Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий и самостоятельной работы для обучающихся всех форм обучения, специальностей СПО

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НЕФТЕГАЗОВЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Институт транспорта

Отделение НПО/СПО

ПЦК «Лингвистических дисциплин»

Английский язык

Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий и самостоятельной работы

для обучающихся всех форм обучения, специальностей СПО

Составитель: Т.В. Логинова

преподаватель иностранного языка

Тюмень

ТюмГНГУ

2013

Английский язык: метод. указ. и практические задания для обучающихся по всем напр./ сост. Т.В. Логинова; Тюменский государственный нефтегазовый университет.–Тюмень: Издательский центр БИК, ТюмГНГУ, 2013.– с. 36

Методические указания рассмотрены и рекомендованы к изданию на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии лингвистических дисциплин

25 декабря 2013 года, протокол № 4

Аннотация

Методические указания к практическим заданиям и самостоятельной работы для обучающихся по дисциплине «Английский язык», предназначены для обучающихся 2-3 курса по всем направлениям. Данная дисциплина изучается на протяжении всего периода обучения.

Данное пособие содержит тематические тексты, лексику, предтекстовые и послетекстовые упражнения, задания для самостоятельной работы. В пособие так же включены дополнительные тексты для чтения и грамматические задания.

Contents

Введение ….................................................................................. 3

Unit 1 Family problems……………………………………… 5

Unit 2 Youth movement……………………………………....9

Unit 3 Winter sport…………………………………………...13

Unit 4 Broadcast media……………………………...............17

Unit 5 The Russian Federation………………………………22

Unit 6 The Tyumen Region…………………………………27

Unit 7 Additional texts………………………………………32

Список литературы ....................................................................40

Введение

Данные методические указания по английскому языку предназначены для обучающихся I курсов по всем специальностям СПО. Методические указания способствуют развитию диалогической и монологической речи, а также развивают речевые навыки и умения перевода и говорения. Предназначены для использования на практических занятиях по английскому языку.

Тематический отбор материала позволяет ознакомить обучающихся с лексикой по изучаемой теме. Методические указания состоят из 6 разделов, включающих основные тексты для различных видов чтения, упражнения для развития навыков устной и письменной речи. Разделы содержат грамматические упражнения, построенные на примерах из текстов, и подборку текстов для самостоятельного чтения.

Основным этапом работы над темой является работа над тематическим текстом. Иноязычный текст является источником информации. В зависимости от запрашиваемой информации выделяются три вида чтения:

1. чтение с общим охватом содержания (Reading for General Comprehension)

2. чтение с детальным пониманием прочитанного (Reading for Details)

3. поисковое чтение (Reading for Special Information)

Задача чтения с общим охватом содержания состоит в понимании общего смысла прочитанного без словаря. Этот вид чтения формирует умение вычленить основное содержание текста, игнорируя второстепенные детали и некоторые языковые трудности.

Задача чтения с детальным пониманием является полное понимание содержания прочитанного, достигаемое путём точного перевода со словарём. Лучше использовать специализированный словарь. Перевод иноязычного текста предполагает умение проводить лексико-грамматический анализ фразы, использовать знания, полученные на занятиях по специальным и общетехническим дисциплинам.

Поисковое чтение используется для нахождения в тексте интересующей информации. При этом виде чтения допускаются любые способы снятия языковых трудностей: словаря ил смысловой догадки.

Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на активизацию нового лексического материала, развитие лексико-грамматических навыков, на формирование умения строить индивидуальное монологическое высказывание по изучаемой теме.

Самостоятельное практическое владение студентом иноязычным чтением и переводом предполагает умение самостоятельно работать со специальной литературой на иностранном языке с целью получения необходимой информации для решения личностно значимых и профессиональных задач. Достижению указанной цели способствует соответствующее наполнение содержания основной образовательной программы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык», включая и самостоятельную работу студентов, выступающую неотъемлемым компонентом целостной структуры планирования учебного процесса. В соответствии с требованиями нового стандарта ФГОС СПО в рамках дисциплины «Иностранный язык» за счет самостоятельной работы компенсируется недостаточное количество аудиторных часов на изучение дисциплины, в том числе и иностранного языка. Самостоятельная работа активизирует внутреннюю познавательную мотивацию студентов к приобретению новых знаний, стремление к саморазвитию, самосовершенствованию.

Unit 1

Family problems

I. Learn the words below:

Iresearch — исследование

household — семья, домашнее хозяйство

generation — поколение

to share — делить

dream — мечта

hope — надежда

possession — собственность

protection — зашита

to respect — уважать

dignity — чувство собственного достоинства

dweller — обитатель, житель

privacy — личная жизнь

extended family — семья из нескольких поколений

trust — доверие

to bother — беспокоиться

trouble — проблема

valuable — значимый, ценный

school certificate — школьный

аттестат to cheat — обманывать

to bridge — наводить мосты, преодолевать препятствия

generation gap — конфликт

между поколениями agreement — соглашение.

II. Read and translate the text.

Family and Family Problems

A family is an essential part of our society. A family is a little world. According to researches, households of three or even four generations will become typical.

Firstly a family has things shared together like dreams, hopes and possessions. I think it is great. Besides, we need a family for comfort and protection.

Secondly a family is a place where they respect dwellers, a place where all members can enjoy the dignity of their own. Some people say that privacy is impossible in an extended family. But in my opinion trust is more important for a happy family than any other feature.

There are a lot of problems in an extended family, especially between brothers and sisters. They always treat one another badly. Of course, if you have a lot of brothers and sisters, there will be no privacy. But on the other hand, when you have no brothers or sisters, life becomes boring.

There are a lot of problems and conflicts that appear between teenagers and their parents. They don't understand each other.

Parents always want their children to be clever and learn harder. They don't bother themselves to understand their children. They are always glad when their children have trouble with things that are very valuable for them.

Parents always cheat teenagers. They say that school is very important for us and to enter an institute we should have good marks in our school-leaving certificates.

But it's not what the children want. I think that it is necessary to bridge the generation gap, and parents and children must come to an agreement.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a generation gap?

2. How should we overcome it?

3. What family is extended?

4. Do you agree that an extended family is better?

5. Is your family an extended one or not?

6. What problems are there in an extended family?

7. Do you agree that parents often cheat you?

8. Do you think that a school certificate with good results is important?

IV. Give the corresponding English equivalents from the text:

несколько поколений семьи, семья необходима для поддержки и защиты, вражда между братьями и сёстрами, непонимание между взрослыми и подростками, обучение очень важно.

V. Write answers to these problems.

1) 23 and 36 is .......... . 2) 24 times 8 is .......... . 3) 80 minus 20 is .......... . 4) 65 divided by 13 is .......... . 5) Add 10 and 6, multiply by 8, then subtract 40 and divide by 11. What have you got left? 6) Divide 33 by 11, multiply by 7, and subtract 16. What number is left?

VI. Answer these questions. Write your answers in words.

1. When were you born? 2. How much do you weigh? 3. What is the number of the flat or the house where you live? 4. Is that an odd or an even number? 5. What is the approximate population of your town? 6. What is the approximate population of

your country? 7. What is the normal temperature of a healthy person? 8. How many kilometers are there in a mile? 9. How many years are there in a millennium?

