Пактические занятия по дисциплине ОДБ. 03 Иностранный язык для студентов II курса профессии 08.01.14 Монтажник санитарно-технических и вентиляционных систем и оборудования

Автономное учреждение

профессионального образования

Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры

«Сургутский политехнический колледж»

Структурное подразделение - 2

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

к практическим занятиям по дисциплине

ОДБ. 03 Иностранный язык для студентов II курса

профессии 08.01.14 Монтажник санитарно-технических и

вентиляционных систем и оборудования

Сургут 2017

Методические указания по дисциплине ОДБ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов II курса профессии 08.01.14 Монтажник санитарно-технических и вентиляционных систем и оборудования

Составитель: А.М. Фахрутдинова, преподаватель

Методические указания по дисциплине ОДБ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов II курса профессии 08.01.14 Монтажник санитарно-технических и вентиляционных систем и оборудования очной формы обучения и преподавателей профессиональных учебных заведений, соответствует действующей программе и содержит методические рекомендации и систему заданий для аудиторных практических работ.

Рекомендовано к печати методическим объединением «Иностранный язык»

Протокол № __ от «__» __________2017г.

Рекомендовано к печати Методическим советом Сургутского политехнического колледжа

Протокол № __ от «__» __________2017г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение……………………………………………………………………4

1. Unit I: Water Resources ………………………………………………….6

2. Unit II: From the History of Water Supply and Sewerage ………..…….12

3. Unit III: Water Treatment ………………………………………….........17

4. Unit IV: Different methods of water purification ………………..……...21

5. Unit V: Reforming the sector of water and sewage utilities …….............27

6. Unit VI: How the staff works ……………………………………...….....33

7. Unit VII: Outstanding People in the Field of Water Supply and Water Disposal……………………………………………..………………............39

8. Unit VIII: Congresses, Exhibitions, Publications …………...…………..42

Библиографический список………………………………………………47

Приложение А…………………..………..………………………………..48

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Методические указания предназначены для студентов II курса профессии 08.01.14 Монтажник санитарно-технических и вентиляционных систем и оборудования

Целью данных методических указаний является развитие навыков перевода, навыков устной и письменной английской речи для подготовки к чтению и пониманию английской литературы по специальности, для обучения активному владению языковым материалом по предложенным темам. Лексико-грамматический материал является основой для дальнейшего совершенствования навыков беседы на профессиональные темы.

Методические указания состоят из восьми основных уроков, которые охватывают следующие профессиональные темы:

• Water Resources;

• From the History of Water Supply and Sewerage;

• Water Treatment;

• Different methods of water purification;

• Reforming the sector of water and sewage utilities;

• How the staff works;

• Outstanding People in the Field of Water Supply and Water Disposal;

• Congresses, Exhibitions, Publications.

Лексический материал, предлагаемый в каждом уроке, способствует формированию, развитию и совершенствованию навыков устной и письменной речи по основным для санитарно-технических и вентиляционных специальностей темам. 

Каждый урок включает в себя текст для чтения с подготовкой пересказа по предложенному плану, вопросы к тексту для дальнейшего обсуждения, список слов и выражений для запоминания, которые рекомендуются использовать в своей речи, лексико-грамматические упражнения, цель которых отработать специальную лексику, а также закрепить грамматические навыки. 

Система упражнений к урокам включает в себя упражнения, направленные на:

- развитие навыков различных видов чтения;

- усвоение специальной лексики;

- формирование навыков профессиональной устной речи (диалогической и монологической);

- развитие навыков письма.

Вопросы по теме урока служат основой для всестороннего и систематизированного обсуждения изучаемой темы. Контроль осуществляется при выполнении упражнений.

Unit I: Water Resources

1. Read and try to memorize the words.

access n доступ

apply, syn. use, utilize v использовать available a пригодный, полезный

constituent n составная часть

consume v потреблять, расходовать

consumer n потребитель

consumption n расход, потребление

domestic a бытовой, внутренний

estimate v оценивать, устанавливать, определять

experience v, n испытывать, опыт

generate v порождать, производить

increase, ant. decrease

v расти,

ант. снижать (ся)

pollute pollution

v загрязнять, засорять n загрязнение

potable a питьевой

precious a драгоценный purpose, syn. aim, goal n цель

reasonable scarcity

a разумный, приемлемый

n недостаток, нехватка, дефицит

sufficient a достаточный

supply, syn. provide v снабжать, обеспечивать sustain v поддерживать

waste v

n a

тратить отходы непригодный

1. Watch the video “Our Thirsty World” from Video archive

№ 12 from (page 59). Be ready to answer the questions of Water Quiz.

1. So, you see that water is the fundamental constituent of life. It

is wrong to say that life could be sustained on earth without water. Take this Water Quiz and see what you know about water.

Water Quiz

1. How much of the water on earth is available to drink? a) 95% b) 26% c) 1%

1. Which of the following accounts for most of the world’s water use?

a) agriculture b) industry c) domestic uses

1. How many liters of water does one person require each day (for all domestic purposes) in order to enjoy a reasonable quality of life?

a) 10 b) 50 c) about 400

1. Water that is safe to drink is called

a) potable b) clean c) fresh

1. Which of the following countries have the highest consumption of water per person per day, and which country has the lowest?

Austria Switzerland	Italy Germany	India Spain
Japan	UK	USA

1. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered with water? a) 50 % b) 71 % c) 97 %

1. What percentage of the Earth’s total water resources can be transformed into usable water?

a) 1 % b) 10 % c) 25 %

1. The term “water stress” is applied to situations in a country where freshwater availability per capita is … of water for all uses, whether agricultural, industrial or domestic.

a) less than 1,700 b) more than 1,700 c) 1,700 cubic meters

1. How many people in the world don’t have access to safe drinking water?

a) 500,000 b) 1.1 billion people c) 2 billion people

1. How many people in the world don’t have access to adequate sanitation?

a) 1.5 billion people b) 2 billion people c) 2.6 billion people

1. How many children die every day from water borne diseases? a) about 4000 b) 1700 c) 750

1. Find the answers to the Water Quiz questions as quickly as possible by skimming and scanning the text “Water: Earth’s Most Precious Resource” and tables.

