Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта 4 курс

Автономное учреждение

профессионального образования

Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры

«СУРГУТСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

Методические рекомендации

по выполнению практических работ

по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык

для студентов очной формы обучения

Специальность:

23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта

Наименование профиля: технический

Сургут, 2016

Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ

по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык

Специальность: 23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильноготранспорта

Составитель: А.М. Фахрутдинова, преподаватель

Методические указания по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов IV курса по специальности: 23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильноготранспорта очной формы обучения и преподавателей профессиональных учебных заведений, соответствует действующей программе и содержит методические рекомендации и систему заданий для аудиторных практических работ.

Рекомендовано к печати Методическим советом Сургутского политехнического колледжа

Протокол № 10 от 06 «июня» 2016г.

Содержание 1. Пояснительная записка………………………………………….…..4 2. Практическая работа №1…………………………………………..6 3. Практическая работа №2………………………………………….12 4. Практическая работа №3………………………………………….16 5. Практическая работа №4……………………………………….…20 6. Практическая работа №5……………………………………….…23 7. Практическая работа №6……………………………………….…25 8. Практическая работа №7……………………………………….…29 9. Практическая работа №8……………………………………….…33 10. Практическая работа №9……………………………………...…36 11. Практическая работа №10…………………………………….…42 12. Практическая работа №11…………………………………….…46 13. Практическая работа №12…………………………………….…49 14. Практическая работа №13…………………………………….…53 15 Практическая работа №14……………………………………..…55 16. Практическая работа №15…………………………………….…59 17. Литература………………………………………………...………62

Пояснительная записка

Данное учебное пособие представляет собой практикум для развития навыков профессионально ориентированного речевого общения и предназначено для студентов IV курса обучающихся по специальности 23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильноготранспорта.

Предлагаемый курс построен по тематическому принципу, включает 7 разделов и призван развивать у студентов профессионально-ориентированную грамматическую и коммуникативную компетенцию, обеспечить совершенствование навыков правильного грамматического оформления речи.

В данном пособии отражен коммуникативный подход в обучении. Для успешного овладения иностранным языком обучаемые должны знать не только языковые формы (т.е. грамматику, лексику и произношение), но также иметь представление о том, как их использовать для целей реальной коммуникации. Представленный учебный материал знакомит обучаемых с функциональным аспектом изучаемого языка и предлагает соответствующую систему упражнений. В данном пособии показаны основные приемы коммуникативно - ориентированного подхода к обучению иностранного языка.

Каждый раздел (Unit) включает в себя тексты для ознакомительного, изучающего и просмотрового чтения, которые содержат актуальную информацию из аутентичных источников. Тексты сопровождаются подробным словарем, а также значительным количеством иллюстраций, что привлекает внимание студентов и облегчает понимание представленного им материала.

Целью учебного пособия является развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков устной речи в деловой и общепрофессиональной коммуникации, формирование профессионально ориентированной лингвистической компетентности студентов. Формальные аспекты языка: грамматика, лексика и фонетика представлены в коммуникативном контексте так, что обучаемым сразу становится понятно их использование в речи. Кроме того, обучаемым предлагаются приближенные к реальной жизни задания, в ходе выполнения которых систематически развиваются иноязычные речевые умения. Такой поход предполагает создание на занятиях атмосферы доверия и сотрудничества, когда обучаемые вовлечены в процесс обучения.

Учебное пособие может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории, так и для самостоятельной работы.

При составлении данного пособия был соблюден общедидактичексий принцип «от простого к сложному», то есть отбор материала по уровню сложности, что позволяет определить последовательность введения нового материала и его количество, а также темп его изучения.

Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом по иностранным языкам и квалификационными требованиями к содержанию и уровню профессиональной подготовки студентов вузов.

Практическая работа №1.

Cruise control system

1. Read the text:

Cruise control is an invaluable feature on American cars. Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, for the driver at least, and those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome would probably get a lot

more speeding tickets. Cruise control is far more common on American cars than European cars, because the roads in America are generally bigger and straighter, and destinations are farther apart. With traffic continually increasing, basic cruise control is becoming less useful, but instead of becoming obsolete, cruise control systems are adapting to this new reality — soon, cars will be equipped with adaptive cruise control, which will allow your car to follow the car in front of it while continually adjusting speed to maintain a safe distance.

What It Does? The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster.

There are also several important safety features — the cruise control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won’t engage at speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph). The system has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control — the brake pedal, and if your car has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control.

The on and off buttons don’t actually do much. Hitting the ‘on’ button does not do anything except telling the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don’t have these buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the driver hits the set button.

The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently driving. If you the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster. If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal,

hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent speed setting.

Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.

The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.

How It’s Hooked Up. The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do — by adjusting the throttle position. But cruise control actuates the throttle valve by a cable connected to an actuator, instead of pressing a pedal. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by limiting how much air the engine takes in. Two cables connected to a pivot that moves the throttle valve. One cable comes from the accelerator pedal, and one from the actuator.

W hen the cruise control is engaged, the actuator moves the cable connected to the pivot, which adjusts the throttle; but it also pulls on the cable that is connected to the gas pedal — this is why your pedal moves up and down when the cruise control is engaged.

Many cars use actuators powered by engine vacuum to open and close the throttle. These systems use a small, electronically-controlled valve to regulate the vacuum in a diaphragm. This works in a similar way to the brake booster, which provides power to your brake system.

Controlling the Cruise Control. The brain of a cruise control system is a small computer that is normally found under the hood or behind the dashboard. It is connected to the throttle control, as well as several sensors. The diagram below shows the inputs and outputs of a typical cruise control system. A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without overshooting, and then maintains that speed with

little deviation no matter how much weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car is a classic application of control system theory. The cruise control system controls the speed of the car by adjusting the throttle position, so it needs sensors to tell it the speed and throttle position. It also needs to monitor the controls so it can tell what the desired speed is and when to disengage. The most important input is the speed signal; the cruise control system does a lot with this signal. First, let’s start with one of the most basic control systems you could have — a proportional control.

Proportional Control. In a proportional control system, the cruise control adjusts the throttle proportional to the error, the error being the difference between the desired speed and the actual speed. So, if the cruise control is set at 60 mph and the car is going 50 mph, the throttle position will be open quite far. When the car is going 55 mph, the throttle position opening will be only half of what it was before. The result is that the closer the car gets to the desired speed, the slower it accelerates. Also, if you were on a steep enough hill, the car might not accelerate at all.

PID Control. Most cruise control systems use a control scheme called PID control. Don’t worry, you don’t need to know any calculus to make it through this explanation — just remember that:

— The integral of speed is distance.

— The derivative of speed is acceleration.

A PID control system uses these three factors — proportional, integral and derivative, calculating each individually and adding them to get the throttle position.

We’ve already discussed the proportional factor. The integral factor is based on the time integral of the vehicle speed error. Translation: the difference between the distance your car actually travelled and the distance it would have travelled if it were going at the desired speed, calculated over a set period of time. This factor helps the car deal with hills, and also helps it settle into the correct speed and stay there. Let’s say your car starts to go up a hill and slows down. The proportional control increases the throttle a little, but you may still slow down. After a little while, the integral control will start to increase the throttle, opening it more and more, because the longer the car maintains a speed slower than the desired speed, the larger the distance error gets.

Now let’s add in the final factor, the derivative. Remember that the derivative of speed is acceleration. This factor helps the cruise control respond quickly to changes, such as hills. If the car starts to slow down, the cruise control can see this acceleration (slowing down and speeding up are both acceleration) before the speed can actually change much, and respond by increasing the throttle position.

2. Find the Russian equivalent for the following English words:

1) to shut off а) закрыть b) отключить с) подключить

2) valve а) рычаг b) кнопка с) клапан

3) dashboard а) прибор b) капот с) панель управления

4) to monitor а) управлять b) ускорять с) выключать

5) to adjust а) удерживать b) подгонять с) соединять

6) throttle а) привод b) сцепление с) дроссель

7) to increase а) увеличивать b) снижать с) изменять

8) acceleration а)замедление b) ускорение с) связанность

9) to suffer а) использовать b) страдать с) изнашивать

10) obsolete а) современный b) устарелый с) измененный

11) straight а) широкий b) узкий с) прямой

3. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps:

1. Without cruise control, long road trips would be more ....

a) safe b) tiring c) funny

2. Cruise control is far more common on ... cars than on European cars,

a) Japanese b) German c) American

3. The cruise control system actually has a lot of... other than controlling

the speed of your car.

a) features b) applications c) functions

4. Cars will be equipped with ... cruise control.

a) adaptive b) basic c) conventional

5. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car...

a) slow down b) accelerate c) stop

6. The throttle valve ... power and speed of the engine by limiting how

much air the engine takes in.

a) switches b) increases c) controls

7. The brain of a cruise control system is a ... that is normally found under

the hood or behind the dashboard.

a) small computer b) electrical device c) engine

8. The proportional control ... the throttle a little, but you may still slow

down.

a) decreases b) opens c) increases

4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:

up without under at least with behind for instead of

Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, 1)__the driver 2)_____ , and those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome would probably get a lot more speeding tickets. With traffic continually increasing, basic cruise control is becoming less useful, but 3)____ becoming obsolete, cruise control systems are adapting to this new reality. The brain of a cruise control system is a small computer that is normally found 4)___ the hood or 5)___the dashboard. A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed 6)___overshooting, and then maintains that speed 7)___little deviation no matter how much weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive 8)___.

5. Render the text.

1. Cruise Control system is …
2. It serves for …
3. It is more common on…
4. It is connected to…
5. It is found …
6. Adaptive Cruise Control allows automatically adjusts the vehicle the speed to maintain a safe distance.
7. Cruise Control system has …
8. The brain of a cruise control system is a …
9. The Cruise Control System controls…
10. It uses a control…

Практическая работа №2.