VII. Give degrees of comparison of the following words if possible.

1. angry, brave, bad, convenient, dry, dead, final, good, heavy, narrow, perfect, Persian, right (left), square, important, white, yellow, unique, little 2. absent-minded, easy-going, fine-looking, good-natured, high-flown, high-heeled, kind-hearted, much-spoken, narrow-minded, old-fashioned, strong-willed, well-bred.

VIII. Choose the right words to fill in the blanks.

1. a) When Scott reached the .......... Pole, he saw the Norwegian flag already there. b) Antarctica is in the .......... Hemisphere. (south, southern) 2. a) This novel is based on a .......... story. b) I think Linda is a .......... person. (true, truthful) 3. a) It was a great, yes, it was a .......... change for the country. b) They played their part in the .......... process. (historic, historical) 4. a) He rents a flat in .......... London. b) These

cliffs and grounds are in the .......... Hemisphere. (north, northern) 5. a) This fish is so bony! I find it .......... ! b) These beautiful fungi are .......... . They are poisonous. (uneatable, inedible) 6. a) — John is as .......... as a girl. — Yes, he is very touchy. b) — On the other hand, he is a .......... boy. — Yes, I would say he is intelligent. (sensible, sensitive) 7. a) The country is having great .......... difficulties. b) This car is very .......... . It needs little petrol. (economic, economical) 8. a) This chronicle

gives a .......... presentation of events. b) The discovery of penicillin was a .......... event. (historic, historical) 9. a) The handwriting was .......... , but I recognized it as Mark’s. b) It may be a good novel, but I find it .......... . (unreadable, illegible) 10. a) In our new flat we have an .......... cooker. b) The Accumulator gave off a sudden .......... discharge. (electric, electrical).

IX. Fill in an application form

scheme 1

X. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: местоимения, числительные, степени сравнения прилагательных. 2. Составить индивидуальное монологическое высказывание по изучаемой теме. 3. Заполнить предлагаемую анкету.

Unit 2

Youth movement

I. Learn the words below:

movement – направление, движение

decade – десятилетие

have been formed – были сформированы

ground – основа, почва

religious – религиозные

urgent – срочный, важный

nuclear weapon – ядерное оружие

prisoner – заключённый

ability – способность, возможность

relatively – относительно

pernicious disease – разрушительное заболевание

jobless – безработный

suicide – самоубийство

distinctions – различия

deprived – неимущий

unleash – отпускать (с привязи)

«surplus» - избыток

disillusioned – разочаровавшийся

frustration – крушение

accusation – причина

quarrel – вздор, скандал

moral qualities – моральные качества

misunderstanding – непонимание

teen-ages – подростки

grown up's – взрослые

assert – доказывать, отстаивать

pressure – давление

neglect – пренебрежение

II. Read and translate the text.

Youth movement in Great Britain and USA

Youth and youth movement over decades have become important factors in the life of both countries. Numerous youth organization have been formed since the second world war, uniting young people from all classes and sections of the population. Youth movement is not free of some problems, which result from a number of factors, depending on the grounds, on which the organization was formed. In the USA exists a Young Republican Federation, Young Christian Association, some religious organizations for Jewish youth.

There also exist some political organizations like Students' Coordinative Committee of Non-Violent Action and Students For Democratic Society. Youth organization Greenpeace deals with most urgent ecological problems of today's world. It protests against nuclear weapon tests, sea and soil pollution, etc. Some young people work in their church organizations: help elderly people or work in hospitals. There are even some groups, where young people help released prisoners to start their life a-new. Sport clubs are characteristic youth organizations in the US and UK. They unite people, who are interested in baseball, football, basketball, golf, etc. There are also exist interest clubs. You can attend any club: from theatre clubs to bird-watching

When you leave school you understand that the time of your independence life and the beginning of a far more serious examination of your abilities and character has come. You also understand that from now you’ll have to do everything yourself, and to “fight” with everybody around you for better life. The first problem that young people meet is to choose their future profession, it means that they have to choose the future of their life. It’s not an easy task to make the right choice of a job. You know children have a lot of dreams about their future : to become a superman or a policeman or a doctor …

It’s very easy they think, but when they become older and see real world they understand that in all professions need to know perfectly about what you do, you must be well-educated and well-informed. That’s why I think it’s very important to have a good education at school. And if you work hard everything will be OK. Another problem of young people is drugs. This is a relatively new problem but it is becoming more and more dangerous. Million young people today are using drugs, and most of them will die. Usually they want just to try it , then again and again … and after year may be two years they will die . It is true. Because there are no medicine to help you. That’s why never do it, if you do - it goes bad, very bad. I think that police must work hard to protect young people from drugs. Because drugs will kill our young generation and our future will be very bad. People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernicious disease but it hits the youth the hardest. It's name is unemployment.

The present-age of unemployed youth in the total number of the jobless is high. In many developing countries the situation is more serious. Many young people to commit suicide. Unless the economic situation in the world changes, youth unemployment will mount. This productions refer to all categories of workers-with high and low skills in town and country. For all there possible distinctions, these young people over outside the production structure of society. The are deprived the possibility of creating there are "surplus" from time to time some may get a hit of luck, but the lot of the majority is to feel their unleash to lose their ideals and become disillusioned. Unemployment greatly intemcilicselle tendency among the youth towards, drug education , frustration and crime. This is a time bomb and is a heavy accusation of any social economic system. There are many young people in our country. Each of them has one's own view point on their life and their future. There are many problems which are common for all young people. For Example: how to spend their free time, what to do after school, choosing a profession, how to deal with girl and boy-friends and so on. The problem number one of most of the young people is the problem of fathers and sons.

All young people want to be independent, they want their parents to listen to their opinion, not to interfere in their private life. Some parents neglect their children, because they can’t find a common language with each other. Many problems were hushed up, but now we can speak openly about them. I think that the most difficult and serious problem of modern teen-ages is drug-habit. Some young man use drugs, because they think that will be cool guys. But they don't understand, that it's wrong. Some of them can't stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. And they commit different serious, because they need some money to buy drugs. There are also many other problems: alcoholism, smoking and so on. There are many youth organizations in our country, which unite young men on different principles. Members of every organization has ones own world out looks. Each of them has their own moral qualities. There are some informal organizations, for example: skinheads, hippies, punks and so on. Now there exists the problem of misunderstanding between different youth groups. We also face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it in different ways.

Some of teen-ages spend their free time in different night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the streets. As for me, I spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time then I have them I try to solve them without quarrel. Now we are young people and we are the future of our country. Teen-ages play an important role in the modern society. Grown up's must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our character is formed and that's why our parents must not assert pressure on us.

III. Make a plan and retell the text

IV. Give the corresponding English equivalents from the text:

важный фактор, молодёжная организация, после Второй Мировой войны, всех социальных групп, серьёзная проверка качеств, помогать старикам, безработица, проблема наркомании, найти общий язык с родителями, оказывать давление, полное непонимание, пренебрегать своими детьми, частная жизнь.