Water: Earth’s Most Precious Resource

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially

useful to humans. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of clean, fresh water is steadily decreasing. While the

world’s population tripled (утроилось) in the 20th century, the use of renewable water resources has grown six-fold (в шесть раз).

Table 1: Contribution to Earth’s total water resources in %

Sea	97.3
Glaciers (ледник)	2.1
Underground aquifers (водоносные пласты)	0.6
Lakes and rivers	0.01
Atmosphere	0.001
Biosphere	0.0006

Although 70 % of the Earth is covered by seawater and a further 3 % by ice, neither of these is easily transformed into usable water.

Less than 1 % of the Earth’s total water resources is usable for drinking, farming or industry.

It is estimated that 69 % of worldwide water use is for irrigation, 22 % of worldwide water use is industrial and only 8 % of worldwide water use is for household purposes. Basic household water requirements were estimated at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. Drinking water is water of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water.

Table 2: Domestic daily water consumption per inhabitant (житель) in liters

USA							397
Japan							379
Switzerland						270
Italy					220
UK			1	50
Germany			145
Spain		126
India	25

As a general rule, 50 liters of water per person per day are enough for a reasonable quality of life, but the regional differences are considerable.

An American uses 400 liters, while an inhabitant of Burundi may have to survive on 10 liters or less.

Figure 3: Percentage of the population with access to drinking water

USA-Europe India Mexico Peru Liberia Congo Kenya 100 % 75 % 69 % 58 % 48 % 38 % 28 %

Already there is more waste water generated today than at any other time in the history of our planet: more than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, (namely 1.1 billion people), and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, (namely 2.6 billion people)*. 3900 children die every day from water borne diseases**. One must know that these figures represent only people with very poor conditions. In reality, these figures should be much higher.

Recently a new concept “water stress” was introduced. The concept of water stress is relatively simple. According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, it applies to situations where there is not enough water for all uses, whether agricultural, industrial or domestic.

It has been proposed that when annual per capita renewable freshwater availability is less than 1,700 cubic meters, countries begin to experience periodic or regular water stress. Below 1,000 cubic meters, water scarcity begins to hamper (препятствовать) economic development and human health and well-being.

*Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF, 2004

**World Health Organization (WHO) 2004 From Water.org High School curriculum

1. Study the expressions to be remembered. Match A with B. A B

   1. sustainable development 1. быть покрытым морской водой

   2. available to drink 2. периодическая или регулярная

напряженность водного режима

1. reasonable quality of life 3. питьевая вода

1. to lack access to safe drinking water

1. возобновимые ресурсы

1. water borne diseases 5. нуждаться в доступе к

безопасной питьевой воде

1. renewable resources 6. устойчивое развитие

2. to be covered by seawater 7. пригодный для питья

3. potable water 8. заболевания, вызванные водой

1. periodic or regular water stress

9. приемлемое качество жизни

1. Work in pairs. Discuss the following topics.

   1. Water is absolutely essential to the human body’s survival. A person can live for about a month without food, but only about a week without water.

   2. About 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water. A healthy person can drink about two liters of water per day.

   3. Of all the water on the earth, humans can use only about three tenths of a percent of this water. Such usable water is found in groundwater aquifers, rivers, and freshwater lakes.

   4. Somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water. The total amount of water on the earth is about 326 million cubic miles.

   5. The earth is a closed system, it rarely loses or gains extra matter. The same water that existed on the earth millions of years ago is still present today.

   6. More people in the world have cell phones than access to a toilet.

   7. Diarrhea is in the second leading cause of death among children under five globally. Nearly one in five child deaths – about

1.5 million each year – is due to diarrhea. It kills more young children than AIDS, malaria and measles (корь) combined.

1. There is a saying: “We’ll never know the value of water till the well is dry”. Prove it.

Unit II: From the History of Water Supply and Sewerage

1. Read and try to memorize the words and word-combinations:

   aqueduct care cesspool	n v, n n	водопровод заботиться; забота выгребная яма
   conduit	n	труба, канал, ход, водовод
   domain	n	сфера, область
   exceed	v	превышать, превосходить
   exist	v	существовать
   expand	v	расширять
   expansion	n	расширение, экспансия
   extend	v	распространяться;
   drain	v	простираться дренировать, осушать
   installation	n	установка, устройство
   lead	n	свинец
   leaky	a	пропускающий воду, текущий
   match	v	подходить по качеству,
   pipe	n	сравняться труба
   pump	v, n	качать (насосом); насос
   save	v	спасать, беречь, экономить
   sewer	n	канализационная труба
   sewerage	n	канализация
   water disposal	n	водоотведение
   water supply	n	водоснабжение

2. Read the text “From the history of water supply and water disposal” and answer the questions:

1. Where did the first evidence of water supply come from?

2. What nation set a great example and left its mark in the history of water supply and water disposal?

3. What did Romans have in their towns?

4. The first water conduit in Russia dates to the 12 century, doesn’t it?

5. Was the installation of the first Moscow water conduit completed in 1804 or in 1862?

6. How many cities in pre-Revolutionary Russia had centralized water-supply systems?

From the History of Water Supply and Water Disposal

The history of water supply extends over several millennia. Sites excavated in the Indus Valley and in Punjab show that bathrooms and drains were common in Indian cities 4 millennia ago. Streets were drained by covered sewers 2 ft. deep and made of moulded (сделанный по шаблону) bricks cemented with a mortar of mud. Even two millennia BC, the Greeks and Egyptians had adequate supplies of drinking water for their cities, drained streets, had bathrooms in their houses, and, in Crete, water flushing arrangements (устройство для слива воды) for toilets. The Incas also had

impressive sewerage systems and baths.