Climate control

1. Read the text:

The idea behind Climate Control is to maintain a steady preset temperature which is controlled by the occupants of the car, it’s a bit like setting the thermostat on your home central heating system to maintain a set temperature in your house but this one is more sophisticated.

The CC system has a central processor located immediately behind the front display panel connected to the display by a ribbon that can be detached if the dash needs to be removed. This processor receives inputs from:

— a temperature sensor mounted on top of the evaporator housing measuring external ambient temperatures;

— a temperature sensor located in the middle of the CC control panel measuring internal ambient levels;

— two temperature sensors located in the right and left front air ducts;

— a U/V photoelectric sensor located on top of the dash on the far right;

— a speed sensor measuring the car’s velocity.

These sensors are checked and monitored four times every second.

The unit also controls the air distribution motors and the air temperature blend doors as well as processing signals and controlling the other components of the air conditioning system such as the compressor and HBC. The HBC is mounted on the blower plenum and is a solid state variable resistance.

The fins are to cool down the electronics as it’s resistance increases to slow down the blower motor. Early versions of the H BC tend to overheat and cause problems so later ones are fitted with a larger (thicker) heatsink.

The whole system is designed to achieve the desired internal preset temperature as quickly as possible and then to maintain that temperature irrespective of the external ambient conditions.

The temperature controls of the cc unit can be set between 17 and 29 centigrade with additional settings o f ‘Lo’ achieving maximum cooling and ‘Hi’ for maximum heating. As a matter of interest the Lo setting has a value of 15c and the Hi setting a value of 32c.

Passenger temperature set at low. There has in the past been confusion over the operation of the cc system so we will run through a few of the basics.

Firstly, don’t confuse the temperature of the air coming out of the vents with the temperature that you have set in the temperature windows on the control panel, they will rarely be the same nor should they be. A good example of this would be setting in a nominal setting of 21c/70f, on a cold day with an external ambient temperature of say 4c, the temperature coming out of the vents at least to start with can be in the region of 38c. On a scorcher in summer with the outside temperature of say 28c and with the temp setting on the cc unit still set at 21c the vent temps may only be 5 or 6c. You can now see the logic behind the unit. Basically the set temperature is the temperature inside the car that the system will attempt to achieve and to do this it will pump in cold or hot air as required.

The system also has some clever features to achieve the desired temperature as quickly as possible, when the ‘Auto’ setting is selected the system really comes into its own and should be left in this position at all times if you are going to get the best out of it. This not only controls the temperature of the air coming out of the vents but also the speed of the fans and under certain conditions the recirculated air function and the air distribution. For example if high cooling power is required when the ac is first switched on then the system will automatically switch to recirculated air to achieve maximum cooling even though the LED in the recirc switch will not illuminate. At the other extreme when the outside air temperature is very low the system will automatically go to the defrost setting for up to five minutes and will override the manual setting of the air distribution flaps pushing the air towards the front windscreen and it will set the air speed fans to low speed to avoid blowing cold air into the interior.

Note: When the system is set to AUTO and the Air Distribution control is set at Defrost the cc system will put the fan on as soon as the engine starts and run the air conditioning pump in order to demist the front screen — this can be disconcerting. If the Air Distribution control is set on any other position then the fan will not start to operate until the coolant temperature exceeds the interior temperature.

As has been said earlier the system also receives speed pulses from the

speed sensor to tell the cc module what velocity the car is travelling at. This is used to control the speed of the fans to the air vents, for example if you are sitting in traffic in hot weather then it will instruct the fans to speed up, however if you are on the open highway doing 70 mph then the air being forced naturally into the cabin makes high fan speed unnecessary and it will lower the fan speed accordingly.

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words:

Поддерживать заранее установленную постоянную температуру, домашняя система центрального отопления, мудреный, получать сигналы, корпус испарителя, воздуховод, смесительный проем, воздухозаборник, охлаждать, иметь склонность к перегреву, оснащенный, достигать желаемой заранее установленной внутренней температуры, независимая от внешних окружающих условий температура, выходящий из вентиляционных отверстий воздух, нагнетать холодный или горячий воздух, достичь наилучшего результата, скорость вентилятора, не принимая во внимание действие настроенных вручную воздухораспределительных заслонок, не допускать подачи холодного воздуха в салон.

2. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements according to

text are true or false, correct the false ones:

1. The idea behind Climate Control is to maintain a steady preset temperature.

2. The cc system has a central processor located on the front display panel connected to the display by a ribbon that can’t be detached.

3. These sensors are checked and monitored four times every hour.

4. The unit also controls the air distribution motors and the air temperature blend doors but neither processes signals nor controls the other components of the air conditioning system.

5. The whole system is designed to change internal temperature as quickly as possible.

6. The temperature controls of the cc unit can be set between 17 and 29 centigrade with additional settings of ‘Lo’ achieving maximum cooling and ‘Hi’ for maximum heating.

7. The temperature of the air coming out of the vents and the temperature that you have set in the temperature windows on the control panel are always the same.

8. Basically the set temperature is the temperature inside the car that the system will attempt to achieve.

3. Explain in English the meaning of these words and expressions:

• the desired internal temperature

• tend to overheat

• the occupants of the car

• settings of ‘Lo’ and ‘Hi’

• to maintain

• clever features

• a scorcher

• automatically

• sophisticated

Практическая работа №3.

Power Steering

1. Read the text:

Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels. Power steering was invented in the 1920s by Francis W. Davis and George Jessup in Waltham, Massachusetts. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide. Most new vehicles now have power steering, although in the 1970s and 1980s it was the exception rather than the rule, at least on European cars. The trend to front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass and wider tires means that modem vehicles would be extremely difficult manoeuvre at low speeds (e.g. when parking) without assistance.

Most power steering systems work by using a belt driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure to the system. This hydraulic pressure is generated by a rotary-vane pump which is driven by the vehicle’s engine. As the speed of the engine increases, the pressure in the hydraulic fluid also increases, hence a relief valve is incorporated into the system to allow excess pressure to be bled away. While the power steering is not being used, i.e. driving in a straight line, twin hydraulic lines provide equal pressure to both sides of the steering wheel gear. When torque is applied to the steering wheel, the hydraulic lines provide unequal pressures and hence assist in turning the wheels in the intended direction. Some more modern implementations of hydraulic systems also include an electronic pressure valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure of the power steering lines as the vehicle’s speed increases (Variable assist power steering).

In the DIRAVI system invented by Citroen, the force turning the wheels comes from the car’s high pressure hydraulic system and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. As the steering wheel is turned, the wheels are turned simultaneously to a corresponding angle by a hydraulic ram. In order to give some artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the steering wheel back to center position. As long as there is pressure in the car’s hydraulic system, there is no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the road wheels. While DIRAVI is not the mechanical template for all modem power steering arrangements, it did innovate the now common benefit of speed adjustable steering. The force of the centering device increases as the car’s road speed increases. This allows the steering to offer very high levels of assist while parking, but lower assist at highway speeds, when ‘light’ steering would be dangerous.

Electric Power Steering, such as those found on the Chevrolet Cobalt,

Acura NSX, Saturn VUE V6, 2nd gen Toyota MR2 and on most FIAT and Lancia cars, uses electric components. Sensors detect the motion and torque

of the steering column and a computer module applies assistive power via an

electric motor. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Most notably on FIAT group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named ‘CITY’ that switches between two different assist curves (boost curve), while on Volkswagen/Audi group cars, the amount of assistance is automatically regulated depending on vehicle speed. In the event of component failure, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as a back-up in a manner similar to that of hydraulic systems. The software in the computer module enables the flexibility o f‘tuning’ the characteristics of the electric power steering system to suit the preference of the vehicle designers. The ‘feel’ is often set a bit on the light side so a criticism commonly expressed is a lack of steering ‘feel’.

Electric power steering is limited to smaller vehicles. This is because the 12 volt electrical system is limited to 80 amps of current which, in turn, limits the size of the motor to less than 1 kilowatt. (12.5 volts times 80 amps equals 1000 watts) Vehicles such as trucks require a larger power output. A new 42 volt electrical system standard may enable use of electric power steering on larger vehicles. Electric systems have a slight advantage in fuel efficiency (almost 1 MPG) because there is no hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is the main reason for their introduction.

Servotronic offers speed-dependent power steering, in which the amount of servo assist depends on road speed and thus provides even more comfort and convenience for the driver. The amount of power assist is greatest at low speeds, for example when parking the car. The greater assist makes it easier to maneuver the car. At higher speeds, an electronic sensing system gradually reduces the level of power assist. In this way, the driver can control the car even more precisely than with conventional power steering. Servotronic is used by a number of automakers including Audi, BMW, and Porsche. Servotronic is a trademark of AM General.

Electro-Hydraulic or so called ‘hybrid’, systems use the same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, with the hydraulic pressure being provided by an electric motor instead of a belt driven one. Those systems can be found in Volkswagen, Audi, Peugeot, SEAT, Skoda, Suzuki, MINI and some Mazda cars.

2. Match a line in A with a line in B:

A

a) the steering

b) commercially available 2)

c) under the name

d) a belt driven pump

e) to provide hydraulic pressure

f) relief valve

g) excess pressure

h) torque

B

1) под названием

2) ременно-приводной

3) избыточное давление

4) вращающий момент; крутящий момент

5) планируемое направление

6) рулевое управление

7) серийно выпускаемый, имеющийся в продаже

i) intended direction

j) modern implementations

k) hydraulic ram

1) a rack and pinion

m) to reduce gradually

n) servo

o) hydraulic pump

8) обеспечить гидравлическое давление

9) воздушный клапан; выпускной клапан

10) сервомеханизм

11) современные разработки

12)гидроцилиндр, гидроподъемник

13) гидравлический насос

14) механизм реечной передачи

15) постепенно снижать

3. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements according to

text true or false, correct the false ones:

1. Power steering is a system for increasing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels.

2. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide. 3. The trend to front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass and wider tires means that modern vehicles would be extremely easy to manoeuvre at high speeds

without assistance.