V. Give advice in the following using the verb should (have).

1. My eyes are tired. 2. They quarreled last night. 3. My life is hectic. 4. Bess’s boyfriend is too young. 5. What a horrible film! 6. Jack thinks his girl is light-minded. 7. Mr. Snow has gone bankrupt. 8. The roses have faded. 9. I caught a cold last week. 10. Now I’m coughing and sneezing. 11. The police are helpless in this case. 12. I have developed a splitting headache. 13. I haven’t been getting enough sleep lately. 14. She’s been eating only one meal a day. 15. This is my sixth cup of coffee this evening.

VI. Read the text and translate it. If you’ve ever had any experience of the same

kind, speak about it.

THE WAY TO FLORENCE

I went on the world’s slowest train to Florence. It limped across the landscape like a runner with a pulled muscle, and it had no buffet. At first it was crowded, but as afternoon gave way to evening and evening merged into the inkiness of night, there

were fewer and fewer of us left, until eventually it was a businessman buried in paperwork and me. Every two or three miles the train stopped at some darkened station where no train had stopped for weeks, where grass grew on the platforms and where no one got on and no one got off. Sometimes the train would come to a halt in the middle of nowhere, in the black countryside, and just sit. It would sit for so long that you began to wonder if the driver had gone off into the surrounding fields for a pee and fallen down a well. After a time the train would roll backwards for perhaps thirty yards, then stop and sit again. Then suddenly, with a mightly whoomp that made the carriage rock and the windows sound as if they were about to implode, a train on the parallel line would fly past. Bright lights would flash by — you could see people in there dining and playing cards, having a wonderful time, moving across Europe at the speed of a laser — and then all would be silent again and we would sit for another eternity before our train gathered the energy to creep onwards to the next desolate station. It was well after eleven when we reached Florence.

(after B. Bryson)

VII. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. 2. Активизация грамматического материала: модальные глаголы. 2. Подготовить проекта по теме . Подготовиться к участию в дискуссии.

Unit 3

Winter sport.

I. Learn the words below:

bobsled – бобслей

luge – лыжный спорт

skeleton – скелетон

single – одиночное (катание)

pairs – парное (катание)

curling – кёрлинг

skalom – слалом

II. Read and translate the text.

Winter Olympic Sports for 2018

The 15 sports of the Winter Olympics are categorized into three main categories: (1) ice sports, (2) alpine, skiing and snowboarding events, and (3) Nordic events. In each of these sports categories there are more specific events as listed.

Ice Sports

Bobsled (Two-man, Two woman and Four-man)

Luge

Skeleton

Ice Hockey

Figure Skating (Men's singles, Ladies' singles, Pairs, Team and Ice Dancing)

Speed Skating

Short Track Speed Skating (500m, 1,000m, 1,500 m and Relays)

Curling

Alpine, Skiing and Snowboarding Events

Alpine Skiing (Downhill, Super G, Giant slalom, Slalom, Super Combined)

Freestyle Skiing (Aerials, Moguls, Ski Cross, Ski halfpipe and Ski slopestyle)

Snowboarding (Parallel Giant Slalom, Halfpipe and Snowboard Cross and Slopestyle)

Nordic Events

Biathlon (combining cross-country skiing and target shooting: individual, sprint, pursuit, mass start & relay events)

Cross-Country Skiing (individual and team sprint, freestyle, pursuit, classical and relays)

Ski Jumping

Nordic Combined (ski jumping and cross country skiing)

Discontinued Sports and Events

Here are just some of the sports or events that were once part of the Winter Olympics. See more on discontinued Winter Olympic Sports.

Military patrol (a precursor to the biathlon) was a medal sport in 1924. It was also a demonstration sport in 1928, 1936 and 1948.

In figure skating, an event called Men's special figures was on the program only once in 1908.

Alpinism - an Olympic Prize for Alpinism was awarded in 1924, 1932 and 1936 for the most notable alpinism (mountaineering) feat accomplished during the previous four years.

Demonstration sports

The following sports have been part of the Winter Olympic program as a demonstration sport at some stage. See more on Demonstration Winter Olympic Sports.

Skijöring (skiing behind horses): 1928.

Winter Pentathlon (X-country & downhill skiing/pistol/fencing/horse riding) 1948

Dog Sled Racing: 1932

Curling: 1932 & 1988

Ice stock sport (a German variant to curling): 1936 & 1964.

Military Patrol: (Led to Biathlon in 1960) 1928,1936,1948

Bandy: (Soccer on ice) 1952

Short track speed skating started as a demonstration sport in 1988, before becoming a full sport from 1992 onwards.

Speed skiing: 1992

Disabled events in alpine (1984 and 1988) and Nordic skiing (1988 only)

Synchronized skating: 2002

Snowshoeing: 2002

Freestyle Skiing - Aerials (1988), Moguls (1988, 1992) and Ski Ballet (1988, 1992)

Furture Sports

There are always a number of sports or events that are lobbying to be included on the Winter Olympic Games program. Such sports include: Team alpine skiing, Ski mountaineering, Ski-orienteering, Winter triathlon (involving running, mountain biking and cross-country skiing all on snow), and Bandy.

Other Winter Sports Trivia

There are four Winter Olympic Games Sports that are held indoors: Speed skating, figure skating, curling, and ice hockey.

Two sports have mixed events (in which males and females compete together): figure staking and luge. Only one sport is for males only: Nordic Combined. More about women at the Winter Olympics.

Cross-country skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, nordic combined, ski jumping, and speed skating have been on the program at every Winter Olympics since 1924.

There were reports of Bandy being added to the sports program in 2014, but the IOC rejected their submission. Instead, Sochi will host the 2014 Bandy World Championships during the Olympics.

III. Tell about the most interesting winter sport (in your opinion)

IV. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1. This man (know) from his experience what it (mean). 2. Nothing

(happen) by accident. 3. As man (grow) older, he (tend) to be more sceptical. 4. My mother often (tell) me that you not (leave) your problems behind you when you (go) to another place. Pain and heartache (travel) well. And indeed they (do). 5. Mrs. Osborne (own) this business, and she (run) it herself. 6. He (be) a complete mystery to me. 7. What he (do) for a living? 8. In Rome every building (tell) its own story. 9. When the weather (heat) up and you (need) to cool down, a lake, a river, a pool — is what your body and soul (need). 10. My great-grandmother is very old, but she (hear, see and understand) everything quite well. 11. I (remember) that Margaret (own) a villa on the Adriatic. 12. “The Bible (say) that the heart of man is exceedingly wicked,” the Pastor replied.

V. Read the following proverbs and sayings and give their Russian equivalents.

1. A stitch in time saves nine. 2. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 3. A good wife makes a good husband. 4. A man is known by the company he keeps. 5. A lawyer never goes to law himself. 6. A civil question deserves a civil answer.

7. Time heals all wounds. 8. It takes three generations to make a gentleman. 9. He calls a goose a swan. 10. The more a man knows the more modest he is. 11. An apple a day keeps wrinkles away. 12. Big fish eat little fish. 13. He laughs best who

laughs last. 14. He who laughs last, laughs longest.

VI. Read the following. Agree or disagree with what is written.

You might be a computer nerd (swot) if:

1. your Web page is more popular than you.

2. you think Bill Gates is a “cool guy”.