The first aqueducts in the form of tunnels originated in ancient Persia (Iran) probably as early as the fourth millennium B. C. Their purpose was to bring water from the foothills of the northern mountains to the southern plains region for irrigation and domestic use.

Stone pipes were very early preferred for small quantities of water and for drains. Such pipes were used in the Indus cities before 1500 B. C.

As sanitary engineers, the Romans set a great example and left their mark in history. A public water supply was considered a basic essential of civic life. They had well-developed water supply systems, and their standards of engineering sanitation were not matched again

in Europe and North America until the 19 th century. Studies show that Rome's water supply exceeded 40 gallons per head per day, and was supplied to public baths, fountains and other public structures, as well as private houses. At their peak they were able to provide an estimated 300 gallons per head per day. Their aqueducts and cisterns (цистерны) can be seen all over Europe, and were frequently (часто) copied in medieval times.

In medieval Europe, the most urgent (крайне необходимый) task was also to provide an adequate supply of good water, using cisterns, natural springs, and dug wells, practices still of course in use today in undeveloped areas. Stone water courses (курс, ход), aqueducts, and wooden pipes were used there in the 13 th century. Lead pipes were used only in the 15 th century. Usually, pipes carried water to cisterns in the town at street intersections. A constant problem was separation of wastes from the water supply that was why from the 14th century strong city regulations controlled cesspools in the streets and elsewhere were adopted.

Developments were similar in North America. But the Roman’s idea of publicly-owned water and sanitary systems did not come into effect here until about the mid-19 th century. Even the construction of water supply systems in the U. S. dates from 1754.

In Russia a water conduit made of wooden pipes, whose construction dates to the turn of the 12 th century, was discovered during excavations in Novgorod. There is also information concerning a gravitational-flow water conduit made of earthenware pipes that was constructed in Georgia in the 13 th century. In the 15 th century a spring-fed water pipeline system was constructed for the Moscow Kremlin. The water-main systems in St. Petersburg, Peterhof, and Tsarskoe Selo were built in the first half of the 18 th century. The installation of the first Moscow (Mytishchi) water conduit was completed in 1804, and the St. Petersburg municipal water-main system was completed in 1861.

In 1902 a new Moscow water conduit was put into operation, with a water intake from the Moskva River near the village of Rublevo. A total of 215 cities in pre-Revolutionary Russia (about 20 percent of all cities)

had centralized water-supply systems. During the years of Soviet power, water supply has been greatly developed, both in the number of water conduits and the length of water mains and in the amount of water supplied to the public and other consumers. By 1968 there were 1,600 cities and 2,520 workers’ settlements with centralized water supply, the length of water mains had increased by a factor of 34, and the total amount of water supplied through municipal water pipelines had increased by a factor of approximately 40.

1. Complete the table and speak on the problem.

Milestones of WS history

Year / Century	The event
4000 BC
1500 BC
12th century
13th century
15th century
1754
1804
1861
1902

1. Read the text “Foreign Visitors to Water Museum Stunned by Russian Wastefulness” and answer the following questions:

1. When did the first official Russian water supply system appear in Moscow?

2. How was water pumped through?

3. Baron Delwig was the first to address the water shortage problem, wasn’t he?

4. Did the first sewerage system in Moscow appear in the 18^th or 19^th century?

5. What country is the world’s largest water consumer?

Foreign Visitors to Water Museum Stunned (ошеломлены)

by Russian Wastefulness

In all, Water Museum has three rooms dedicated (посвящать) to different periods of water-supply and sewerage development in Moscow. The main exhibits (экспонат) there are historical documents: building plans, clippings from old newspapers, and yellowed photographs. What impressed me the most were wooden models of ancient water towers (башня).

I learned that the early Kremlin water supply period goes back to the 14^th century. At the time, city residents laid the first oak (дуб) water pipes from Kremlin towers to the river. From then on, until this century, modernization and development of the Moscow water supply

system had been the exclusive domain of foreigners. The first official Russian water supply system appeared in Moscow in the 18^th century. Engineer Bauer was the first to address the water shortage problem.

He chose the Yauza River, near the settlement of Bolshiye Mytishchi, as a source of water supply for the capital. Water was pumped through underground galleries. Muscovites received about 4,000 bucketfuls (полных ведер) of water daily. Every year the capital expanded, demanding (требовать) more and more drinking water. In the 1830s, Baron Delwig (cousin of A. Delwig, a friend of Pushkin) used cast iron (чугун) pipes and steam (пар) machines to modernize and expand the existing system. The museum has also plenty of information about fountains, the first of which appeared in the capital under Nicholas II.

The museum does not have very many visitors, but when they come, they come in large groups, including from abroad. Recently, it hosted (принимать гостей) a group of tourists from Berlin and Amsterdam. What strikes them most about our water supply system is that Russia is the world’s largest water consumer. According to Lydia Vandergucht, the museum director, the capital uses up to six million cubic meters of water daily. The trouble is that Muscovites simply do not know how to save water and do not particularly care if their taps are leaky. As a result we suffer (терпеть) colossal losses.

Now a little about sewers without which no civilized city can exist. The first sewerage system in the capital appeared in the late 19^th century. It only served Moscow’s central area. As Moskovsky Vestnik

wrote at the time, the authorities spent about nine million rubles on this “incomprehensible (непонятный) installation”. Prior to that, said Lydia Vandergucht, the city was “positively filthy (грязный)”. Muscovites used exclusively outside latrines (отхожее место) – cesspools that were cleared very rarely (редко).

From Moscow News, by Yelena Starovoitova

1. Complete the sentences.

   1. The early Kremlin water supply period goes back to …

   2. … was the first to address the water shortage problem.

   3. … was chosen as a source of water supply for the capital.

   4. In the 1830s … used cast iron pipes and steam machines to modernize and expand the existing system.

   5. The first sewerage system in the capital appeared …

   6. It only served …

1. Now summarize the information from this text, using expressions (page 50).

1. Render the following information into English. Make use of the given words and expressions.

pipes were put from … to; taps with water; was built on the right side; was given without any treatment; with the help of an old electric power engine; wells were dried; shortage of water; a bucket of water cost; water tariffs; to design; to be put into operation.

