For example cartridge relief valves , anti - drain valves, etc...

• Бумажные фильтрующие элементы
• Гофрированная бумага
• Площадь = кол-во гофров
• x 2 ( стороны )
• x глубина гофра
• x длина гофра
• Обычно измеряется в см 2

Глубина гофра

Notes : - By far the most commonly used media in automotive filters is ‘ paper ‘. A specially formulated filter paper is used. The most efficient and practical way of utilising filter paper is to form it into folds or pleats allowing the maximum paper area to be used .This method also provides the most practical means of manufacturing a filter cartridge cheaply and efficiently .

Длина гофра

• Критерии выбора бумажного фильтрующего материала

• Площадь Глубина гофра Толщина бумаги Тип волокон Относительная пористость Количество и тип добавок смол.
• Площадь
• Глубина гофра
• Толщина бумаги
• Тип волокон
• Относительная пористость
• Количество и тип добавок смол.

Notes : - It is a mistake to think that paper area is the criteria by which a filters capability should be judged .This only applies if all other criteria are the same and this is very often not the case .There are several other factors to take into account .

1 Pleat depth - Pleats that are too deep or too shallow can be inefficient .

2 Thickness of paper - This effects the ratio of surface to depth filtration , in, turn effecting the filtration efficiency and life characteristics of the filter.

3 Type of Fibres used in the paper - Crucial to aspects of filter performance, including the resistance to burst pressures.

4 Porosity - This effects the resistance to flow and is often a trade off between flow resistance and filtration efficiency . Generally the more porous a paper is the less resistance to fluid flow but filtration efficiency suffers . Porosity is determined by pore size and disposition across the paper.

5 Type and percentage of resin in the paper - Contributes to the strength and stiffness of the paper and its ability to resist high temperatures of fluid being filtered (the filtrate).

• Фильтрующий элемент из бумаги
• A - Торцевые чашки
• B - Бумажный фильтр
• C - Центральная трубка
• D - Внешняя оболочка
• E - Клей

B E

Notes : - The Pleated Element is folded around a support tube known as a Centre Tube, which provides support both against inward pressure tending to collapse the element and resistance to longitudinal forces when the cartridge is assembled into the filter housing.

Both End Caps are affixed to the element with a suitable Adhesive which also seals the pleats at both ends .The Pleated Element is longitudinally sealed by means of a metal clip, adhesive or sewing .

The cartridge may or may not have a protective Outer Wrap or Shell depending on the intended usage . If the cartridge is sealed in a Throw-away (spin -on) filter then a Shell is not normally featured . However if fitted in a filter where the cartridge is handled then a Shell is normally fitted.

Adhesives must be fully resistant to the effects of hot oil or other applicable fluids throughout the operating temperature range ,they must be applied to provide an efficient seal between the paper element and end caps.

A

C D

A

• Корпус

• Тип «Корпус-болт» (картридж )
• Тип «Корпус-болт» (картридж )

Нижняя фиксация

Верхняя фиксация

• Нижняя фиксация Верхняя фиксация
• Нижняя фиксация Верхняя фиксация

• Тип «Чашка» (картридж ) Накручивающийся (корпусной фильтр)
• Тип «Чашка» (картридж )
• Накручивающийся (корпусной фильтр)

Notes :- Filter Housings

There are many types of Filter Housings but automotive filters are generally of three types with variations.

1 Bowl and Bolt types - The housing is of relatively thick material as it must last the life of the engine .The filter cartridges are removable and replaced at service intervals.

2 Cap type - The housing is often a casting affixed to the engine containing a replaceable cartridge which is accessed by means of a screw-on cap.

3 Spin-on , sometimes known as throwaway types - In this type of filter the cartridge is permanently fixed and sealed into a relatively light metal housing . When the filter has reached the end of its life, the unit is unscrewed from the engine and replaced with a new unit.

Each type has its advantages .The majority of cars and light vans have Spin - On filters fitted currently although environmental considerations threaten its pre-eminence .

перепускной клапан

Выходное отверстие

Входное отверстие

Головная часть

Герметизирующая прокладка

Notes : - The diagram shows a typical Bowl & Bolt ( Replaceable Cartridge ) type Filter assembly. So called because the filter bowl is restrained in place by means of a central fixing bolt.

When the bolt head is at the bottom of the assembly , as shown in the sketch, it is known as Bottom Fixing.