3. you wake at 3 a.m. to go to the bathroom and, on your way back to bed, you stop to check your e-mail.

4. you’ve never actually met any of your friends.

5. the optician looks deep into your eyes and sees a screen saver.

6. you’d prefer to buy Computer Weekly than Playboy.

7. you’ve read more books over the Internet than in real life.

8. your dog has its own home page.

9. you can’t speak to your mother because she doesn’t have a modem.

10. you name your daughter Dotcom.

11. you spend a plane trip with your laptop on your lap and your child in the overhead baggage compartment.

12. when someone yells out, “Where’s Tommy?”, you do a search for tommy.com.

13. you run back into your burning home to rescue your computer rather than your family.

a nerd — US sl. a dull, uninteresting person

a swot — Br infml. a person who works (too) hard at his studies

VII. Translate into English the text

Зимние виды спорта проводятся обычно на снегу или на льду. Основные соревнования по ним проходят в холодное время года, чаще всего зимой, особенно по тем видам, турниры по которым проходят на открытом воздухе и зависят прежде всего от естественных условий. Однако, по хоккею чемпионаты мира проводятся поздней весной, так как они проходят в помещениях и от естественных условий почти не зависят.

VII. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: настоящее совершённое время. 2. Подготовить проект по теме “My favorite winter sport” . Подготовиться к участию в дискуссии. 3. Изучить материал по теме в сети интернет.

Unit 4

Broadcast media

I. Learn the words below:

designating – указывающий

urban areas – городские территории

consumer society – потребительское общество

yellow journalism's – жёлтая пресса

scope – рамки, база

broadcast media – средства вещания

to evolve – раскручивать

interrelated – взаимосвязанный

German restrictions on Jews – преследование евреев в Германии

Great Depression – Великая Депрессия

сonsolidation – единение

cartoonistе – мультипликатор

columnist – обозреватель

emphasis – выразительность

II. Read and translate the text.

Newspapers in a Modern World

The year 1920 marks the line designating when a majority of Americans lived in urban areas. The United States was changing, and news adapted to the modern urban, technological, consumer society. The years since the era of yellow journalism's sensationalism had seen an end to the massive growth in the number of newspapers, although circulation continued to grow. The industry had stabilized, advertising had become national in scope, reporters were becoming higher educated and more professional, and the ownership of newspapers by chains and groups became more common, a trend that continued into the twenty-first century. Newspapers gained new competitors in broadcast media. Newsreels in theaters provided an alternative in presenting news, with moving pictures of events. The growth of the advertising industry pushed the United States toward a consumer society and greater use of brand names, and a professional public relations industry developed.

Newspaper content continued to evolve, especially in the 1930s. Competition pushed newspapers beyond presenting only the facts. Journalists sought to put facts into context. Newspaper content and style became interrelated, and the industry moved toward interpretation, photos, political columns, weekly review of news, and faster, more efficient technology in gathering, printing, and distributing news. Full-time columnists and editorial writers became more common. It was a time of journalism of synthesis, as newspapers attempted to add to the news via such techniques as daily and weekly interpretive news summaries, like the New York Times "Week in Review" section. Consolidation of mainstream papers continued, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt attacked what he called the "monopoly press." Roosevelt's antagonism toward the press had long-term ramifications as he started regular radio chats to bypass reporters. With the Great Depression afflicting most people, the alternative and socialist press thrived, especially social action newspapers like Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker, an influential alternative voice that actively opposed U.S. involvement in World War II, costing it much of its circulation.

The war emphasized some of the weaknesses and strengths of American newspapers. Their lack of coverage overseas left Americans unprepared for the strength of the Axis forces, and they have taken some justified criticism over the years for the lack of reporting on German restrictions on Jews during this period. But the war also emphasized newspapers' strength in their ability to change as needed. During the war the number of correspondents blossomed, and they reported in a vast variety of styles, ranging from the solid hard news of the wire services; through personal journalism like that of Ernie Pyle, one of an estimated forty-nine correspondents killed in action; to cartoonists like Bill Mauldin, whose "Willie" and "Joe" debated the war; to photographers like Joe Rosenthal, whose photo of the flag raising on the Pacific island of Iwo Jima symbolized American success.

Federal authorities censored and attempted to control newspapers, especially the black press, which had more than doubled its circulation between 1933 and 1940 to 1.3 million people. J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had monitored the black press since World War I and was concerned because it was becoming increasingly militant on racial matters. The growth of the big three black newspapers, the Courier, the Afro-American, and the Defender, changed the black press from small, low-circulation southern newspapers to mass-circulation, highly influential northern ones. During World War II the black press was investigated by seven government agencies, and an eighth, the War Production Board, was accused of cutting newsprint supplies to black newspapers. Wildly popular among African Americans was the Courier's Double V platform, standing for "victory abroad [on the battlefield] and victory at home" over racial restrictions.

Much of the press faced a chill from government regulation and the public in the Cold War period following World War II. The Smith Act (1940), the nation's first peacetime sedition act since 1801, prohibited advocacy of the violent overthrow of the government. It was rarely used before 1949, when public opinion turned violently anticommunist. Twelve journalists were indicted. Many newspapers, now facing severe competition from television for advertising dollars, turned right along with the nation. Although a lonely few remained on the left, newspapers still attracted congressional anticommunist investigations. Though some questioned Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy from the start of his anticommunist crusade, he easily manipulated most American newspapers and wire services. McCarthy followed a pattern of launching vague charges shortly before deadlines so they could not be questioned.

The growing disenchantment with newspapers by the public during the Cold War intensified during the tumultuous 1960s and 1970s as a generational divide among Americans was duplicated in newsrooms. Young reporters pushed editors to challenge authority on such controversial topics as civil rights, the counterculture, and antiwar activities. New forms of journalism included personalized and activist reporting, which led to even more public dissatisfaction with newspapers. The "new journalism" and criticism by government figures caused a steep decline in public respect for the media accompanied by circulation declines. In 1968 the pollster George Gallup reported that the media had never been as poorly regarded by the public.

Then came Watergate. The press reported events in the investigation of a break-in by Republican operatives at the Democratic Party national headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel that culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974, and public dissatisfaction with the press grew. Nixon's popularity had reached a peak of 68 percent after a Vietnam peace treaty was signed in 1973, and many Americans felt the media was out of touch.

The growing use of computers dramatically changed how newspapers were produced, with significant savings in labor and improvement in quality. Computers added depth to coverage and increased the use of color and graphics, especially after the 1980s. Serious reporting during Watergate was notable, as was the courage of the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in publishing the Pentagon Papers, a secret report detailing governmental decisions during the Vietnam War.