4. All power steering systems work by using a belt driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure to the system.

5. This hydraulic pressure is generated by a rotary-vane pump which is driven by the vehicle’s engine.

6. When torque is applied to the steering wheel, the hydraulic lines provide

unequal pressures and hence assist in turning the wheels in the intended direction.

7. In the DIRAVI system invented by Chrysler Corporation, the force turning the wheels comes from the car’s high pressure hydraulic system and is always different no matter what the road speed is.

8. As long as there isn’t any pressure in the car’s hydraulic system, there is no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the road wheels.

9. This allows the steering to offer very low levels of assist while parking, but higher assist at highway speeds.

Практическая работа №4.

Safety

1. Read the text:

Road traffic injuries represent about 25 % of worldwide injury-related deaths (the leading cause) with an estimated 1.2 million deaths each year.

Automobile accidents are almost as old as automobiles themselves. Early examples include Mary Ward, who became one of the first document automobile fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland, and Henry Bliss, one of the United States first pedestrian automobile casualties in 1899 in New York. Cars have many basic safety problems — for example, they have human drivers who make mistakes, wheels that lose traction when the braking or turning forces are too high. Some vehicles have a high center of gravity and therefore an increased tendency to roll over. When driven at high speeds, collisions can have serious or even fatal consequence. Early safety research focused on increasing the reliability of brakes and reducing the flammability of fuel systems. For example, modern engine compartments are open at the bottom so that fuel vapors, which are heavier than air, vent to the open air. Brakes are hydraulic and dual circuit so that failures are slow leaks, rather than abrupt cable breaks.

Systematic research on crash safety started in 1958 at Ford Motor Company. Since then, most research has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels and reducing the motion of human bodies in the passenger compartment. This is reflected in most cars produced today. Significant reductions in death and injury have come from the addition of safety belts and laws in many countries to require vehicle occupants to wear them. Airbags and specialised child restraint systems have improved on that. Structural changes such as side-impact protection bars in the doors and side panels of the car mitigate the effect of impacts to the side of the vehicle.

Many cars now include radar or sonar detectors mounted to the rear of the car to warn the driver if he or she is about to reverse into an obstacle or a pedestrian. Some vehicle manufacturers are producing cars with devices that also measure the proximity to obstacles and other vehicles in front of the car and are using these to apply the brakes when a collision is inevitable. There have also been limited efforts to use heads up displays and thermal imaging technologies similar to those used in military aircraft to provide the driver with a better view of the road at night.

Despite technological advances, there is still significant loss of life from car accidents: About 40,000 people die every year in the United States, with similar figures in European nations. This figure increases annually in step with rising population and increasing travel if no measures are taken, but the rate per capita and per mile traveled decreases steadily. The death toll

is expected to nearly double worldwide by 2020. A much higher number of accidents result in injury or permanent disability. The highest accident figures are reported in China and India. The European Union has a rigid program to cut the death toll in half by 2010, and member states have started

implementing measures.

2. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements according to

text are true or false, correct the false ones:

1. Road traffic injuries represent about 50 % of worldwide injury-related

deaths with an estimated 1.2 million deaths each year.

2. Cars have only one basic safety problem — they have human drivers who make mistakes.

3. Some vehicles have a high center of gravity and therefore an increased tendency to roll over.

4. When driven at high speeds, collisions can’t have serious or fatal consequence.

5. Early safety research focused on increasing the reliability of brakes but didn’t pay any attention on reducing the flammability of fuel systems.

6. Brakes are hydraulic and dual circuit so that failures abrupt cable breaks. 7. Most research has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels and reducing the motion of human bodies in the passenger compartment.

8. Significant reductions in death and injury have come from the addition of safety belts.

9. Unfortunately, modern cars don’t have radar or sonar detectors to warn the driver if he or she is about to reverse into an obstacle or a pedestrian.

10. Some vehicle manufacturers are producing cars with devices that measure the proximity to obstacles and other vehicles in front of the car and are using these to apply the brakes when a collision is inevitable.

11. Despite technological advances, there is still significant loss of life from car accidents.

12. The death toll is expected to reduce significantly worldwide by 2020.

13. The European Union has a rigid program to cut the death toll in half by 2010, but member states haven’t started implementing measures yet.

3. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

травма

пешеход

всемирный

измерять

ремень безопасности

неизбежный

несчастный случай

военный самолет

сцепление

ежегодно

вращающая сила

центр тяжести

следовательно

переворач и ваться

требовать

последствие, результат

препятствие

обрывать

испаряться

надежность

течь

давать задний ход

защита

предостерегать

уменьшать

выветриваться

приводить в исполнение

отражать

снижение

воспламеняемость

спаренная схема

авария

Практическая работа №5.

A computer for every car

1. Read the text:

Worried about falling asleep at the wheel? In Nissan’s Maxima, an optional “drowsiness-warning system” will recognize signs of driver fatigue and sound an alarm. Nissan’s backup-alarm system sounds a warning when you get close to other cars, curbs or obstacles.

General Motors, Ford and Chrysler also combine autos and computers in novel ways. They offer such features as self adjusting suspensions, sensors that alter fuel mixture for efficient combustion and systems that diagnose a car’s mechanical troubles. Detroit expects to install devices to map routes and allow drivers to locate their positions on dashboard – display maps of city streets. Another product, similar to airliner flight recorders, would store details of a car’s operation to aid in repairs.

The Japanese have gone further in using microchips to enhance creature comforts and safety. Honda has a “smart gearshift”. As a driver shifts the four main gears, a microprocessor controls three intermediate gears for smoothness and better fuel economy. A radar auto cruise system under study gauges the distance from vehicles in front and warns drivers when it senses an impending collision. Also possible is a car that administers a sobriety test. To start the car, a driver breathes into an analyzer. If he or she has had too much, the car won’t start.

2. Read the text carefully. Fill in the gaps with the following words:

the only easily installed accessory

first trip computers

the quality of the oil

the ‘car calculator’

display the diagnostic codes

the dashboard or navigation system screen

upscale cars

advanced trip computers

an onboard computer device

basic varieties

A trip computer is 1)___ fitted to cars which can generally record distance travelled, average speed, average fuel consumption, and display real time fuel consumption information. This computer can be found in various vehicles. Thus sometimes called 2)___ , it can be very handy on long trips.

The 3 )___ were installed in late 1970’s General Motors products and are still usually reserved for more 4 )___ although some lower-end models are fitted with them, often as an option. They can range from basic to complex. The most 5)___ of the trip computer incorporate average fuel mileage and perhaps an outside temperature display. Middle-of-the-road versions will often incorporate trip information into a bundle and include information on fuel, speed, distance, cardinal heading (compass), and elapsed time. The most 6)___ are reserved for high-end cars and often feature average calculations for two drivers, a stop watch, tire pressure information, an over speed warning tone, as well as a multitude of other features.

Sometimes the trip computer display will be incorporated into the gauge cluster, into 7)____ or in an overhead console. Some vehicles will convey maintenance information to the driver to inform them of scheduled maintenance. Mercedes-Benz vehicles constantly monitor 8)____ and alert the driver of the need of a change when the oil degrades to a certain extent.

Some trip computers can 9)____ mechanics use. This is specially useful when the mechanic wants to see what the codes are while driving the car. In 2004 Linear Logic developed the ScanGauge which is 10)___ that works as a trip computer, 4 digital gauges, and a diagnostic trouble code reader.

3. Work in pairs. Make up questions to which the word combinations

below are the answers. Using your questions role-play the dialogue:

a trip computer

fitted to cars

distance travelled, average speed,

average fuel consumption

in various vehicles

on long trips

in late 1970s

from basic to complex;

average fuel mileage and perhaps

an outside temperature

display

information on fuel, speed,

distance, cardinal heading

(compass), and elapsed time

for two drivers

a stop watch, tire pressure

information, an over-speed

warning tone, as well as

a multitude of other features

the trip computer display

into the gauge cluster, into the

dashboard or navigation

system screen, or in an

overhead console

the quality of the oil, and alert

the driver of the need of

a change

the ScanGauge

as a trip computer, 4 digital

gauges, and a diagnostic

trouble code reader

Практическая работа №6.

Wheel drive

1. Read the text:

Formations like this required a long hours of intensive drilling and careful judgment. When the troops goes around the corner the riders on the outside of the turn have to adjust their speed to keep even with the riders on the inside. The men on the outside has to ride a lot farther and a lot faster in order to keep up with the parade. The outside wheels must spin faster then the wheels on the inside because they have a grater distance to travel in the same length of time. When the wagon turns the corner the wheels can travel at different speeds because each one can turn freely on the axles. And in the early automobiles the rear wheels turn separately and only one wheel was connected to the engine. But when only one wheel was driven by the engine it had to do all of work and it couldn't get a good enough rift on the road to do its job properly. So the one wheel drive was soon out of date. But if two wheels are locked on an axle so they are not free to turn separately one or the other has to slide.

So engineers had to find a way to connect both rear wheels to the engine without sliding and slipping on turns. The device which makes it possible is a part of the rear axle. It is called the differential because it can drive the rear wheels at different speeds. The differential looks complicated but once we understand its principle it is amazingly simple. This two wheels are molded on separate axles and supported by a frame. So they can revolved freely at different speeds. Lets pass on this spoke on the inner end of each axle. So by turning the spokes we can turn each wheel separately. With the bar across piece we can turn both wheels in the same direction at the same rate of speed. Let's got something to hold this bar in place. So that will press against the spokes. Notice that this support is not locked to the axle. It turns freely. Now we can spin the wheels by rotating the support. This is fine as long as both wheels are able to turn at the same speed. But let's see what happens when we go around the corner. With this arrangement we can not drive one wheel faster then the other. And if we stop one wheel the other wheel won't budge.