Первый водопровод в Кемерово построили в 1918 году. Металлические трубы тянулись из Томи в поселок Нижняя Колония, который стоял на берегу реки рядом с “Кокcохимом”. В поселке было 33 колонки, a в девяти домах были свои краны с водой.

В 1925 году водопровод наладили и на правом берегу. Американцы из колонии “Кузбасс” протянули трубы на Красную Горку. Вода из Томи подавалась без всякой очистки, с помощью старенького электромотора. Но жители были рады. Лето в Сибири было очень жарким. Колодцы пересыхали, и воды не хватало. Люди ходили за водой на реку, брали ее – грязную – из луж и котлованов.

Ведро воды из колонки стоило 0,25 копейки. Привозная вода или из крана обходилась жильцам в 1 копейку. Это первые в Кемерово коммунальные тарифы. Новый водопровод начали проектировать только в 1929 году. А в конце 1935-го сдали 1-ю очередь. Так, почти 76 лет назад, в Кемерово пришла цивилизация.

From www.kem.kp.ru, 2007, by Vasiliy Soldatov

Unit III: Water Treatment

1. Read and try to memorize the words.

acceptable affect alarm	a v v			приемлемый воздействовать пугать, волновать
amount	v			количество
boil	v			кипятить
cancer	n			рак
cause	v			причинять, вызывать
compound	a, n			сложный; соединение
consequence	n			последствие
contain	n			содержать, вмещать
current	a			текущий
demand	v, n			требовать; требование
deplorable	a			плачевный
encourage	v			поощрять, поддерживать
escape	v			избежать
excessive	a			чрезмерный, избыточный
measure	v, n			измерять; мера, степень
measurement	n			измерения
network	n			сеть
perform	v			выполнять, проводить
pollute	v			загрязнять
pollution	v			загрязнение
prove	v			доказывать
refuse	v			отказывать (ся)
repair responsible satisfaction		v, n a n	чинить; ремонт ответственный удовлетворение
satisfactory		a	удовлетворительный
satisfy		v	удовлетворять
smell, syn. odor		n	запах
sweep		v	охватывать
tap		n	кран
taste		n	вкус
transmit		v	передавать
treat, syn. clean		v	обрабатывать, очищать
treatment		n	обработка, очистка

1. Recognize the following international words:

to vary, to transmit, to infect, metal, catastrophic, hygiene, to filter, to interview, analysis, sulphate, to recommend, substance, ingredient, sanitary, parameters.

1. Read and translate the following word combinations: drinkable (potable) tap water, noxious chemical compounds, excessive amount, point of view, microbiological standards, quality of the tap water, unpleasant taste and smell, cause dental decay, to tell the truth, contained an excessive amount of, to meet the recommended standards, any perspective view in the near future.

1. At home watch the video № 11 from Video archive (page 59) and try to understand the seriousness of water quality problem in Russia.

1. Read, translate the text and answer the questions given below.

Quality, Treatment Varies in Russia

There are few problems more worrying (вызывать беспокойство) in Russia than the quality of the tap water. This water, with its unpleasant taste and smell, comes mainly from polluted rivers: it is said to be full of metals, sulfates and other chemical products or to transmit diseases and cause dental decay.

Tourists and Western expatriates (эмигранты) see this as another example of catastrophic hygiene conditions in Russia. The Russians themselves are alarmed by what they read in the papers. They refuse to drink tap water without having filtered it or boiled it beforehand.

“Your Health” interviewed half a dozen Russian and foreign scientists in order to find out the truth. The scientists recognized that the quality of tap water in Russia is not satisfactory. Over 20 percent of the water analyses performed throughout Russia proved sanitary or chemical parameters of the water were beyond (выше) the recommended norm. Microbiological standards were not met in 11 percent of the cases. To tell the truth, one glass in five was simply unpleasant in taste or odor, or even contained an excessive amount of noxious chemical compounds. More than one in ten did not meet all standards from the microbiological point of view.

The areas where the water is most defective in microbiological terms include Kaliningrad, Smolensk, Omsk, Kaluga, Ingushetia and Kalmykia. From a sanitary and chemical point of view, the worst results come from Daghestan, the northern region, Kurgan, Chukot and Kalmykia. According to the research taking into 90 percent of the country’s network of drinkable water does not meet the recommended sanitary, chemical or microbiological standards, either permanently or periodically.

This state of affairs can be explained, first of all, by the pollution of its initial supply source, rivers and streams, into which industries and agriculture dump large amounts of waste each day, chemical compounds like nitrates, lead, mercury, zinc, copper, nickel etc. Unfortunately, water treatment stations do not always have the necessary material and technical resources to eliminate all these substances.

The provinces receive insufficient (недостаточный) quantity of the active ingredients needed to ensure quality drinking water; some villages do not even have the equipment necessary for cleaning the water.

The network for drinking water is very old in parts and it is an additional factor in the degradation of the quality of the water.

So, the seriousness of the water problem in Russia can not be denied (отрицать). Biologically-polluted water can play a role in the transmission of certain diseases. Chemically polluted water can have serious, long-term consequences for those who drink it on a regular basis. It can attack the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system. Certain chemical compounds can even have serious effects on genetic makeup and encourage the development of cancer.

The problems connected with tap water are in effect (в сущности) a true reflection of the serious ecological crisis sweeping the country and the deplorable state of health of the population. Modernization of water treatment plants and of the water network demands a considerable investment and it would take years. Since the state does not have the necessary financial means (средства) for this, Russians will have to live with the current situation without any perspective view in the near future.