Continued newspaper consolidation coupled with more media companies going public resulted, in the view of many, in a thirst for high profit margins and caused continued concern in the industry, especially as the number of independent metropolitan dailies declined to fewer than the fingers on one hand by the beginning of the twenty-first century. Circulation actually was rising, but at a rate far less than that of the population. In an attempt to reverse the circulation weakness, the industry turned to consultants. A study in 1979 for the American Society of Newspaper Editors changed the kinds of news covered. It spotlighted as hot areas economic news, business news, financial news, health news, personal safety, technology, and international news. Many newspapers changed to include more of those areas, cutting coverage of more traditional areas, such as government. Other studies added to the changes in news focus, and the influence of market research reached its peak with the founding in 1982 of USA Today, a five-day-a-week national newspaper published by Gannett Corporation behind the guiding light of its chairman Allen Neuharth. Gannett's research indicated that readers wanted short stories that would not "jump" (would not continue on another page). Readers liked sports, charts, and graphs and wanted information presented in ways that could be absorbed quickly. The paper's success led many other newspapers, especially those with continued readership weakness, to copy the USA Today formula. After Neuharth's retirement, USA Today changed some of its emphasis and by the twenty-first century was garnering the journalists' praise that had eluded it earlier.

The new century found the newspaper industry in the same position as at the founding of the nation, facing uncertainty and change. New challenges to its prime product, news, came from the Internet and all-news cable television channels. Most newspapers established online publications, but as with the Internet in general, few had figured out how to make a consistent profit. Change started the newspaper story, and change ends it.

III. Tell about your favorite newspaper or columnist.

IV. Translate into English:

23 февраля 1945 года американский фотограф Джо Розенталь сделал знаменитую фотографию «Поднятие флага над Иво Дзимой». Фотография «Поднятие флага над Иво Дзимой» стала одной из самых знаменитых фотографий времен Второй Мировой Войны. Джо Розенталь получил за нее вполне заслуженную Пулицеровскую премию — кстати сказать, это был единственный случай, когда премия была вручена в том же году. В 1954 году в городе Арлингтон (Вирджиния) был установлен памятник сделанный на основе этой фотографии.

V. Change the sentences from active to passive.

1. The teacher explains the new rule.

2. The teacher is explaining the new rule.

3. The teacher has explained the new rule.

4. The teacher explained the new rule.

5. The teacher was explaining the new rule.

6. The teacher had explained the new rule.

7. The teacher is going to explain the new rule.

8. The teacher will explain the new rule.

9. The teacher can explain the new rule.

10. The teacher should explain the new rule.

11. The teacher ought to explain the new rule.

12. The teacher must explain the new rule.

13. The teacher has to explain the new rule.

14. The teacher may explain the new rule.

15. The teacher might explain the new rule.

VI. Change the sentences from active to passive if possible.

1. Doctors use this medicine widely. 2. They deliver milk before 8 a.m. 3. When I came to the service station, they were still repairing my car. 4. Jack walked to school yesterday. 5. Don’t worry, our people will meet the group at the airport. 6. This man is installing a new xerox in the office. 7. We stayed in a threestar hotel. 8. The police arrested the wrong man mainly because they confused the names which the witness had given them. 9. They threw him into prison and deprived him of his property. 10. The leaves fell to the ground. 11. Have you received the message yet? 12. People are destroying large areas of forest every day. 13. Mary’s cat ran away last week. 14. I hope they will have completed the repairs by tomorrow. 15. Some people were using the tennis court, so we couldn’t play. 16. No one has solved that problem yet. 17. Did someone invite you to the party? 18. I agree with you, gentlemen. 19 This news surprised me. 20. Mr. Lee will teach this class.

VII. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: прямая и косвенная речь, пассивные глаголы. 2.Выполнить один из видов предлагаемой работы: написать статью, ИМВ, проект. 3. Написать сочинение по теме «my favorite TV-program».

Unit 5

The Russian Federation

I. Learn the words below:

to be set up by smth. быть учрежденным, основанным в соответствии с чем-либо

under the Constitution в соответствии с конституцией

a presidential republic президентская республика

the federal government федеральное правительство

a branch власть (как часть правительства)

legislative законодательный

executive исполнительный

judicial судебный

to be checked by smbd. контролироваться кем-либо

to be balanced by smbd. балансироваться, уравновешу-

ваться кем-либо

to be vested in осуществляться кем-либо

the Federal Assembly Федеральное Собрание

a chamber палата

the Council of Federation Совет Федерации

to be headed by the Speaker возглавляться спикером

to initiate a legislature внести законопроект

to approve a bill принять законопроект

to be signed by smbd. быть подписанным кем-либо

to veto the bill наложить вето на законопроект

commander-in-chief главнокомандующий

the armed forces вооруженные силы

to make a treaty заключить договор

to enforce a law проводить закон в жизнь

to appoint a minister назначить министра

to belong to smbd. принадлежать кому-либо

the Prime Minister премьер-министр

on appointment после назначения

to form the Cabinet сформировать кабинет

to be represented by smbd. быть представленным кем-либо

the Constitutional Court Конституционный суд

the Supreme Court Верховный суд

a regional court региональный суд

to be elected by popular vote быть избранным всенародным

голосованием

the state symbol государственный символ

a banner знамя

a hymn гимн

a national emblem национальный герб

to originate from smth. происходить от чего-либо

the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches родовой герб Рюриковичей

II. Read and translate the text.

The Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth’s surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland. The Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.

There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe’s biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers – the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena – flow, from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world’s deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world’s forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.

Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.

At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high. People are losing their Jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt.

III. Answer the questions:

1) What territory does Russia cover?

2) What kind of country is Russia?

3) What is the country like in the northern regions?

4) What are the names of the biggest lakes and rivers of the North?

5) Do the southern regions surprise us by the beauty of the Black Sea coast?

6) When is the flora of the central regions more beautiful, in early spring or in early autumn?

7) Russia is rich in mineral resources: forests, waters, minerals and fuels, isn’t it?

8) What industrial items does Russia produce?

9) What are the biggest hydroelectric stations in Russia?

10) What do people use the energy of the power stations for?

IV. State if the following sentences correspond to the text. Correct them if necessary

1) Our country, the Russian Federation is the largest in the world.

2) Russia stretches from the Baltic Sea in North to the Pacific Ocean in the West, from the Arctic Ocean in the South to the Black Sea in the North.

3) Russia is not rich in mineral resources.

4) It is an agrarian republic.

5) 10 million people work in agriculture.

6) The North Caucasus, the Volga and the Amur regions are the largest granaries of Russia.

7) Russia is a constitutional monarchy, the head of the state is the Federal Assembly.

V. Complete the sentences and speak about Russian economy

1) Russia is a country with a highly-developed …

2) There are vast mineral resources including …

3) The mineral wealth of the country is concentrated in …, including

4) The population engaged in agriculture produce …

5) The largest granaries are …

VI. Read and translate the text.

State system of the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is set up by the constitution of 1993.

Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.

Each chambers is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts.

The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four-year period.

Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991. Since 1993 the hymn of Russia was “The Patriotic Song” by M. Glinka. But in 2000 it was changed. Now we have the hymn, that has the melody of the former USSR hymn, but the verses to it were written a new by S. Michalkov. A new national emblem is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.

VII. Answer the questions

1) When was the Russian Federation set up?

2) What kind of state is it?

3) What does the federal government consist of?

4) What part does the President play in the government?

5) What is the legislative power vested in?

6) How many chambers does it consist of? Name them.

7) Who heads each chamber?

8) How does a bill become a law?

9) What are the functions of the President?

10) What are the executive and the judicial branches represented by?

11) What are the official symbols of Russia?

IIX State if the following sentences correspond to the text. Correct them if necessary

1) Three branches of the federal government are checked and balanced by Speakers.