In some cases, dependent on the installation, the bolt head may be at the other end. The bolt screws into a threaded nut fixed inside the bottom of the bowl. This configuration is known as a Top Fixing type.

The Bowl and Bolt type filters are usually bolted directly onto the engine which features a suitable interface. Very early versions had inlet and outlet ports to which was connected oil lines from the engine, and could be remotely connected to the system.

A Bowl & Bolt filter houses a replaceable cartridge and is serviced by unscrewing the central fixing bolt, which generally comes away with the bowl, compression spring, sealing plate and washers allowing the filter cartridge to be replaced.

Корпус

Фильтрующий элемент

Центральный болт

Фильтр «Корпус-болт» в сборе

Основание

Съемная пластиковая чашка

Выход

Notes : - A modern variant of Bowl and Bolt filters is now appearing on some engines such as Mercedes , BMW, and VW and planned on others. In this type of filter the cartridge is housed in a casting with a retaining and sealing “ Cap” screwed onto the open end. The cap may be plastic with a “nut “ or similar feature moulded in to allow removal and final tightening with a spanner or wrench.

Improvements on older Bowl & Bolt type filters such as self draining features are also seen.

Attempts are being made to design these types with “ Environmentally Friendly “ filter cartridges which contain little or no metal components. So far the types seen in service still have a number of metal components.

It is also becoming common design practice for this type of filter housing to incorporate oil coolers as a feature.

Вход

Сменный картридж без металл. частей

• Современный «экологичный» фильтр типа «Чашка»

Резьбовой выход

Входные отверстия

Прокладка

Крышка центральной трубки

Двойной замок

Notes : The diagram shows a typical Spin-On oil filter. This type of filter is also sometimes referred to as an “ Easy Change “ or “ Throwaway “ filter. The preferred term is Spin-On.

Basically a Spin-On filter is one which is, as its name implies “ spun “ onto a suitably designed engine mounting face.

The filter is an integral unit which cannot be dismantled once manufactured.

The filter outer casing , known as the Filter Body , and other pressure resistant outer casing components are normally made of steel, except of course the Sealing Gasket .

The component parts are enclosed within the Filter Body during production assembly and “seamed “ to the Bottom Assembly in much the same way as food cans are, only in this case a double lockseam is featured for strength .

The Filter Body contains the Filter Cartridge together with any ancillary items such as Cartridge Relief Valves etc. more of which later. The Retainer is fitted underneath the cartridge to act as a spring to hold all internal parts under tension and maintain the internal seals.

The Bottom Assembly features the fixing thread, inlet ports and sealing gasket retaining pressing (Bottom Plate ) and is seamed to the pre assembled Filter Body to form an integral unit.

Фильтрующий элемент

Корпус фильтра

Перепускной клапан

Держатель

Накручивающийся фильтр в сборе

• Преимущества накручивающихся фильтров:

• Легкость установки на двигатель.
• Минимален риск неправильной установки .
• Минимален риск попадания грязи и посторонних предметов в двигатель .
• Более низкая себестоимость производства оригинальных фильтров.

Notes : Spin-On filters have several important advantages over other types.

1. Ease of assembly onto the engine , especially at the engine build stage.

2. Eliminates risk of incorrect assembly , cannot be wrongly assembled during servicing.

3. Eliminates risk of ingress of dirt or foreign matter during servicing. No risk of cleaning cloth or other materials being left in the filter housing during servicing or of dirty reassembly.

4. Relatively low manufacturing cost when fitted as original equipment . Can be fitted directly onto the engine block when considered as part of the original engine design.

These advantages have made spin-on filters especially popular on small and medium size engines.

However , recent moves towards controlling the disposal of oil filters may threaten the current supremacy of spin-on filters.

• Дополнительные устройства

• Перепускной клапан Антидренажный клапан (вход) Антидренажный клапан (выход) Антидренажная трубка
• Перепускной клапан
• Антидренажный клапан (вход)
• Антидренажный клапан (выход)
• Антидренажная трубка

Notes : Filter Housings often contain ancillary devices which have an important part to play in Filter operation .

The items listed above are not often seen altogether in one filter but spin - on filters in particular may feature as many as three of them together .