1. The quality of tap water in Russia is a real problem, isn’t it?

2. Why is the quality of tap water unsatisfactory?

3. Where is the water most defective from the micro-biological point of view?

4. Where is the quality of tap water unsatisfactory from the sanitary and chemical point of view?

5. Can this state of affairs with water in our country be explained by the pollution of the initial supply sources only?

6. What should be done to improve the situation with the quality of tap water in Russia?

1. Study the expressions to be remembered. Mach A with B. A B

1. ensure quality of drinking water

1. долговременные последствия

1. genetic makeup 2. пить постоянно

2. long-term consequences 3. станции водоподготовки

3. to damp waste 4.резерв безопасности

4. water treatment plants 5. первоисточник

5. safety margin 6. генетический код

6. initial supply sources 7. гарантировать качество

питьевой воды

1. exceed the norm 8. сбрасывать сточные воды

2. to drink on a regular basis 9. превышать норму

1. Find the right ending to the sentences.

Chemical parameters of water measure …	the color, smell and external appearance of the water.
Microbiological parameters of water measure …	the presence in the water of micro-organisms such as bacteria.
Sanitary or “aesthetic” parameters of water concern …	the percentage of chemical compounds in the water.

1. Translate the text from “The seriousness of the water problem in Russia can not be denied …” up to “… encourage the development of cancer.” in written form using a dictionary. Ten minutes will be enough.

1. Try to speak about the seriousness of the tap drinking water problem in Russia using the following:

   1. There are few problems more worrying in Russia than … .

   2. Most of the Russians refuse to drink tap water without … .

   3. Over 20 percent of the water analyses performed throughout Russia does not meet … .

   4. Microbiological standards were not met in … .

   5. This state of affairs can be explained by … , … and … .

   6. Russians will have to live with the current situation without any perspective view if … .

Unit IV: Different Methods of Water Purification

1. Read and try to memorize the words.

achieve benefit, syn. advantage	v n	достигать, выполнять выгода, преимущество
contaminate	v	загрязнять, заражать
contaminant	n	загрязняющее вещество
destroy	v	уничтожать

drawback observe prevent	n v v	ошибка, недостаток обнаруживать предотвращать, мешать,
purify	v	очищать
purification	n	очистка
reliable	a	надежный,
restore	v	восстанавливать
ultraviolet	n	ультрафиолет

1. Recognize the following international words:

disinfect, pathogen, viruses, effectiveness, concentration, contact, pathogenic, organism, steel, fluorescent, office, component, gravity, person, company.

1. Read the text and say what method of purifying drinking water is the most effective and less dangerous.

Different Methods of Purifying Drinking Water

There are various methods of purifying drinking water: boiling, filtration, chemical treatments, ultraviolet purification.

Boiling is the simplest way of purifying drinking water. It disinfects drinking water from the disease-causing microorganisms. Water temperatures above 70T C kill all pathogens within 30 minutes and above 85T C within a few minutes. It is also observed that a water temperature at 100ª C kills almost all the microbes. Some pathogens and their spores get killed only at 118ª C. To be on the safer side, it is recommended to boil water for a few minutes for drinking.

Water filtration is one of the water purification process in which the contaminants are physically removed using a filter. It has a benefit of giving immediate access to drinking water without adding an unpleasant taste. The major disadvantage of filtration is that it can’t filter viruses. Also, it is expensive. So, after filtration, it is always recommended to disinfect by using chemicals or ultraviolet light.

Chemical treatment is one of the most important drinking water purification methods. In chemical treatment, purification is achieved by using chemicals. The most commonly used chemicals for drinking water purification are chlorine and iodine. The effectiveness of this method depends on the temperature of water, the chemical concentration and the contact time.

Chlorine in the form of bleach is used for disinfecting drinking water. The major drawback is the chlorine flavor. Also, study has found out that chlorine is not effective against some bacteria. Iodine is more reliable than chlorine in disinfecting drinking water. The major drawback of using iodine is its taste.

It is to be noted that both chlorine and iodine are not effective against some bacteria.

Ultraviolet (ультрафиолет) water purification is one of the most effective and fast water purification methods. The ultraviolet radiation inactivates the microbes by destroying their DNA (ДНК), thus preventing the microbes from reproducing. It has certain advantages: ultraviolet radiation is effective against all sorts of microorganisms and also it restores the water composition and flavor.

1. Complete the table and speak on the problem.

Different methods of purifying drinking water	Advantages	Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.

1. Now, give a short summary of the text above, using expressions (page 50).

1. Read the text “Brighter Light Better Water” and say whether the statements are true or false.

   1. The device is a grocery bag-sized stainless steel box containing a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp.

   2. The simplicity of the device is one of its strongest attributes.

   3. UV Waterworks is expensive to build and not easy to maintain.

   4. The UV lamp will burn for about 8,000 hours.

   5. Water flows through the device by gravity and electricity is used not only to generate the UV light.

   6. The cost of disinfected drinking water would be about 15 cents per person annually when used to supply a community of 1,500 – 2,000 people.

Brighter Light Better Water

While most people in the developed world have safe drinking water continuously supplied to their homes, more than half of the world’s population is exposed (подвергать опасности) to water contaminated (заражать) with pathogenic organisms.

Environmental physicist Ashok Gadgil and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are working to develop a simple and effective device that can greatly reduce (уменьшать) people’s risk of becoming infected through the water they drink. The device, named UV Waterworks, is a grocery bag-sized stainless steel box containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp like those used in fluorescent lighting found in most office buildings.

The simplicity of the device is one of its strongest attributes. Because its major components are common and inexpensive, UV Waterworks is cheap to build and easy to maintain. The UV lamp, which will burn for about 8,000 hours, must be replaced yearly, but otherwise the device requires almost no maintenance. Water flows through the device by gravity, and electricity is used only to generate the UV light. With a total power demand of just 40 watts, UV

Waterworks can operate connected to a car battery or a 2 m² photovoltaic panel, and can disinfect 15 liters (4 gallons) of water per

minute. Water Health International, the company that will manufacture UV Waterworks, estimates that when used to supply a community (община) of 1,500 – 2,000 people, the total cost of disinfected drinking water would be about fifteen cents per person annually. This makes it affordable even by developing world standards.