2) All the laws are usually approved by both Chambers and signed by the President.

3) After having been signed by the President the law becomes the bill.

4) The government is headed by the Prime Minister.

5) The Prime Minister may veto the bills, initiated in either of two Chambers.

6) The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

7) The members of the Federal Government are elected by popular vote for a six-year period.

IX. Talk on the suggested topics.

1. Your proudest achievement.

2. Your most important decision.

3. Your biggest inspiration.

4. Your most memorable dream.

5. Your biggest business risk.

6. The best year of your life.

7. The thing that interests you most in people.

8. Your greatest regret or disappointment.

9. The worst job you’ve ever had.

10. The greatest help you ever received.

11. The strangest coincidence in your life.

12. The three most important principles you follow.

13. The biggest crisis in your life.

14. Your strongest belief.

X. Read and translate the sentences. Say how degrees of comparison are

intensified.

1. Are the profits that poor? 2. The weather is no better today than it was yesterday. 3. It’s ever so interesting to meet new people. 4. It’s most important you stay here. 5. This is a most rewarding job. 6. His is the finest car available on the market.

7. Thank you ever so much, you’ve been most helpful. 8. Your offer is much (a lot) better than any other’s. 9. They give you the best chance imaginable. 10. He is no worse than any other boy of his age. 11. She was by far the camp’s best swimmer.

12. He never ever wears a hat. 13. Mr. Parker is by far and away the biggest shareholder. 14. It was the most awful film ever made. 15. Where ever have you been? 16. Listen, I am dead serious about it. 17. This idea is pretty interesting. 18. Ron was having far worse problems. 19. He gave her a most loving smile.

XI. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: страдательный залог. 2. Найдите дополнительный материал по изучаемой теме в интернет-источниках: «Национальные символы России», 3. Будьте готовы обсудить следующие вопросы:

• Geographical Position of Russia, state system, national symbols, main cities;

• prepare projects: “The Tyumen Region”, “The History of Tyumen”, “Tyumen today”, “The city I was born in”, “Socio-cultural pattern of Russia”

Unit 6

The Tyumen Region

I. Learn the words below:

1. density	плотность
2. severe	суровый
3. volume	объем
4. to account for	считать
5. currency	валюта
6. revenue	доход
7. peat	торф
8. deposit	залежь
9. to abound in	изобиловать
10. decline	ухудшение
11. refinery	нефтеперерабатывающий завод
12. food stuffs	продукты
13. to estimate	оценивать
14. vastness	громадная территория
15. fuel and energy complex	топливно-энергетический комплекс
16. extraction (output)	добыча
17. oil-bearing	нефтеносный
18. gas-bearing	газоносный
19. to offset	возмещать, компенсировать
20. associated oil gas	попутный газ
21. torch	факел
22. petrol	бензин
23. boiler fuel	мазут
24. deer-breading	разведение оленей

25. self-sufficiency

cамообеспечение

II. Translate the following expressions:

Population density, peat deposits, coal deposits, water resources, construction stone, oil and gas complex, fuel and energy complex, oil industry, gas industry, gas refinery, oil (gas) field, gas compressor station, gas collecting network, diesel and boiler fuel, meat products.

III. Read and translate the text.

Tyumen Region

Geographical and geopolitical situation.

Tyumen region represents an administrative and territorial formation being the part of the Russian Federation. The region is included into the Ural federal District.

Tyumen region is located within the West Siberian plain and has borderlines with Kazakhstan, the republic of Comi, the Krasnoyarsk kray, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Omsk and Tomsk regions.

The main rivers are Irtysh, Ob, Pur and Nadym.

The area of the region, including the autonomous districts makes up 1464, 2 thousand km. The region extends from the north to the south for 2100 km. and from the west to the east for 1400 km.

The population of the region is 3345,1 thousand people. The population density comprises 8,2 people per 1 km.

The administrative centre is Tyumen. The distance from Tyumen to Moscow is 2144 km.

Tyumen region is one of the largest districts of the Russian Federation. It comprises the Khanty-Mansi and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts.

The legal status of Tyumen region is determined according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 and the Charter of Tyumen region, which was adopted by the Duma of Tyumen region on June 15, 1995.

State and local government

Tyumen region comprises 319 municipal formations that include 5 city okrugs, 5 urban settlements and 21 municipal districts.

The largest cities are: Tyumen (700,000 inhabitants), Tobolsk (147,000), Ishim (64, 300), Yalutorovsk (36,800), Zavodoukovsk (25,000).

The supreme legislative authority in the region is the Government of Tyumen region, headed by the Governor.

The Duma of Tyumen region represents the legislative power. It consists of 34 deputies to be elected for 5 years term. The Duma has five permanently active committees dealing with budget, taxes and finances; human resources; economics and natural resources use; the state construction and local self-government; agriculture and land relations. Besides, a commission on ethics and regulations is active in the Duma.

Landscape and raw materials potential

Tyumen region is located within the West Siberian plain and makes up 11,3 % of its territory.

Tyumen region is rightly considered “the energy heart” of Russia. A major part of the country’s oil and gas reserves is concentrated here in the unique Samotlor, Kholmogorsk, Krasnoleninsk, and Fedorov oil fields and the Urengoi, Medvezhye, and Yamburg gas deposits.

Practically all strategic transport main roads, including the Main Trans-Siberian Railroad and highways of federal value, pass through the territory of the region.

The largest in the Russian Federation and all over the world peat resources are concentrated in Tyumen region.

IV. Answer the following questions;

1. Where is the Tyumen region situated?

2. What is the area of the Tyumen region?

3. What autonomous districts does the Tyumen Region comprise?

4. What is the population of the Tyumen Region?

5. What city is the centre of the Tyumen Region?

6. What natural resources have the Tyumen region?

7. What can you say about the extraction and export of oil and gas?

8. Can you name the greatest gas-bearing deposits?

9. Is there the petrochemical plant in Tobol’sk?

10. What branches of industry are developed in the region?

11. Where is the agriculture of the region concentrated?

12. What economy has entered the Tyumen region?

V. Translate without a dictionary.

Тюмень - первый русский город в Сибири. Основан как острог в 1586 г. воеводами И. Мясиным и В. Б. Сукиным в устье р. Тюменка (приток Туры), на месте возникшего в XIV в. татарского города Чинги-Тура ("город Чингиса"; возник в XIV в.), взятого Ермаком в 1581 г. Первыми его жителями были 300 казаков и стрельцов. Город расположен в Западной Сибири, на берегах р. Тура (приток Тобола), в 2144 км к востоку от Москвы. Речной порт и крупная перевалочная база грузов с водного пути на железнодорожный, узел ж/д линий.

Название Тюмень русские заимствовали из местной топонимии: ещё задолго до основания города они знали о татарском царстве Тюмень. Топоним из тюркского, монгольского тюмэн, тюмян "десять тысяч". Так обозначалось и войсковое соединение в 10 тысяч человек, и племя, снаряжавшее такое войско, и вся территория этого племени. Название территории и было взято русскими в качестве названия нового города.