• Перепускной клапан

Notes : - The Cartridge Pressure Relief Valve is an important ancillary and its function is widely misunderstood. It should not be confused with the Engine Oil pressure relief valve which has a totally different purpose - to prevent the oil pump pressure in the engine reaching excessive levels.

The function of the Cartridge Pressure Relief Valve is to ensure that the pressure across the filter element is not allowed to rise to such a level that the media can burst with consequent flushing of debris and contaminant into the engine parts the filter is meant to protect.

The valve is designed to open and allow some oil to by-pass the filter cartridge when the pressure drop across the cartridge element exceeds its design level. Typically 1 Kg./Sq.cm.( 14.2 p.s.i.) but can be higher.

This will occur if the filter element becomes blocked and is not changed at the proper time or the engine is started in very cold temperatures.

The Cartridge Relief Valve is usually fitted in the filter, in the Filter head Casting or Interface Casting on the engine .

This sketch shows a typical Cartridge Pressure Relief Valve in a Spin - On Filter , built in as part of the Cartridge end cap.

Клапан открыт

Масло проходит через клапан

Клапан закрыт

Масло проходит через фильтрующий элемент

• Антидренажный клапан и трубка
• Назначение

• Предотвращает вытекание масла из фильтра при выключенном двигателе. Предотвращает пролив масла при смене фильтра .
• Предотвращает вытекание масла из фильтра при выключенном двигателе.
• Предотвращает пролив масла при смене фильтра .

Notes : - The function of the Anti-Drain valves is as shown on the slide. The necessity for such valves depends on various factors

i.e. Position of filter on the engine (angle of inclination ) .

Capacity of engine oil pump .

Size of Filter Housing .

Such valves are usually only found in Spin-On Filters.

The valves in Spin-On Filters may be one of several types .

Thin rubber diaphragm with maze spring .

Moulded synthetic rubber .

Thin rubber diaphragm with backing plate and coil spring.

This latter type is not used in the U.K.Plants.

Уровень масла

Антидренаж-ный клапан (выход)

Notes :-

Taking the sketches from left to right, the anti-drain back valve(inlet ) prevents oil draining from the inlet holes in the filter back down into the sump via the oil pump. This is by far the most common type of valve used. the sketch shows a moulded one piece valve although the older maze spring with rubber diaphragm type is also still used.

The Anti-drain back valve (outlet) prevents oil draining from the outlet side of the filter and is sometimes known as an anti-siphon valve. this type is used where the filter is above the oil gallery when installed on the engine.

The Anti drain tube prevents oil draining out of the outlet hole and is often used in conjunction with an inlet type anti-drain back valve. It is less efficient than an outlet type valve as it will allow some oil to drain down to the level of the tube end, also it cannot be effective if the filter as at a shallow angle when installed on the engine.

Антидренажная трубка

Формованный Антидренажный клапан (вход)

• Автомобильные масляные фильтры
• Обслуживание фильтров

Notes :- It is very important the oil filters are changed at the recommended time or service period, and also that the servicing is carried out properly.

The following outlines in more detail why this is so.

• Всегда меняйте фильтр через рекомендованный период. Используйте замену хорошего качества. Изучите инструкции по замене. Используйте высококачественное масло.
• Всегда меняйте фильтр через рекомендованный период.
• Используйте замену хорошего качества.
• Изучите инструкции по замене.
• Используйте высококачественное масло.

Notes:- Whenever possible follow the four basic rules as shown.

1 Always change the filter at the recommended change period or before.

2 Use good quality replacement filters, AlliedSignal of course.

3 Whenever possible consult the vehicle handbook, there may be considerations not shown on the filter packaging.

4 Always use top quality engine oil as recommended by the vehicle/engine manufacturer, using cheap oil can effect the efficiency of the filter.

• Всегда меняйте фильтр через рекомендованный интервал

• Масло теряет свои свойства в процессе эксплуатации Фильтр со временем засоряется
• Масло теряет свои свойства в процессе эксплуатации
• Фильтр со временем засоряется

Notes :- The Oil and the Filter on an engine should always be changed at the period recommended by the vehicle or engine manufacturer. Otherwise the Oil will become heavily contaminated with the combustion by-products, creating sludge build up and deterioration of oil additives. This will lead to eventual blocking of the oil filter.

A used oil filter contains an appreciable amount of oil compared to the total sump capacity and if the filter is not changed when the oil is the this contaminated oil will still be in the system.