From “Innovations”

1. Outline the advantages of a new device in your answer, using the expressions:

   1. The author of a new device is … .

   2. The name of this device is … .

   3. The device is … .

   4. It is … to build and … to maintain.

   5. It consists of … .

   6. The WHI estimates that … .

1. Read the text “Hyacinth Cleans Waste Water” and match these titles with the paragraphs:

Some words from the history New project appeared

Waste water clearing with the help of water hyacinth How it works

The efficiency of purification

Hyacinth Cleans Waste Water

1. Today one can hardly name any production process, be it industrial or agricultural, that does not contribute to the contamination of the environment (окружающая среда). Say, one can find almost a half of Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table in the wastes of oil processing, chemical and metallurgical enterprises. As a result of scientific research the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of RAS (Novosibirsk) has pioneered a biological method of waste water cleaning of various origin with the help of a plant-water hyacinth.

2. Back in 1884 it was planted for this purpose in Florida (USA). Later it spread to South and North America, Asia and Africa. But it was not clear how that tropical plant would behave in such cold climatic zone. The problem of adaptation of this plant was in the focus of attention of the above-mentioned institute.

3. As a result there appeared a project based on the natural ability of the water hyacinth in the process of growth to extract various biogenic elements from the environment allowing to create low-cost, energy-saving water-purifying systems as this plant is developing at the expense (за счет) of any decaying organic substance, at the same time eliminating (устранять) unpleasant smells.

4. After transplanting seedlings (семена) of hyacinth into bioponds, contaminated reservoirs, water tanks, etc. the smell completely disappears and by the end of summer the water becomes absolutely transparent (прозрачный), without any unpleasant taste. It can be discharged without fear (страх) into rivers, used in everyday life and for industrial purposes. The hyacinth absorbs heavy metals, phenols, pesticides, oil products and even reduces the bacterial contamination of water. Besides, this plant grows unusually fast – its quantity increases 100 times for 3 – 4 summer months. The above said has been confirmed by two experiments, one of them carried out at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the SB RAS, and the other on the wastes of Tolmachevo airport.

5. In the first case, waste waters of the oil-processing plant were poured into vegetation containers and then plants were put there. The efficiency of purification was rather high: in relation to oil products –

97.9 %, to ammonium – 75.5 % and phenol – 98.3 %. In the course of the second experiment the hyacinth was planted into the sewer of the airport and by September it covered an area 50 m long and 3 m wide. And even such a short period of time was enough to reduce the content of nitrates, chlorides, ammonium, iron and other harmful products. Thus, Siberian scientists have managed not only to spread the hyacinth to the north but also prove the efficiency of its use in future as a multifunctional biological purifier.

From “Science in Siberia” by A. Maltsev

1. Correct the following statements using the information from the text.

   1. The Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Moscow has pioneered a biological method of waste water cleaning of various origins with help of a new device.

   2. Hyacinth was planted in Europe in 1900.

   3. The problem of vegetation of this plant is in the focus of attention of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics.

   4. A project based on the natural ability of the water hyacinth to emit oxygen in the process of growth appeared.

   5. The hyacinth absorbs only unpleasant taste and odor from water.

   6. The plant grows not very fast for 3 – 4 summer months.

   7. The Siberian scientists have managed only to spread the hyacinth to the north.

1. Read the text and say whether the administration of your native town will be interested in borrowing Moscow’s experience. Why?

Environmentally Friendly Moscow

Snow collected from Moscow streets is no longer dumped (сбрасывать) into the capital’s rivers but is recycled.

On average, up to 36 million cubic meters of snow falls on Moscow in the winter season. Of course the greater part of the it does not melt (таять). The snow is very dirty: it contains the entire periodic table plus garbage (мусор). Some years ago the city authorities forbade snow dumping into the Moskva and Yauza rivers. And the question immediately arose: what was to be done with it? Dry snow dumping grounds, common in Europe, where snow lies until spring and melts naturally, require a lot of land, which is very expensive in Moscow. So snow melting stations were set up. This is the eighth winter season that snow has been recycled at facilities (заводах) that have no counterpart (двойник) abroad or elsewhere in Russia. Originally the snows smelters worked on natural gas, but now more economical project has been developed.

Since the beginning of the current winter season, the snow- melting stations of the Mosvodokanal city utility has recycled more than five million cubic meters of snow, as compared to a total of three million cubic meters in the past season. About 30 new stations have been opened, each recycling 3,500 cubic meters of snow a day, or approximately 300 trucks (грузовик).

The new project is already producing results. According to Vladimir Shuvalov, head of the Moscow city Sanitation and Epidemiology Inspectorate (санэпидемнадзор) Environmental Monitoring Department, the chemical composition of the water in the Moskva and Yauza rivers has visibly improved in the past five years. True, the bacteriological composition has remained unchanged.

This winter, a representative of the Nizhniy Novgorod city administration was highly enthusiastic about what he saw there, indicating that his city was interested in borrowing Moscow’s experience.

From Vremya MN, by Yekaterina Babkova

1. Now give a short summary of the text above, using expressions (page 50).

Unit V: Reforming the Sector of Water and Sewage Utilities

1. Read and try to memorize the words.

account adjust	n v	расчет, отчет исправлять, приспосабливать, согласовывать
average	n	среднее
competition	n	конкуренция, соревнование,
conformity	n	соответствие, подчинение
consequence	n	следствие, последствие
consider	v	cчитать, рассматривать
consumer	n	потребитель
current	v	текущий, современный
deliver	v	снабжать, поставлять, производить
desire	v	желать
deterioration	n	ухудшение, износ, повреждение
dig	v	копать, рыть
emergency	n	чрезвычайные обстоятельства,
		критическое положение
ensure	v	обеспечивать, гарантировать
estimate	v	оценивать
exceed	v	превышать, превосходить
fulfil	v	выполнять, осуществлять,
install	v	устанавливать, монтировать
maintain	v	содержать, обслуживать
payback	n	окупаемость
range	n	ряд, область, диапозон
remain	v	оставаться
replace	v	заменять, восстанавливать

resident responsible rural	n a a	житель ответственный сельский
set	v	устанавливать
stock	n	фонд
sufficient	a	достаточный
tenant	n	жилец
threat	n	угроза
trench	n	канава, трещина
utility	n	коммунальные сооружения,
		коммунальные услуги
wear and tear	n	амортизация

1. Read and translate international words into Russian.

natural, total, centralized, reform, municipal, infrastructure, sector, station, massive, recourses, dominance, economic, area, situation, budgetary.