Историческая часть города расположена на берегах Туры и её правого притока - р. Тюменка, на клиновидном мысу между которыми в конце 1580-х гг. была отстроена русская крепость (разрушилась в XVIII в.), ставшая ядром города. Напротив крепости - т. н. Царёво городище с остатками татарского города (вал и ров). Тюмень развивалась в основном на юго-восток от крепости, вдоль берега р. Тура, правого берега Тюменки и Сибирского тракта.

В северной части Тюмени - архитектурный комплекс Троицкого мужского монастыря (первоначально Преображенский, основан в 1616), включающий Троицкий собор (1709-15), Петропавловскую церковь (1755, ныне Музей истории города), 2-х этажные настоятельские покои (1739), высокие каменные стены (1741). Исключительное историко-культурное значение имеет уцелевшая деревянная застройка Тюмени XIX - начала XX вв.

Во время Великой Отечественной войны в город было эвакуировано тело В. И. Ленина. В феврале 1944 года тюменская милиция в течение двух недель собирала по городу котов и кошек для отправки в Эрмитаж (г. Ленинград), где за время блокады развелось множество грызунов, представлявших угрозу для произведений искусства. 238 «усатых стражей» было отправлено в северную столицу, где они дали начало новой популяции ленинградских кошек.

VI. Insert the right article.

1. It had not occurred to her before that .......... rich could be daft in the head. She had always thought it was the prerogative of .......... poor. 2. He was a man who lives his life to .......... fullest. 3. She stepped back and viewed the fir-tree with a critical eye.

It was a healthy young fir, .......... rich dark green. 4. She tried to remember only .......... good and .......... best. 5. I felt claustrophobic all of .......... sudden. 6. Come in, don’t stand outside in .......... cold. 7. She laughed, and a slight flush tinted her face .......... pretty pink. 8. It felt like flying into .......... unknown. 9. Escape .......... ordinary. 10. How clever of you to help .......... helpless and .......... homeless. 11. .......... more a man knows, .......... more he is inclined to be modest. 12. He is leaving the country for .......... good. 13. They did it for .......... good of their country. 14. There are some changes for .......... better in her condition. 15. His eyes were of .......... brown so dark that they were almost black. 16. Do you believe in .......... supernatural?

VII. Use the right forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. I have never seen your kids. I wish you (have) a picture of them with you. 2. The police wish they (be) better equipped to work more efficiently. 3. They wished their daughter (be) more careful in choosing friends. 4. Susan wishes she (go) to college instead of leaving school and getting a job. 5. I wish we (buy) a house of our own long ago and not (live) with our grandparents all these years. 6. Melanie wished she not (say)

she was going to the party. 7. He wished his mother still (live) nearby. 8. The Dixons wish their son not (marry) that punk girl. 9. We wish you (can wait) to see him then. 10. I wish I (be) nicer to my parents when I was a teenager. 11. Ted wishes he (follow)

his tutor’s advice. 12. How I wish I (can play) some musical instrument! 13. I wish people (be) more honest. 14. People wish the government (do) something about unemployment. 15. I wish I (start) learning English much earlier.

VIII. Paraphrase the sentences using It’s time .......... .

1. Marina should think of her future. 2. Oleg must consult a specialist. 3. The family ought to have a holiday. 4. The house needs to be given a new coat of paint. 5. We need to call an electrician. 6. I must become independent from my parents. 7. The children should go to bed and switch off the light. 8. You ought to feel responsible for your family. 9. Will you stop asking me provocative questions about my personal life? 10. Why should you live throwing your parents’ money around? 11. I’m sorry, I have to say goodbye and leave. 12. How can you watch that boring programme? 13. You are a modern woman. Don’t you want to learn to drive a car? 14. Your parents need your

support. Why don’t you help them? 15. Will you get down to business, all of you!

IX. Independent work:

1.Семантизация лексического материала. Активизация грамматического материала: страдательный залог. 2. Найдите дополнительный материал по изучаемой теме в интернет-источниках: «Tyumen»

Unit 7

Additional texts

I. Curling at the Olympics

For a long time the curling event at the 1924 Games was considered a demonstration event. It was not until 2006 that the IOC decided that curling was officially part of the program and retroactively awarded medals to the 1924 curling teams. Curling was also a demonstration sport at the Winter Games of 1932 and 1988. Curling was next officially on the Olympic program in 1998, and has been since. Therefore, curling has been part of the Winter Olympics for the following years: 1924, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. There is a men's and women's event.

II. About Curling

Curling (also known as Kurling in Europe, and sometimes referred to curling as 'chess on ice'), is a technical sport played by two teams or four players on a rectangular sheet ice with large heavy, polished granite stones. The teams take turns sliding the stones down the ice towards the target. Two sweepers with brooms also accompany each stone to help direct them. The aim is to get the stone to stop in 'the house', a target at the end of the ice track. Basically, the team with the most points in the match wins, with a point awarded for every stone closer than the other team's best effort.

curling, winter sport, similar in principle to bowls and quoits (see horseshoe pitching), played on an ice court by teams of four. Each player hurls a squat, circular stone-weighing 38 lb (17.2 kg), dished on bottom and top and having a top handle for the player's grip-at the tees, or fixed goals, which are placed 38 yd (35 m) apart. Around each tee a circle is drawn with a radius of 6 ft (1.8 m). Each player is provided with a crampit, or spiked metal plate, to get a foothold on the ice, and a broom to sweep the ice in front of the swerving stone-one of the eye-catching features of the game. The players on both teams alternately send the stones toward one tee; the stones lying nearest the tee at the end of play count toward the score. The play is then made toward the opposite tee. A curling tournament is called a bonspiel. Curling is a major winter sport of Scotland, where it was played perhaps as early as the 16th cent. The Royal Caledonia Curling Club, founded in 1838, is the governing body of the sport. Curling is also very popular in Canada, is played to some extent in the United States and other countries, and is a winter Olympic sport.

III. Analysis of the structure of a newspaper article.

The structure of a newspaper article is very important. A well-structured article should be helpful for the reader to follow and understand the story, and most importantly, it should engage the reader, encouraging them to read on. The following articles, ‘Germany grieves for a hero who dared not admit struggle with mental illness.’ from the newspaper, The Times, and ‘“It was a real thrill”, says tourist nearly eaten by 18ft great white shark.’ Taken from The Guardian, will be compared to each other and analysed.

The headlines of both articles are similar in the way that they both use dramatic, eye-catching words to grab the attention of the reader. The headline of the Germany article uses the words ‘hero’ and ‘mental illness’ which would make the reader question how they could be linked and persuade them to read on. In the shark article, the sentence ‘18ft great white shark’ and quote, “it was a real thrill” are included. This is interesting for the reader, and would make them want to find out more about their experience. The opening paragraph of an article should briefly include who was involved, what happened, why it happened and where and when it happened. The Germany article includes all five of these points, whereas the shark article only includes who what and where. However, by not including all the information, the reader is more likely to read on to find more about the story as the detail becomes more developed in the following paragraphs.

The closing paragraphs of the articles are similar in the way that the less important and less necessary information is added towards the end. They have both been written using the inverted pyramid structure, meaning the information is arranged in descending order of importance. The most important material is placed at the beginning of the story and the less important information follows. It is effective because it tells the reader quickly what they want to know.