Let's put this bar on a pivot. So that can swim in either direction. Now the bar can steel turn both wheels at the same speed. And because it pivots it lets one wheel turn even when the other is stopped. But if turn too far the bar will swim around until it won't drive the spokes that turn other wheel. We need another cross bar and more spokes to carry on the job. When we stop one wheel, the cross bars will continue to push the spokes of the free wheel around. As long as both wheels are free to turn the bars do not swim on the pivot and the wheels move at the same speed. Now we have the working principles of a differential. To adopt a model for use in an automobile we will have to make a few changes. In order to reduce the jerky action caused by wide spaces between spokes we will put in more spokes. For to filling in the spaces between the spokes gives steadier more continuous action and changing a shape gives form constant contact. Now we can make a gear thicker and stronger and we have differential gears. The edges are cut so they fit together more smoothly and silently. And another gear is added to share the work of driving axles. The principles is the same. In order to turn a support and drive the wheels we can pass on a large gear hear, connected by a smaller gear to a source of power.

Notice that the power is connected to the differential at the center line. We can make our model more compact by moving the gears close to together. When we put our differential in an automobile we have to live room for the drive shaft which carries the power from the engine. We may build the floor of the car above the drive shaft but if we do we won't have much room inside unless we make the top of the car high too. Of course we could low the floor and ceiling but the drive shaft would be higher than a floor. This would have disadvantageous. A shaft in the middle of the floor in an automobile would be inconvenient for passengers and would be awkward for carry-on luggage. Today engineers have found the way to make a car room closer to the road without climbs the shaft above the floor. The drive shaft from the engine to the differential is load out of way and the drive shaft is connected to the rear axle at the bottom.

The new low center drive makes the rear axle quietly, stronger and more durable because it gives better smoother contact between the gears. The automobile of today with the low center drive is stronger and more rogen.

Every part of the rear axle has been filled to with steam streams far greater than if ever meet on the straight away or around the corner.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What main units does the chassis consist of?

2. Where is the engine located?

3. Where is the flywheel fixed?

4. Where is the clutch placed?

5. What is the gearbox designed for?

6. By what shaft is the power transmitted to the back axle?

7. What does the rear axle do?

8. What is the function of the differential?

9. What purpose is the steering system designed for?

10. What is the function of the brakes?

3. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

on by of before for in to with

Manual transmissions are much more common than automatic transmissions 1)___most countries. Alongside with their technical characteristics, it is customary 2) new drivers to learn, and be tested, 3)___ a car 4)___ a manual gear change. In Japan, Philippines, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, the UK, Ireland, Sweden, France, Australia and Finland, a test pass using an automatic car does not entitle the driver to use a manual car 5)___ the public road 6)____a second manual test is taken.

The creation of computer control also allowed 7)___a sort of semiautomatic transmission where the car handles manipulation 8)___the clutch automatically, but the driver can still select the gear manually if desired. This is sometimes referred 9)___as ‘clutchless manual’, or ‘robotized’. Many 10)___ these transmissions allow the driver to give full control 11) the computer. The latest sophisticated semi-automatic and automatic transmissions may yield results slightly closer 12)___ the ones yielded 13)___ manual transmissions.

Практическая работа №7.

What Was the First Car?

1. Read the text:

Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels.

A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinand Verbiest has been said to have built a steam powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since Thomas Newcomen built his first steam engine only in 1712, we can guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero’s steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery.

Newcomen’s engine had a cylinder and a piston and was the first of this kind, and it used steam as a condensing agent to form a vacuum and with an overhead walking beam, pull on a rod to lift water. It was an enormous thing and was strictly stationary. The steam was not under pressure, just an open boiler piped to the cylinder. It used the same vacuum principle that Thomas Savery had patented to lift water directly with the vacuum, which would have limited his pump to less than 32 feet of lift. Newcomen’s lift would have only been limited by the length of the rod and the strength of the valve at the bottom.

Somehow Newcomen was not able to separate his invention from that of Savery and had to pay for Savery’s rights. In 1765 James Watt developed the first pressurized steam engine which proved to be much more efficient and compact than the Newcomen engine.

The first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769. A replica of this vehicle is on display at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris. The Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D. C. also has a large (half size) scale model. A second unit was built in 1770 which weighed 8,000 pounds and had a top speed on 2 miles per hour, and on the cobble stone streets of Paris this was probably as fast as anyone wanted to go it. The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron. A road thus made out of iron rails became the norm for the next hundred and twenty five years. The vehicles got bigger and heavier and more powerful and as such they were eventually capable of pulling a train of many cars filled with freight and passengers.

Many attempts had been made in England by the 1830’s to develop a practical vehicle that didn’t need rails. A series of accidents and propaganda from the established railroads caused a flurry of restrictive legislation to be passed and the development of the automobile bypassed England. Several commercial vehicles were built but they were more like trains without tracks.

The development of the internal combustion engine had to wait until fuel was available to combust internally. Gunpowder was tried but didn’t work out. Gunpowder carburetors are still hard to find. The first gas really did use gas. They used coal gas generated by heating coal in a pressure vessel or boiler. A Frenchman named Etienne Lenoir patented the first practical gas engine in Paris in 1860 and drove a car based on the design from Paris to Joinville in 1862. His one-half horse power engine had a bore of 5 inches and a 24 inch stroke. It was big and heavy and turned 100 rpm.

Lenoir died in 1900. Lenoir had a separate mechanism to compress the gas before combustion. In 1862, Alphonse Bear de Rochas figured out how to compress the gas in the same cylinder in which it was to burn, which is the way we still do it. This process of bringing the gas into the cylinder, compressing it, combusting the compressed mixture, then exhausting it is known as the Otto cycle, or four cycle engine. Lenoir claimed to have run the car on benzene and his drawings show an electric spark ignition. If so, then his vehicle was the first to run on petroleum based fuel, or petrol, or what we call gas, short for gasoline.

Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a car in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873. His later car was called the Strassenwagen had about 3/4 horse power at 500 rpm. It ran on crude wooden wheels with iron rims and stopped by pressing wooden blocks against the iron rims, but it had a clutch, a differential and a magneto ignition. One of the four cars which Marcus built is in the Vienna Technical Museum and can still be driven under its own power. In 1876, Nokolaus Otto patented the Otto cycle engine, de Rochas had neglected to do so, and this later became the basis for Daimler and Benz breaking the Otto patent by claiming prior art from de Rochas.

In 1885, in Gottllieb Daimler’s workshop in Bad Cannstatt the wooden motorcycle was built. Daimler’s son Paul rode this motorcycle from Cannstatt to Unterturkheim and back on November 10, 1885. Daimler used a hot tube ignition system to get his engine speed up to 1000 rpm.

The previous August, Karl Benz had already driven his light, tubular framed tricycle around the Neckar valley, only 60 miles from where Daimler lived and worked. They never met. Frau Berta Benz took Karl’s car one night and made the first long car trip to see her mother, travelling 62 miles from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888.

Also in August 1888, William Steinway, owner of Steinway & Sons piano factory, talked to Daimler about US manufacturing right and by September had a deal. By 1891 the Daimler Motor Company, owned by Steinway, was producing petrol engines for tramway cars, carriages, quadracycles, fire engines and boats in a plant in Hartford, CT. Steam cars had been built in America since the Civil War but the early ones were like miniature locomotives. In 1871, Dr. J. W.Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car. It was practical enough to inspire the State of Wisconsin to offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race in 1878. The 200 mile race had seven entries, of which two showed up for the race. One car was sponsored by the city of Green Bay and the other by the city of Oshkosh. The Green Bay car was the fastest but broke down, and the Oshkosh car finished with an average speed of 6 mph.

From this time until the end of the century, nearly every community in America had a mad scientist working on a steam car. Many old news papers tell stories about the trials and failures of these would be inventors.

By 1890 Ransom E.Olds had built his second steam powered car. One was sold to a buyer in India, but the ship it was on was lost at sea. Running by February, 1893, and ready for road trials by September, 1893, the car built by Charles and Frank Duryea, brothers, was the first gasoline powered car in America. The first run on public roads was made on September 21, 1893, in Springfield, MA. They had purchased a used horse drawn buggy for $70 and installed a 4HP, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car (buggy) had a friction transmission, spray carburettor and low tension ignition. It must not have run very well because Frank didn’t drive it again until November 10, when it was reported by the Springfield Morning Union newspaper. This car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. appreciated and presented to the United States National Museum.

2. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1. Vaturio ... a similar vehicle which was also never built,

a) designed b) proposed c) applied

2. Newcomen’s ... had a cylinder and a piston and was the first of this kind.

a) carburetor b) engine c) muffler

3. The first vehicle ... under its own power for which there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot.

a) to move b) to fly c) to navigate

4. The early ... powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron.

a) gas b) petroleum c) steam

5. Many attempts had been made in England by the 1830’s to develop a practical vehicle that didn’t need ....

a) rails b) road c) highway

6. The development of the internal combustion engine had to wait until fuel was available ... internally.

a) to evaporate b) to combust c) to vaporize

7. ... cars had been built in America since the Civil War.

a) gas b) steam c) petroleum

3. Find in the text equivalents to the following phrases:

Управляемые ветром транспортные средства, сила клапана, пар под давлением, длина рычага, был разработан, высшая скорость, транспортны е средства стали больше и тяжелее, делать много попыток, газовый двигатель, двигатель внутреннего сгорания, деревянные колеса, бензиновый двигатель.

Практическая работа №8.

The First Automobile Companies

1. Read the text:

Henry Ford had an engine running by 1893 but it was 1896 before he built his first car. By the end of the year Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, for $200 and used the money to build another one. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit, William C. Maybury and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built but no production cars were ever made by this company. It was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale until 1903.