1. Read, translate and memorize the following word- combinations.

to become a threat to, centralized water supply, urban-type settlements, the total length of the water mains, the capacity of water- supply systems, according to figures, the degree of wear and tear, sewerage networks, inadequate management system.

1. Read the text “The situation in the sector of water and sewage utilities in Russia” and:

   • characterize the situation in the sector of water and sewage utilities in Russia. Give examples illustrating your words.

   • say why the situation in the sector of water and sewage utilities in Russia is considered to be critical.

The Situation in the Sector of Water and Sewage Utilities in Russia

Now the situation in the housing and utility sector in Russia is on the way to become a threat to the social and economic growth of the nation. According to figures from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the services of centralized water supply are available to 30 % of all population centers in the Russian Federation, with the services of centralized sewerage available to a mere 5.5 %, including in towns to 99 % and 97 % of the population respectively, in settlements 93 % and 74 %, in rural areas no more than 29 % and 4 %. The country has a total of 8801 water-supply systems, with centralized water supply used by 106.5 mln people resident in 1092 towns and 1872 urban-type settlements. The total length of the water mains in Russia’s population centers is 463.0 thousand km, including 200.9 thousand km in towns (43 %). The capacity of water-supply systems is estimated at 90.0 mln cbm / day, with towns accounting for about 71.0 mln cbm / day (79 %).

To date, the condition of Russia’s utilities, and in particular of the water and sewage utilities, is considered critical. According to figures from the Federal Agency for Construction, Housing and Utilities, as of the beginning of 2005, the degree of wear and tear on public utility infrastructure facilities in certain municipal entities (городские объекты) is as high as 70-80 %, with the degree of wear and tear increasing by 2-3 % annually.

In the sector of water and sewage utilities the wear and tear on property (имущество), plant and equipment ranges from 50 to 70 %. Specifically, the wear and tear of water mains is 65.3 %, of sewerage networks 62.5 %, of water-supply pumping stations 65.1 %, of sewerage pumping stations 57.1 %, of water purification facilities 53.9 %, of sewage treatment facilities 56.2 %.

Such situation is the result of inadequate management system, dominance of political expediency (целесообразность) over economic considerations in the area of tariff regulation, unsatisfactory financial situation, high costs, massive losses of power, water and other resources.

1. Find the right translation. Match A with B.

A B

1. urban-type settlement 1. тарифные нормативы

2. wear and tear 2. городские объекты

3. municipal entities 3. станции по перекачиванию сточных вод

4. sewerage pumping station 4. амортизация

5. sewage treatment facilities 5. заводы по обезвреживанию

сточных вод

1. tariff regulation 6. поселок городского типа

1. massive losses of power and water

7. большие потери энергии и воды

1. Read the text “Russian Water Industry remains at Crossroads” and find the answers to the following questions:

1. What is one of the major problems in Russia?

2. How much of total reserves of drinking water in Russia currently does not meet sanitary standards?

3. All people in Russia have access to quality drinking water, don’t they?

4. Is the current status of the Russian water supply system satisfactory? Why?

5. For how long has the reform of the sector of housing and public utilities been in progress? Is it a success?

6. What is the main objective of reforming and modernizing the utilities in Russia as set by the Government of the Russian Federation?

7. What should be done to fulfill this task?

Russian Water Industry Remains at Crossroads

One of the major problems in Russia is the need for a full-scale reform of the Russian water industry.

According to the Russian authorities, between 35 % to 60 % of total reserves of drinking water in Russia currently do not meet sanitary standards, with 40 % of surface and 17 % of underground spring water considered as impotable.

Moreover, the level of pollution in Russian rivers and lakes from agricultural and industrial waste exceeds all the minimum standards. Nearly 11 million people in Russia do not have access to safe drinking water, while around 50 million people drink water with high iron

levels.

The current status of the Russian water supply system leaves much to be desired. According to local experts, almost 30 % of all the Russian water pipes need to be replaced in the near future, however only 1.5 % of them are replaced each year.

An average project that involves the reconstruction of water pipes has a payback period of eight years. If the project starts from now, this period increases up to 12 years, which is too long for the Russian economy. However, even if the volume of repair works was to be increased several times, this would still not be sufficient to solve the problem of delivering clean water to consumers. At present, the Russian water-economic complex requires constant budget investments to at least keep it in its present condition and to prevent further deterioration. According to analysts’ estimates, most of the Russian water pipes should be changed during the next two or three years due to their emergency condition. At the same time, according certain analysts, the only way out of this situation is to apply modern technologies to boost (повышать) water supply.

The reform of the sector of housing and public utilities has been in progress for more than 10 years now. The Russian Government first focused its efforts on the problems of the public-service sector in 1997, when an RF Presidential Decree was passed, called “On the reform of the housing and utilities sector in the Russian Federation”.

The primary objective of reforming and modernizing the utilities, as set by the Government of the Russian Federation, is to put in place conditions for bringing the public utility infrastructure to conformity with the quality standards that ensure comfortable living conditions. So, the main tasks are:

• to modernize public utility infrastructure facilities;

• to improve the performance of management of public utility infrastructure facilities;

• to attract of funds from extra budgetary sources (including the funds of private investors, credit funds and savings of citizens) to finance the projects to modernize the facilities of public utility infrastructure.