IV. Oprah Winfrey

Billionaire Oprah Winfrey is best known for hosting her own internationally popular talk show from 1986 to 2011. She is also an actress, philanthropist, publisher and producer. Media giant Oprah Winfrey was born in the rural town of Kosciusko, Mississippi, on January 29, 1954. In 1976, Winfrey moved to Baltimore, where she hosted a hit television chat show, People Are Talking. Afterward, she was recruited by a Chicago TV station to host her own morning show. She later became the host of her own, wildly popular program, The Oprah Winfrey Show, which aired for 25 seasons, from 1986 to 2011. That same year, Winfrey launched her own TV network, the Oprah Winfrey Network.

American television host, actress, producer, philanthropist and entrepreneur Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. After a troubled adolescence in a small farming community, where she was sexually abused by a number of male relatives and friends of her mother, Vernita, she moved to Nashville to live with her father, Vernon, a barber and businessman. She entered Tennessee State University in 1971 and began working in radio and television broadcasting in Nashville.

In 1976, Oprah Winfrey moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where she hosted the TV chat show People Are Talking. The show became a hit and Winfrey stayed with it for eight years, after which she was recruited by a Chicago TV station to host her own morning show, A.M. Chicago. Her major competitor in the time slot was Phil Donahue. Within several months, Winfrey's open, warm-hearted personal style had won her 100,000 more viewers than Donahue and had taken her show from last place to first in the ratings. Her success led to nationwide fame and a role in Steven Spielberg's 1985 film The Color Purple, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Winfrey launched the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1986 as a nationally syndicated program. With its placement on 120 channels and an audience of 10 million people, the show grossed $125 million by the end of its first year, of which Winfrey received $30 million. She soon gained ownership of the program from ABC, drawing it under the control of her new production company, Harpo Productions ('Oprah' spelled backwards) and making more and more money from syndication.

V. Hippie

The hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world. The word 'hippie' came from hipster, which was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. The origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain, though by the 1940s both had become part of African American jive slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date". The Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness.

In January 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco popularized hippie culture, leading to the legendary Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as jipitecas, formed La Onda and gathered at Avándaro, while in New Zealand, nomadic housetruckers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at Nambassa. In the United Kingdom, mobile "peace convoys" of New age travellers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge. In Australia hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or MardiGrass. "Piedra Roja Festival", a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970.

Hippie fashions and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and Eastern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a larger audience. The hippie legacy can be observed in contemporary culture in myriad forms, including health food, music festivals, contemporary sexual mores, and even the cyberspace revolution.

VI. Non-traditional families

Not all families are made up of a mom, a dad, and the kids. Some families have two dads. Others have two moms. And still others have a parent who is transgendered (say = tranz-JENN-derd).

If you live in a family with two dads or two moms, you’ll have some of the same challenges that your friends with a mom and a dad might have. You’ll also have some issues to deal with that are different from your friends’ family issues. Research shows, though, that children of gay or lesbian parents are no more likely to have poor self-esteem or bad relationships than kids with a mom and a dad. Also, kids who have two dads or two moms are no more likely than kids with a mom and a dad to be gay as they grow up.

VII. Russian foreign policy

Struggle to strengthen peace and deepen detente is in the centre of our country’s foreign policy. As our internal development is closely connected with the situation in the world arena, in shaping our foreign policy we take into consideration the state of affairs in every part of the globe.

We expand mutually beneficial ties with our country and a number of other European countries, Asian countries, Latin American countries, USA and Canada.

Life requires fruitful co-operation of all countries in the name of settling the peace-time problems facing every nation and all humanity.

Useful co-operation is now under way between a considerable number of states in such fields as the peaceful uses of atomic energy, the battle against epidemic diseases, the elimination of illiteracy, the protection of historical and cultural landmarks, preserving the environment and weather forecasting. Our country is taking an active part

in all this. There is already a basis for peaceful co-operation among states in such areas as the discovery and use of new sources of energy, the provision of food for the world’s growing population, the preservation of all the riches of Nature on our planet, and the exploration of outer space and the depths of the world’s oceans.

Most actively the foreign policy of our country is centred on relieving the danger of war, on control the arms race and prohibition of chemical and bacteriological weapons. At present this objective has gained special significance and urgency due to rapid and profound changes in the development of military technology, and the appearance of new weapons, especially weapons of mass destruction.

VIII. History

Tumen on Sigismund von Herberstein's map, published in 1549

Weliki Tumen (the Great Tyumen) is shown on Gerhard Mercator's map of Asia (published in 1595) as located south of Perm and Sibier

Town foundation sign

The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate, was annexed to Russia by the Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich in 1585. On July 29, 1586,[2] Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct a fortress on the site of the former Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ('city of Chingis'), also known as Tyumen, from the Turkish and Mongol word for 'ten thousand.

Tyumen was founded on the "Tyumen Portage" on the historical trade route between Central Asia and the Volga region. Control of the portage had been continuously contested by various South Siberian nomads in the preceding centuries. As a result, early Russian settlers were often attacked by Tatar and Kalmyk raiders. These attacks caused Tyumen's population to be dominated by the Streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leather goods makers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded as living in the town.

In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tyumen, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers.

By the end of the 19th century, Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk, and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed the former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of extensive Tyumen Oblast.

Monument to Perished Graduates of Tyumen Schools

At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Tyumen was controlled by forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army. However, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918.

During the 1930s, Tyumen became a major industrial center of the Soviet Union. By the onset of World War II, the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods.

World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises were evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. These enterprises were put into operation the following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated.

During the initial stages of World War II, when there was a possibility that Moscow would fall to the advancing German Army, Tyumen also became a refuge for the body of the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Lenin's body was secretly moved from Lenin's mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb located in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy. (former Tyumen Agriculture Institute).

Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives saw action at the front. Almost a third, about 6,000, perished in action (the exact number is uncertain as official data includes non-native soldiers who died in Tyumen's hospitals).

After the discovery of rich oil and gas fields in Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s, Tyumen became the focus of the Soviet oil industry. The activities of the oil industry caused a second economic and population boom in Tyumen. While most of the oil and gas fields were hundreds of kilometers to the north of the city, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction as well as the oblast administrative center. These advantages made Tyumen the natural site for numerous oil related enterprises which contributed to the city's development between 1963 and 1985. These years saw the arrival in Tyumen of tens of thousands of skilled workers from across the Soviet Union.

Old Tyumen in summer 2008

The rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems, as the growing population quickly outstripped Tyumen's limited social infrastructure. As well, the lack of city planning has resulted in uneven development which Tyumen has continued to struggle with into the present.

Administrative and municipal status

Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Tyumensky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with nineteen rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Tyumen—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Tyumen is incorporated as Tyumen Urban Okrug.

City divisions

Leninsky Okrug Administration building

Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs:

Kalininsky

Leninsky

Tsentralny

Vostochny

Cписок литературы

Учебная литература

1. “Do your best” O.L.Zaitseva, “real English”, 2009

2. «Английский язык для ССУЗов» И.П.Агабекян, 2010

3. “Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка” А.С.Саакян, 2012

Сайты

http://www.lingvo.ru

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.native-english.ru/

http://www.alleng.ru/index.htm

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