The first closed circuit automobile race held at Narragansett Park, Rhode Island, in September 1896. All cars were Duryeas and a Morris & Salom Electrobat. Thirteen Duryeas of the same design were produced at the factory in 1896, making it the first production car. In 1898, the brothers Duryea, the owners of the factory, went their separate ways and the Duryea Motor Wagon Company was closed. Charles, who was born in 1861 and was eight years older than Frank, had taken advantage of Frank in publicity and patents. Frank went out on his own and eventually joined with Stevens Arms and Tool Company to form the Stevens—Duryea Company which was sold to Westinghouse in 1915. Charles tried to produce some of his own hare-brained ideas with various companies until 1916. Thereafter, he limited himself to writing technical book and articles. He died in 1938. Frank got a half a million dollars for the Westinghouse deal and lived in comfort until his death in 1967, just seven months from his 98th birthday.

In 1899, production of the Olds Motor Vehicle Company of Detroit began. After an early failure with luxury vehicles they established the first really successful production with the classic Curved Dash Oldsmobile.

The Curved Dash Oldsmobile had a single cylinder engine, tiller steering and chain drive. It sold for $650. In 1901, 600 were sold and the next years were 1902 — 2,500, 1903 — 4,000, 1904 — 5,000. In August 1904, Ransom Olds left the company to form Reo (for Ransom Eli Olds). Ransom E. Olds was the first mass producer of gasoline powered automobiles in the United States, even though Duryea was the first auto manufacturer with their 13 cars. Ransom Olds produced a small number of electric cars around the turn of the century. Little is known about them and none survive. In 1899 and 1900, electrics outsold all other type of cars and the most popular electric was the Columbia built by Colonel Albert Augustus Pope, owner of American Bicycle Company.

Lutzmann of 1895 by J. A. Koosen and H. Lawson is typical of American design in the mid 1890’s. It was truly a horseless carriage. Tiller

steering, engine under the floorboards, very high center of gravity, not designed for road travel. Imagine climbing into one of these and trying to drive across town and around a few corners. This Daimler of 1899 was owned by Lionel Rothchild. The European design is much advanced of the American designs of the same time. Gottlieb Daimler took part in the London-to-Brighton run in 1896 but died in 1900 at the age of 66 without ever meeting Benz. His German engines powered the automobile industries of Britain and France. The 1908 Haynes in the back ground shows the rapid development of the petrol powered car when compared to the 1894 model in the foreground. The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost of 1906 was a six cylinder car that stayed in production until 1925. It represented the best engineering and technology available at the time and these cars still run smoothly and silently today. This period marked the end of the beginning of the automobile.

2. Translate into Russian the following words and word combinations:

Prototype, production cars, of the same design, a single cylinder engine, tiller steering, chain drive, the first mass producer, gasoline powered automobiles, auto manufacturer, electric cars, a horseless carriage, center of gravity, road travel, rapid development, a six cylinder car, to represent the best engineering and technology.

3. Work in pairs and decide whether these statem ents according to

text are true or false:

1. Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, to build another one.

2. Without any financial backing of wealthy people Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899.

3. Ransom E. Olds was the first mass producer of gasoline powered automobiles in the United States.

4. By the end of the century Ransom Olds had produced a great number of electric cars.

5. Lutzmann of 1895 was an automobile of typically European design.

6. The European design was much advanced of the American designs of the same time.

7. The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost of 1906 was a single cylinder car that stayed in production until 1925.

8. The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost represented the best engineering and technology available at the time.

4. Translate the following sentences into English using a dictionary:

1. История автомобильной промышленности насчитывает более чем 100 лет. 2. Автомобильная промышленность часто расценивается как главный двигатель индустриального роста двадцатого столетия. 3. Методы производства автомобилей, от их кустарного изготовления до массового производства, всегда имели большое влияние на организацию и технологию других отраслей промышленности. 4. Современные автомобили состоят из более 1 200 деталей. 5. Автомобильная промышленность является важным и динамичным сектором промышленности практически любой экономически развитой страны. 6. Использование автомобилей привносит комфорт, скорость и удобство в современную жизнь человека. 7. Огромный рост количества транспортных средств приводит к загрязнению окружающей среды. 8. Современная стратегия автомобильной промышленности состоит в том, чтобы сделать транспортные средства более эффективными и экологически безопасными.

Практическая работа №9.

BMW

1. Read the text:

BMW AG — Bavarian Motor Works, is an independent German company and manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. BMW is the parent company of the MINI and Rolls-Royce car brands, and formerly, Rover. The company’s tagline in English is currently ‘The Ultimate Driving Machine’. The original German slogan was ‘Freude am Fahren’, which translates to ‘Joy in Driving’ in English.

Pre-World War II History. BMW was founded by Karl Friedrich Rapp originally as an aircraft engine manufacturer. The Milbertshofen district of Munich was chosen, because it was close to the Gustav Otto airplanebuilding plant site. The blue-and-white roundel BMW logo which is still used alludes to the white and blue checkered flag of Bavaria. It is often said to symbolize a spinning white propeller on a blue-sky background, although this interpretation developed after the logo was already in use.

In 1916, the company secured a contract to build V12 engines for Austro-Daimler. Needing extra financing, Rapp gained the support of Camillo Castiglioni, Cornelius Jagdmann and Max Fritz, the company was reconstituted as the Bavarian Motor Works (Bayerische Motoren Werke). Over-expansion caused difficulties; Rapp left and the company was taken over by the Austrian industrialist Franz Josef Popp in 1917, and named BMW AG in 1918.

After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) prohibited the production of aircraft in Germany. Otto closed his factory and BMW switched to manufacturing railway brakes. In 1924, BMW built its first model motorcycle, the R32. This had a air-cooled horizontally-opposed engine, a feature that would resonate among their various models for decades to come, albeit with displacement increases and newer technology. The major innovation was the use of a driveshaft instead of a chain to drive the rear wheel. For decades to follow, the shaft-drive boxer engine was the mark of the BMW motorcycle.

In 1927, the tiny Dixi, an Austin Seven produced under licence, began production in Eisenach. BMW bought the Dixi Company the following year, and this became the company’s first car, the BMW 3/15. By 1933, BMW was producing cars that could be called truly theirs, offering steadily more advanced 16 sports and saloons (sedans). The pre-war cars culminated in the 327 coupe and convertible, the 328 roadster, fast 2.0 L cars, both very advanced for their time, as well as the upscale 335 luxury sedan.

World War II H istory. BMW was a major supplier of engines; supplying the Luftwaffe (военно-воздушные силы) with engines and vehicles, and the Wehrmacht (вермахт, вооруженные силы фашистской Германии, 1935— 1945) with motorcycles. Planes using the aero-engines included the BMW 801, one of the most powerful available. Over 30,000 were manufactured up to 1945. BMW also researched jet engines, producing the BMW 003, and rocket-based weapons. BMW has admitted to using between 25,000 and 30,000 slave labourers during this period, consisting of both prisoners of war and inmates of infamous concentration camps such as Dachau.

The BMW works were heavily bombed towards the end of the war. Of its sites, those in eastern Germany were seized by the Soviets. The factory in Munich was largely destroyed.

Post-War H istory. After the war the Munich factory took some time to restart production in any volume. BMW was banned from manufacturing for three years by the Allies and did not produce a motorcycle, the R24, until 1948, and a car model until 1952. In the east, the company’s factory at Eisenach was taken over by the Soviet Awtowelo group which formed finally the Eisenacher Motoren-Werke. That company offered ‘BMWs’ for sale until 1951, when the Bavarian company prevented use of the trademarks: the name, the logo and the ‘double-kidney’ radiator grille.

The cars and motorcycles were then branded EMW (Eisenacher Motoren-Werke), production continuing until 1955. In the west, the ВАС, Bristol Aeroplane Company, inspected the factory, and returned to Britain with plans for the 326, 327 and 328 models. These plans, which became official war reparations, along with BMW engineer Fritz Fiedler allowed the newly formed Bristol Cars to produce a new, high-quality sports saloon (sedan), the 400 by 1947, a car so similar to the BMW 327 that it even kept the famous BMW grille.

In 1948, BMW produced its first post-war motorcycle and in 1952 it produced its first passenger car since the war. However, its car models were not commercially successful; models such as the acclaimed BMW 507 and 503 were too expensive to build profitably and were low volume. By the late 1950s, it was also making bubble-cars such as the Isetta.

In 1959, BMW’s management suggested selling the whole concern to was also a more powerful RS model for racing. Competition successes in the 700 began to secure BMW’s reputation for sports sedans.

At the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1961, BMW launched the 1 500, a powerful compact sedan, with front disc brakes and four-wheel independent suspension. This modern specification further cemented BMW’s reputation for sporting cars. It was the first BMW to officially feature the ‘Hofmeister kink’, the rear window line that has been the hallmark of all BMWs since then. The ‘New Class’ 1 500 was developed into 1 600 and 1 800 models. In 1966, the two-door version of the 1 600 was launched, along with a convertible in 1967. These models were called the ‘02’ series — the 2002 being the most famous — and began the bloodline that later developed into the BMW 3 Series.

By 1966, the Munich plant had reached the limits of its production capacity. Although BMW had initially planned to build an entirely new factory, the company bought the crisis-ridden Hans Glas GmbH with its factories in Dingolfing and Landshut. Both plants were restructured, and in the following decades BMW’s largest plant took shape in Dingolfing.

Of major importance to BMW was the arrival of Eberhard von Kuenheim from Daimler-Benz AG. Just 40 years old, he presided over the company’s transformation from a national firm with a European-focused reputation into a global brand with international prestige. Already commercially successful by the mid 60s, in December 1971, BMW moved to the new HQ present in Munich, architecturally modeled after four cylinders.