• Используйте фильтр хорошего качества
• Гарантия FRAM :-
• Мы гарантируем качество и отличную работу наших фильтров и берем на себя расходы на ремонт двигателя, поврежденного по причине производственного дефекта фильтра.

Notes :- The Quality of our filter product is backed by our guarantee as shown and which is reproduced in our Filter catalogues.

To obtain optimum engine performance and durability it is important to use the best quality filters and obviously a source of customer satisfaction to be backed by such a warranty.

FRAM

Filter

Накручивающиеся фильтры

• Читайте инструкции!

• Проверните фильтр специальным съемником
• Открутите его рукой
• Смажьте маслом прокладку нового фильтра
• Установите новый фильтр вручную
• Следуйте инструкциям производителя автомобиля при дальнейшей затяжке фильтра

Notes :- Filter Replacement. Most passenger car and light vans are equipped with Spin-On type filters which are fast and relatively easy to replace.

First the filter must be loosened with a filter wrench. Then after loosening, carefully remove by hand, minimising any oil spill.

Lubricate the sealing gasket of the replacement filter with clean engine oil.

Thread on by hand, being careful not to cross thread.

Finally tighten to the manufacturers instructions.

• Всегда используйте высококачественное масло,
• которое содержит большинство или все указанные компоненты:
• Ингибиторы коррозии Стабилизаторы хим. состава
• Антиоксиданты Моющие добавки
• Стабилизаторы вязкости Ингибиторы вспенивания

Notes :- Common chemicals found in Quality Motor Oil additives are :

Corrosion Inhibitor - prevents formation of acid and the loss of bearing metal due to acid action.

Oxidation Inhibitor - prevents oxidation, a contributing factor to the formation of sludge and varnish.

Anti rust Additives - coats internal engine surfaces preventing rust formation.

Viscosity Index Improver - Oil thickens in the cold and thins with heat. The Viscosity Index improver reduces the rate of viscosity change with temperature and allows easier cold starting and better wear protection under high temperatures. (Viscosity is a measure of how easily oil flows. )

Pour Point Depressant - defines the lowest temperature at which an engine oil can be poured from a container. Most oils are manufactured with pour points about 10 degrees F below the minimum temperature at which the oil is expected to be used.

Extreme Pressure Additive - More generally found in gearbox oils, provides resistance to deterioration under high surface loads as found at gear contact points.

Detergent Dispersant - prevents formation of sludge by keeping sludge and carbon particles harmlessly suspended in the oil.

Foam Inhibitor - reduces the production of foam in the crankcase. a foaming oil will more easily oxidise.

Обслуживание фильтров

• Превышение предельного давления
• Минимизируйте риск:
• 1. Меняйте фильтр и масло в соответствии с инструкциями производителя по частоте замены, вязкости масла и т.п.
• 2. Прогревайте двигатель в холодную погоду перед поездкой.
• 3. Не допускайте попадание грязи в двигатель при замене фильтра.

‘ Вздувшийся’ фильтр

К масло-проводам

Notes :- Very occasionally we receive a customer complaint regarding filter leakage and on examination of the filter we find it has been over pressurised or ‘blown’.

Lube oil system problems are usually invisible. After they occur a burst or deformed filter is often the only ‘evidence’ you have. Yet it is misleading. just as a blown fuse is not the cause of an electrical fault so a ‘blown’ filter is not the cause but only the symptom of excessive oil system pressure.

Why does this happen? Excessive oil pressure is the result of a malfunctioning oil pressure regulating valve. Sometimes the valve sticks in the closed position or sometimes is slow to open when the engine is started.

Unfortunately a stuck relief valve can free itself after filter failure, leaving no evidence of malfunction.

The figure shows a PRV stuck in the closed position. Oil pressure builds up very rapidly to an extremely high level. If the valve remains stuck the filter will deform and the gasket between filter and base will blow open. The system will lose all its oil and engine damage can result.

If an oil leak at the filter has occurred examine the filter carefully and look for signs of deformation, particularly around the flats and base of the filter. If there is deformation this can only occur by means of very excessive oil pressure, several times the maximum design pressure and is always caused through oil system regulating valve malfunction.

If in doubt compare the filter with a new one, the deformation is usually obvious.

Клапан регулятора давления закрыт

Масляный

насос

Картер