In 1972, the 5 Series was launched to replace the New Class sedans, with a body styled by Bertone. The new class coupes were replaced by the 3 Series in 1975, and the New Six became the 7 Series in 1977. Thus the three-tier sports sedan range was formed, and BMW essentially followed this formula into the 1990s. Other cars, like the 6 Series coupes that replaced the CS and the Ml, were also added to the mix as the market demanded. From 1970 to 1993, under von Kuenheim, turnover increased 18-fold, car production quadrupled and motorcycle production tripled.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is BMW? 2. What does the logo of the company symbolize? 3. What were the difficulties of the company in 1916? 4. When did the Treaty of Versailles prohibit the production of aircraft in Germany? 5. When was the first motorcycle built by BMW? 6. What was the first car of BMW? 7. In what activity was the company engaged during the World War II? 8. What did the company do just after the World War II?

3. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words:

фон

вызывать

увеличивать

сочетание

мощный

бесславный

формировать

модель

подобный

низкий

строить

запрещать

новшество

версия

исследовать

фабрика

предотвратить

компенсация

пассажир

соглашаться

поддерживать

переключаться

карданный вал

поставщик

позволять

после

использовать

инженер

успешный

профсоюз

важность

различный

быстрый

включать

развивать

объем

возвращать

план

престиж

председатель

4. Work in pairs and decide whether these statem ents according to

text are true or false:

1. BMW AG — Bavarian Motor Works, is an independent German company and manufacturer of office furniture and accessories. 2. BMW was founded by Karl Friedrich Rapp originally as an aircraft engine manufacturer. 3. In 1916 the company secured a contract to repair VI2 engines for Austro-Daimler. 4. After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles allowed the mass production of aircraft in Germany. 5. For decades to follow, the shaft-drive boxer engine was the mark of the BMW motorcycle. 6. In 1927, the tiny Dixi, an Austin Seven produced under licence, began production in Eisenach. 7. BMW has never been a supplier of engines; supplying the Luftwaffe with engines and vehicles. 8. BMW researched jet engines, producing the BMW 003, and rocket-based weapons. 9. After the war there was no need to restart production because the company flourished. 10. BMW was banned from manufacturing for three years by the Allies and did not produce a motorcycle. 11. In 1948, BMW produced its first post-war motorcycle and in 1952 it produced its first passenger car since the war. 12. In 1959 BMW’s management suggested selling the whole concern to Daimler-Benz and the major shareholder, Herbert Quandt agreed such a deal. 13. In December 1971, BMW moved to the new HQ present in Munich, architecturally modeled after four cylinders.

Практическая работа №10.

Mazda

1. Read the text:

The Mazda has a reputation as the most fun-to-drive car in the compact class. But 2007 brings a host of redesigned competitors, and class standards are moving up. The 2007 Mazda 3 compares to the competition as $14,390 base, $18,980 as tested, EPA fuel economy estimates 26 MPG city/33 MPG highway. For 2007 Mazda has updated the both inside and out. Subtle styling updates include two new grilles (unique for 4’ and ‘s’ models) and squared-otT fog light housings. Mazda’s press release says the new bumpers offer ‘superior aerodynamics that contribute to better fuel economy’. Indeed, the highway estimate for the 3s model with manual transmission is up one MPG, but estimates for other versions are unchanged. The 3’s new alloy wheels have been redesigned to both accentuate the aluminum alloy look and convey the image of stability. What hasn’t changed is the lineup: two body styles, 4-door sedan and 5-door hatchback; two engines, a 148 horsepower 2-liter in the ‘i’ model and 156 hp 2.3 liter for the ‘s’; and three trim levels, Sport, Touring and Grand Touring, the latter only in ‘s’ form. Changes to the Mazda 3’s body shell make it more rigid and the suspension has been tweaked for improved steering response and sharper handling. But the most important change is the addition of electronic stability control, standard on ‘s’ Touring and Grand Touring. Electronic stability control can help keep the driver from losing control in a sudden panic maneuver or during overaggressive driving. Antilock brakes, front-seat-mounted side airbags and side-curtain airbags remain standard on some models, optional on others.

The 3’s interior has also been revised for 2007. Particular attention was paid to revising interior quality on all models. Grey and red trim spruces up the Mazda 3s’ black interior, but overall design seems dated compared to newer designs such as the Honda Civic and Nissan Sentra. The ‘i’ offers a choice of beige or black interior, the former with glare-cutting black dashboard topper, while the ‘s’ is black-only. The 3s has grey and red plastic trim that spruces it up nicely. The 3s’ gauges feature red numbers on a black background with blue floodlighting while the 3i gets snazzy black-on-white gauges. The three-dial air conditioning controls are simple as can be, but the button stereo takes some getting used to. The 11.5 cubic foot trunk is on the small side. Base price for the Mazda 3i Sport is $14,390; it has a stereo with CD player, steering-wheel-mounted controls and a jack to plug in MP3 player. A/С is optional, but power windows, locks and mirrors require stepping up to the 3i Touring. The top-of-the-line 3s Grand Touring adds leather seats (heated in front), automatic headlights, climate control, and rain-sensing wipers, breaking the $20k barrier. Its optional GPS navigation system is a rarity in this segment.

The Mazda 3’s reputation as a driver’s car is not undeserved. Its steering response is notably sharp, though the firm ride might put some buyers off. This year Mazda has retuned the suspension for less understeer. (Understeer is when the front wheels try to push towards the outside of a curve when cornered hard; the opposite condition is oversteer, when the rear wheels slide or fishtail. Most front-wheel-drive cars like the Mazda 3 are tuned for understeer.) Even so, don’t expect the Mazda 3 to suddenly spin out in a hard corner. The 2.3 liter 156 horsepower four-cylinder engine in the ‘s’ model is big by compact-car standards; most of the 3’s competitors have engines in the 1.8 to 2.0 liter and 126 to 140 horsepower range. Transmission choices are a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic. (The 3i gets a 2.0 liter engine and 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic.) Both 2.0 and 2.3 engines come in a clean-burning Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) version for cars sold in California, New York, Vermont, Masachusetts and Maine. Horsepower drops slightly, but while many cars only offer a PZEV engine with an automatic transmission, the Mazda 3 retains its PZEV rating with the stick-shift as well.

The Mazda 3 has a much sportier feel than its competitors. The big engine, sharp steering response and firm ride set it apart from cars like the Civic, Corolla and Sentra, where driving is a means to an end rather than an enjoyable activity in and of itself. As a hatchback, the Mazda 3 is unique; as a sedan it has to fight harder to stand out, a tall order against newer designs like the Nissan Sentra, Honda Civic and Hyundai Elantra.

2007 brings more driver-oriented compacts into the fray, notably the Civic Si and Mazda’s own Mazda speed 3, a phenomenally souped-up version of the Mazda 3 hatchback. But both carry heftier car payments and neither is available with an automatic transmission. VW’s Rabbit is another sporty-themed hatchback; its engine is more powerful but not as eager to rev, and the Rabbit is likely to spend more time in the dealer’s service department than the Mazda.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is this text about? 2. What facts about Mazda cars are interesting
for you? 3. What reputation does the Mazda have? 4. What characteristic
can you give to the Mazda 3 2007? 5. What changes has the Mazda 3’s
2007 updated? 6. What is the most important change? 7. What hasn’t
changed? 8. What advantages and disadvantages does it have to your mind?
9. Where is it built? 10. What safety equipment does it have? 11. Why
is the Mazda 3 unique? 12. Think of who should buy the Mazda 3 2007
and who should not.

2. Put the missing information and translate the Details and Specs:

4. Find in the text equivalents for the following phrases:

Черная отделка, фронтальные подушки безопасности, кожаный салон, заднее колесо, противоположное состояние, боковые подушки безопасности, противотуманные фары, потеря контроля, городской (загородний) цикл, электростеклоподъемники, средства безопасности,

особое внимание уделяется, передние фары, экономия топлива, модернизация стиля, улучшенное рулевое управление, сервисный центр, пробег тридцать шесть тысяч миль, точное повиновение рулю, топливный бак.

Практическая работа №11.

Honda

1. Read the text:

Honda Motor C o., Ltd., or simply called Honda, is a Japanese engine manufacturer and engineering corporation. The company is perhaps most notable for its automobiles and motorcycles, but it also produces a long list of other products: trucks, scooters, robots, jets and jet engines, water craft, electrical generators, marine engines, lawn and garden equipment, and aeronautical and other mobile technologies. Honda’s high-end line of cars are branded Acura in North America and China. More recently they have ventured into the world of mountain bikes, producing the very first bike to use an internal gear changing system in the Honda RN-01 G-cross. With more than 14 million internal combustion engines built each year, Honda is the largest engine-maker in the world. In 2004, the company began to produce diesel motors, which were very quiet whilst not requiring particulate filters to pass pollution standards. It is arguable, however, that the foundation of Honda’s success is the motorcycle division. Honda is headquartered in Tokyo. Their shares trade on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, Fukuoka, London, Paris and Switzerland. American Honda Motor Co. is based in Torrance, California. Honda Canada Inc. is headquartered in the Scarborough, Ontario district of Toronto, Ontario, and is building new corporate headquarters in Richmond Hill, Ontario, scheduled to relocate in 2008. Honda has also created many joint ventures around the world.

Company history. Soichiro Honda was a mechanic who, after working at Art Shokai, developed his own design for piston rings in 1938. He attempted to sell them to Toyota who did not reject his first design like believed. He constructed a new facility to supply Toyota, but soon after, during World War II, the Honda piston manufacturing facilities were almost completely destroyed.

Soichiro Honda created a new company with what he had left in the Japanese market that was decimated by World War II; his country was starved of m on^ and fuel, but still in need of basic transportation. Honda, utilizing his manufacturing facilities, attached an engine to a bicycle which created a cheap and efficient transport. He gave his company the name Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha which translates to Honda Research Institute Company, Ltd. Despite its grandiose name, the first facility bearing that name was a simple wooden shack where Mr Honda and his associates would fit the engines to bicycles. The official Japanese name for Honda Motor Company, Ltd. remains the same in honour of Soichiro Honda’s efforts. On 24 September, 1948, the Honda Motor Co. was officially founded in Japan. Honda began to produce a range of scooters and motorcycles and Soichiro Honda quickly recovered from the losses incurred during the war. Honda’s first motorcycle to be put on sale was the 1947. A-Type (one year before the company was officially founded). However, Honda’s first full-fledged motorcycle on the market was the 1949 Dream D-Type. It was equipped with a 98cc engine producing around 3 horsepower. This was followed by a number of successful launches of highly popular scooters throughout the 1950s.

2. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., or simply called Honda, is a ... engine manufacturer and engineering corporation.

a) Japanese b) American c) Italian

2. The company is perhaps ... notable for its automobiles and motorcycles.

a) least b) most c) more

3. With more than 14 million internal combustion engines built each year, Honda is the largest engine-maker in the ... .

a) country b) hemisphere c) world

4. Soichiro Honda was a mechanic who, after working at Art Shokai, developed ... design for piston rings in 1938.

a) his chiefs b) his own c) main engineer’s

5. He ... a new facility to supply Toyota.

a) constructed b) showed c) cleared up

6. Soichiro Honda ... a new company with what he had left in the Japanese market that was decimated by World War II.

a) decided b) destroyed c) created

7. The official Japanese name for Honda Motor Company, Ltd. Remains the same ... Soichiro Honda’s efforts.

a) in the name of b) for the sake of c) in honour of

8. Honda began ... a range of scooters and motorcycles and Soichiro Honda quickly recovered from the losses incurred during the war.

a) to produce b) to repair c) to renovate

9. Honda’s ... motorcycle to be put on sale was the 1947 А-Type (one year before the company was officially founded).

a) last b) first c) next

3. Find in the text equivalents to the following phrases:

Наиболее известный, список изделий, компания начала производить, оборудовать, перемещать, высококачественная линия автомобилей, мобильные технологии, совместное предприятие, новое оборудование, дешевый и эффективный транспорт, во всем мире, грандиозное название, очень популярный.

Практическая работа №12.

Flying cars

1. Read the text:

Humanity is set to enter a new era of transport as a flying car could go on sale next year. The BlackFly airborne vehicle was unveiled by maker Opener in California on Thursday. It is the brainchild of Google cofounder Larry Page. BlackFly's designers say it can travel for up to 40km at a speed of 100kph. It will eventually cost the same as a typical sportsutility car. The vehicle has been tested in Canada, which has authorized its use. Even though it will take to the skies, drivers (or pilots) will not need a pilot's license to get behind the controls. However, BlackFly operators will have to successfully complete a pilot's written examination and receive training in how to use the vehicle.

Critics say the term "car" is somewhat of a misnomer as it has no wheels and cannot be driven on roads. A more accurate description would be a person-carrying drone. The vehicle can only carry one person and is powered by eight propellers - four at the front of the car and four at the back. Company CEO Marcus Leng said: "Opener is re-energizing the art of flight with a safe and affordable flying vehicle that can free its operators from the everyday restrictions of ground transportation." A former vice-president of knowledge at Google said the age of personal flight could be arriving with BlackFly. He said: "I've noticed in my career that things go from impossible to inevitable in a very short period of time."

2. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a. The article said a new era of transport will start in June 2019. T / F

b. A founder of Google initiated the idea for this flying car. T / F

c. The new flying car will travel at a speed of 100kph. T / F

d. People won't need to get a pilot's license to fly the car. T / F

e. Critics of the car say it isn't really a car. T / F

f. The new car can carry two people. T / F

g. The company CEO said the car will encourage people to like art. T / F

h. An ex-Google executive said the idea of a flying car is impossible. T / F

3. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1) What is humanity set to enter a new era of?

a) relations

b) transport

c) tourism

d) computing

2) What is the name of the company that made the flying car?

a) Skies

b) Flier

c) Closer

d) Opener

3) How fast can the new car fly?

a) 200kph

b) 120kph

c) 100kph

d) 80kph

4) What did the article say people would not need to fly the car?

a) a pilot's license

b) a bank loan

c) a crash helmet

d) a medical

5) What will people have to get in order to fly the car?

a) a love of heights

b) training

c) a compass

d) a crash helmet

6) What did critics say was a misnomer?

a) the term "car"

b) flight

c) drones

d) vehicles

7) How many people can the car carry?

a) 4

b) 2

c) 1

d) 3

8) How many propellers does the car

have?

a) 8

b) 12

c) 16

d) 20

9) What did a CEO say the car reenergized?

a) hybrid cars

b) knowledge

c) automobile companies

d) the art of flight

10) How long did a CEO say things went from impossible to inevitable?

a) five days and three hours

b) an infinite time

c) a very short period of time

d) forever

4. Number these lines in the correct order.

( ) its operators from the everyday restrictions of ground transportation." A former vice-

( ) next year. The BlackFly airborne vehicle was unveiled by maker Opener in California on Thursday. It is the brainchild

( ) president of knowledge at Google said the age of personal flight could be arriving with BlackFly. He said: "I've

( ) of Google co-founder Larry Page. BlackFly's designers say it can travel for up to 40km at a

( ) Critics say the term "car" is somewhat of a misnomer as it has no wheels and cannot be driven

( 1 ) Humanity is set to enter a new era of transport as a flying car could go on sale

( ) on roads. A more accurate description would be a person-carrying drone. The vehicle can only

( ) a pilot's written examination and receive training in how to use the vehicle.

( ) back. Company CEO Marcus Leng said: "Opener is re-energizing the art of flight with a safe and affordable flying vehicle that can free

( ) carry one person and is powered by eight propellers - four at the front of the car and four at the

( ) speed of 100kph. It will eventually cost the same as a typical sports-utility car. The vehicle has been

( ) license to get behind the controls. However, BlackFly operators will have to successfully complete

( ) tested in Canada, which has authorized its use. Even though it will take to the skies, drivers (or pilots) will not need a pilot's

( ) noticed in my career that things go from impossible to inevitable in a very short period of time."

Практическая работа №13.

Electric cars

1. Read the text:

The car company Volvo has said it will start making all-electric cars. All new cars it makes from 2019 will have an electric motor. Volvo wants to

stop making cars that use only petrol-driven or diesel-driven engines. The carmaker said it plans to launch five fully electric cars between 2019 and 2021 and a range of hybrid models. A hybrid car has an engine that is both electric and petrol-driven. Volvo becomes the first major carmaker to say it will end making cars with an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine has been used in cars for over a century. Volvo's CEO said: "People increasingly demand electrified cars, and we want to respond to our customers' current and future needs."

More and more car companies are now selling cars with electric or hybrid engines. The US-based company Tesla makes only all-electric cars. Its stock market value is now 25 per cent higher than that of Ford Motor Company, which started in 1903. Tesla recently announced that it will make 20,000 of its Model 3 cars a month by December. Volvo hopes to sell a million electrified cars by 2025. In addition, it hopes to have changed its factories to be more environmentally friendly. It hopes to have what it calls "climate-neutral" manufacturing. Volvo said its plans will mean the company will have one of the widest rangess of electrified cars of any carmaker in the world.

2. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a. All new Volvo cars from 2019 will have an electric motor. T / F

b. Volvo will stop making all petrol-driven cars before 2019. T / F

c. The internal combustion engine has been used in cars for over 100 years. T / F

d. Volvo wants to respond to its customers' current and future needs. T / F

e. The numbers of carmakers selling hybrid cars is increasing. T / F

f. Ford's stock market value is 25% higher than Tesla's value. T / F

g. Tesla will be making 200,000 cars a month by December. T / F

h. Volvo has the widest range of electrified cars of any carmaker globally. T / F

3. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1) What will all new Volvo cars have from 2019?

a) an electric motor b) six wheels c) a diesel-powered engine d) air bags

2) How many fully electric cars will Volvo launch between 2019 and 2021? a) seven b) six c) five d) four

3) What has an engine that is both electric and petrol-driven?

a) an all-electric car b) a hybrid car c) a bus d) a motorbike

4) For how long has the internal combustion engine been used?

a) since 1966 b) since the 19th century c) 88 years d) over a century

5) What did Volvo say it will respond to?

a) customers' needs b) e-mails c) criticism d) questions

6) What kind of cars does Tesla make?

a) diesel-driven cars b) hybrid cars c) sports cars d) all-electric cars

7) How much higher is Tesla's stock market value than Ford's value?

a) 20% b) 25% c) 30% d) 15%

8) How many Model 3 cars will Tesla make each month by December?

a) 200,000 b) 12,000 c) 22,000 d) 20,000

9) How many electrified cars does Volvo hope to sell by 2025?

a) 10,000 b) 100,000 c) 1,000,000 d) 1,000,000,000

10) What kind of manufacturing does Volvo hope it will do?

a) climate-natural b) climate-neutral c) neutral-climate d) natural-climate

4. Phrase match: (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)

Практическая работа №14.

Hybrid cars

1. Read the text:

Honda Extends Hybrid Warranty for Honda Insights. Although Honda stopped producing the 2-seater Honda Insight hybrid that started the hybrid car craze, Honda still stands behind the Insight and its hybrid technology. In fact, Honda sent letters to current owners of the 2000—2004 Insight extending the warranty on the hybrid components. Owners of model year 2000 through 2004 Honda Insights have received notices that Honda has extended the warranty on the Insights’ Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) Battery Module.

The IMA Battery Module is the heart of the car’s hybrid system and is now covered for 10 years or 150,000 miles, whichever comes first. Over the years some Honda Insight owners have reported failures of this system, but in most cases Honda was providing ‘goodwill’ financial assistance in repairing any problems on a case by case basis. In some cases owners paid a reduced amount for replacement of the hybrid battery module components. In other cases Honda covered the repairs in full. Now that current owners have been receiving official ‘Warranty Extension’ letters, Honda is also encouraging previous owners to contact them to see if they are eligible for reimbursement.

The letter doesn’t mention anything about the reason why the hybrid battery module might fail in the first place, but most of the anecdotal tories seem to identify manual transmission Honda Insights being more susceptible to failure. Speculation among owners is that manual transmission owners are able to use the hybrid system more heavily than the “automatic” transmission version. For example, driving up a long steep hill in fifth gear rather than downshifting to lower gear, thus overtaxing the hybrid battery. Honda’s extension of the Insight’s hybrid battery module warranty should help alleviate consumer’s concerns about replacing the hybrid battery. Honda Insight owners are breathing a sigh of relief, knowing that their car is hybrid warranty has been extended.

Saturn 2007 Aura Green Line hybrid. General Motors has announced the 2007 Saturn Aura Green Line hybrid will have a starting base price of $22,695 which just makes it the lowest-priced hybrid on the market for 2007, undercutting the Toyota Prius by $100 and the Honda Civic Hybrid by $500. The IRS has certified that Aura Green Line buyers will qualify for a tax credit of $1,300, which makes the difference even larger as the tax credit for the Prius will drop to $787. While the Aura Green Line is less-expensive than the other hybrids, it is a ‘mild’ hybrid and can not be driven on electric power alone.

The Aura Green Line’s hybrid system in the Aura mates 2.4 L fourcylinder to an electric motor/generator, which captures electrical energy during regenerative braking. The hybrid system in the Green Line improves fuel economy by providing electric assist during acceleration, by cutting fuel during deceleration, and by shutting the engine off at idle. The Aura Green Line EPA fuel economy rating of 28 mpg in the city and 35 mpg on

the highway represents up to a 30 percent improvement in EPA combined fuel economy compared to the non-hybrid Aura XE. The 2007 Saturn Aura Green Line is arriving in dealerships now.

2007 Nissan Altima hybrid. In what may go a long way toward cementing the future staying power of hybrid-powered vehicles, Nissan today unveiled a prototype of the 2007 Altima Hybrid, a hybrid vehicle based on the Altima mid-size sedan. Nissan is the fifth major automaker to either introduce a hybrid to the US market or announce plans to do so; the first automaker is generally credited as Honda — with the Insight two-seater hybrid, followed by Toyota with the first mass-produced hybrid, the Prius. The technology behind Prius has powered Toyota’s hybrid plans and, in fact, will play a part in launching the Altima hybrid. According to Nissan, in September, 2002, Nissan and Toyota signed a basic agreement stipulating that Nissan will produce 100,000 hybrid vehicles within a five-year period, and that Toyota will supply the hybrid system components (transaxle, inverter, battery, and control unit). Nissan will develop the engine and unit adaptation.

The Altima prototype model is the first completed by Nissan under the agreement. With the Altima hybrid, Nissan hopes to offer consumers a sedan with V6 power and fuel efficiency that betters many compact vehicles. And while most hybrid vehicles place a premium on fuel economy, Nissan’s primary focus seems to be on acceleration and performance — with increased fuel savings and environmental efficiencies. Hot on the heels of the redesigned Altima comes Nissan’s first foray into the hybrid market. The greenie version of the Altima uses Nissan’s 158-hp, 2.5-liter four-cylinder connected to a planetary type CVT and two electric motors —technology licensed from Toyota — for a combined output of 198 hp. That’s up 11 hp on Toyota’s own Camry hybrid.

Nissan estimates EPA fuel economy numbers of 41 city and 36 highway (Camry hybrid gets 40 city/38 highway) for the Altima hybrid when it goes on sale in early 2007. Nissan’s hybrid will initially only be sold in California and the seven Northeastern states that have adopted California emissions regulations. No official word on price yet, but it will likely be significantly more than a base Altima, which starts around $20,000. Close to the $26,520 starting point on the Camry hybrid is probably a good guess. Nissan is also developing diesel engine technologies mainly for European market, and continuing the R&D of fuel cell vehicles for the future.

2. Find information in the text about:

a) the main problems of Honda Hybrid

b) the characteristic Saturn 2007 Aura Green Line hybrid

c) the agreement between Nissan and Toyota

3. Find the true sentences and correct the other:

1. The IMA Battery Module is the heart of the car’s hybrid system and is now covered for 10 years or 150,000 miles.

2. The letter mentions the reason why the hybrid battery module might fail in the first place.

3. The IRS has certified that Aura Green Line buyers will qualify for a tax credit of $10,000.

4. The Nissan Altima hybrid is scheduled to be launched in 2007 for the US market.

5. Nissan will produce 200,000 hybrid vehicles within a five-year period.

6. The Altima prototype model is the first completed by Nissan under the agreement.

7. Nissan estimates EPA fuel economy numbers of 61 city.

8. Camry hybrid gets 40 city/38 highway.

9. The Altima hybrid price starts around $20,000.

4. Read the paragraphs below and put them into the logical order. The

first is right:

(1) We live in an age of environmental crisis, as illustrated by A1 Gore in his shocking film: ‘An Inconvenient Truth’. As the effects of global warming appear on a scale we cannot ignore, outdated pollution-causing technology will have to make a transition to more sustainable forms of locomotion.

( ) The clever displays usually built into the dashboards of hybrid cars indicate to the driver what mode the engine is in at any given time. This allows drivers of hybrid cars to avoid situations where petroleum-intensive engine use will occur. This works towards a goal we are in dire need of achieving: empowering each individual is the job of the new generation of hybrid cars. If we can see our effect on the environment visually, perhaps we will be more eager to work towards change.

( ) The advent of hybrid cars is just one element of the buildup towards a cleaner and environmentally friendly future. It is our responsibility to find ways to become more sustainable in our ever-changing world. Hybrid cars are here to help us make the right decisions.

( ) Hybrid cars are the poster children for the next generation of environmentally conscious vehicles. Through ‘rechargeable energy storage systems’ hybrid cars accumulate kinetic energy and allow the engine to shift between consuming petroleum to relying on stored energy whenever possible. This allows hybrid cars to limit their output of carbon monoxide, one of the major greenhouse gases responsible for the environmental crisis we are facing. Some hybrid cars also use ethanol or hydrogen fuel to power their engines-the new generation certainly has approached our world-wide problem with a range of ideas and technology.

Практическая работа №15.

Basic Rules of the Road

1. Read the text:

1. Keep left allowing the vehicles from the opposite direction to pass.

2. Give way to all traffic on your right, especially at road junctions and

roundabouts.

3. While turning left or right, give way to vehicles going straight.

4. While turning left, keep to the left side of the road and turn close to the left side of the road which you enter.

5. Slow down at road junctions, intersections and pedestrian crossings. You must also slow down near school zones, temple areas etc., where a lot of pedestrians and vehicle traffic move. Signal before you make any maneuver indicating your intention so that the other road users can adjust accordingly.

6. Always use a helmet if you are driving a two-wheeler and always see that when you use the helmet, the strap is fixed properly.

7. Stick to the speed limit and remember that speed limit is related to the traffic condition.

8. Remember that the stopping distance of your vehicle depends on the speed at which you are driving.

Ex.: If you are driving at 40 km per hour, the braking distance would be 22 ms. But if you are driving at 60 km per hour, the braking distance will be 42 ms.

9. Keep adequate distance from the vehicle ahead to avoid collision.

10. Yellow lines should not be crossed, even while overtaking.

11. At road junctions or intersections, do not park the vehicle beyond the stop line.

12. Remember that at pedestrian crossings, the pedestrian has the right of way.

13. At the signal, do not stop your vehicle on the Pedestrian Crossing but stop it within the stop line.

14. Two wheelers are meant only for two. Do not carry children additionally.

15. Do not start on the amber light. Wait for the green.

16. Overtake only on the right side and do not overtake on bridges, narrow roads, junctions, school zones and pedestrian crossings. Do not overtake when one vehicle is already overtaking the vehicle which you want to overtake.

17. Never drive in a zig-zag manner. You can observe all the above only if you are patient, considerate and careful.

2. Read and translate the text. Work with a partner and make a dialogue

using the given expressions:

What do you think of

1 think

It goes without saying

I’d like to say a few words in

favour of

On the contrary

I think I can add ...

As far as I know

You didn’t mention the fact that

To sum it up

It is necessary to say that

3. Match a line in A with a line in B:

Литература

1. Английский язык для специальности «Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство» = English for students of Motor transport and motor car industry : учеб. пособие для студ. учреждений высш. проф. образования / Г. В. Шевцова, О. Г.Лебедева, В. Е. Сумина, С. В. Рождественская. — М .: Издательский центр «Академия», 2014. — 320 с.

2. General Motors. http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/history/?m=1960

3. General Motors. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_ Motors

4. Automobile History, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcar. htm

5. The History of the Automobile, http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/

aacarsassemblya.htm

6. A Brief History of The First 100 Years of the Automobile Industry in the United States, www.theautochannel.com/mania/industry.orig/history/

7. What Was The First Car? A Quick History of the Automobile for Young People, http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm

8. Самая полная информация о BMW. http://www.probmw.net

9. Mazda 3. http://www.maz-da.ru/

10. Автомобили Honda Civic, Accord, Honda Jazz, Хонда Cr-V, Honda

11. Who invented the automobile? http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/

auto.html

12. The History of Electric Vehicles, http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarselectrica.htm

13. LingvoScience (En-Ru). The English-Russian Scientific Dictionary. Англорусский научно-технический словарь. 4th ed. revised and updated.

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