1. Read the text “Housing and Utilities Reform: Get Ready to Economize” and choose the right answer to the following questions:

1. The chief objective of the program in the housing and utilities sector is … the domination of the local monopolies.

a) to strengthen b) to weaken c) to develop

1. The share of privatized housing in the total volume of the housing stock in Russia is … percent.

a) 35 b) 45 c) 55

1. In Russia … of tap water gets lost before it reaches homes.

a) 35 to 45 % b) 55 to 65 % c) 75 – 95 %

1. In the USA … percent of tap water is lost.

a) 12 b) 20 c) 42

1. In Japan … percent of tap water is lost.

a) 11 b) 21 c) 41

1. One water-supply worker in Russia serves … persons.

a) 300 b) 1,500 c) 1,700

1. In St. Petersburg the installation of water and gas meters in homes costs …

a) about $ 350 b) $ 350 c) over $ 350 per apartment

1. The Russians would rather prefer … .

1. to stop paying for electricity, gas and water consumption

2. to save electricity, gas and water

Housing and Utilities Reform: Get Ready to Economize

The government has adopted a program to demonopolize, and develop competition in the housing and utilities sector in 1998-1999. Its chief objective is to weaken the domination of the local monopolies responsible for water, electricity and gas supplies, and central heating.

Russia has come up with the West in the share of privatized housing in the total volume of the housing stock – 55 percent. As for the rest, Russia will take a long time to catch up with. This is particularly true of measures to economize. In Russia, for example, 35 percent to 45 percent of tap water gets lost in the networks before it reaches homes. To compare, the figure for the United States is 12 percent, and for Japan 11 percent. One water-supply worker in the US serves 1,500 persons; in Japan, 1,700, whereas in Russia only 300 persons.

It’s a different matter that Tokyo’s or Stockholm’s utilities networks are in a better condition than those of Russian cities, and do not need endless repairs. In Europe trenches are not dug out in front of apartment buildings every summer. It is, therefore, not ruled out (исключать) that the authorities will soon face another housing and utilities problem: how, while lowering tariffs, to maintain the water- supply and sewage systems in the cities? If even in Moscow the relaying (замена) of networks can turn into a tragedy, one can imagine the consequences, if this happens in a small town. The authorities were said that all repairs could be done with the help of commercial credits. But this is possible in a big city, not in a provincial town.

The monopolies’ tariffs must be clear and simple, and the monopolies themselves must come under tough (строгий, жесткий) control.

Adjusting the economy “from below” is another matter. Gas and water meters were never installed in Russian homes; houses are built according to obsolete (устаревший) standards.

This problem will soon be solved. For example, builders will be obliged to fix water and gas meters in homes. For example, in St. Petersburg, the installation of these meters cost only $ 350 per apartment, and this will decrease water and gas consumption by a factor of two or three. But this measure will work only in newly-built houses. What about the old ones? Should tenants be obliged (обязанным) to set up their own meters? No one will be willing to pay $ 350 for that. They would rather stop paying than save electricity, gas and water.

The problem with all Russian reforms is that they cannot be carried out stage by stage: changes must be carried out quickly. This also applies to the housing and utilities sector. The government will have to compel the monopolies to cut costs, builders to build better houses, and tenants to put off their lights when light is not needed. And all this has to be done at the same time.

From Moscow News by Svetlana Babayeva

1. Speak on the problem of Housing and Utilities Reform in Russia. The following phrases can help you to organize the information:

First of all I’d like to say that ... In my opinion ...

I’d like to stress that ... Then, ...

If I’m not mistaken ... As for ...

On the one hand, ... On the other hand, ... Moreover, …

In addition, ... In fact, ...

No wonder that ...

In conclusion I’d like to say that ...

Unit VI: How the Staff Works

1. Read and try to memorize the words

enterprise provide	n v	предприятие снабжать, обеспечивать
ammonation	n	обработка аммиаком
crayfish	n	речной рак
removal	n	удаление
reduce	v	сокращать, снижать
customer	n	клиент, заказчик
feedback	n	обратная связь
implement	n	выполнять, осуществлять, приводить в исполнение
loss	n	потеря

1. Translate the word-combinations:

one of the leading enterprises in the field, the history goes back to, results of a recent contest, housing and public utilities system, the main water source, water is taken from … and channeled to, to be in charge of, to be replaced by, to be checked by means of, powdered activated carbon, to solve the sludge disposal problem, to have an effective customer feedback system, to be in operation, to give much attention to.

1. Now study the text about the main points of the company’s activities and prove that State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is on the front line in its field.

Vodokanal Today

Do you know that State Unitary Enterprise (SUE) “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is one of the leading enterprises in the field of water supply and water disposal? The history of this enterprise goes back to

10 October, 1858, when the Charter of “St. Petersburg Water Pipelines Joint-Stock Company” was approved by Alexander II. According to the results of a recent contest of the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation Vodokanal of St. Petersburg was named the best enterprise of the Russian housing and public utilities system for the year 2000.

The State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” provides water and sanitation services to the City of St. Petersburg. It is the country’s biggest public utility and one of the key municipal companies in St. Petersburg.

“Vodokanal of St.Petersburg” provides drinking water to the population of 4,568,000 people (as of 01.01.2008) as well as to companies and organizations of the city. Vodokanal’s activities include the following:

• Water intake and water treatment;

• Water distribution.

St.Petersburg takes water from surface and underground sources. The main water source is the Neva River; more than 96 % of water is taken from the Neva and channeled to 5 major waterworks: By 2009, the length of the water distribution networks was 6,391.4 km. The length of sewer networks – 7936.4 km, of tunnel sewers – 221.15 km. Moreover, Vodokanal operates the city fountains and fountain complexes; it is in charge of rehabilitation, capital repairs, purchase and operation of public toilets.

Table 1

Years	Daily average supply of potable water in Petersburg	Water distribution losses
2004	2,578,800 m3	16.3%
2005	2,514,700 m3	17.0 %
2006	2,466,900 m3	16.2%
2007	2,311,200 m3	13.0%
2008	2,168,900 m3	13.0%

Main achievements of SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” in the field of water treatment:

• All potable water supplied to the city is UV-treated to ensure epidemiologic safety;

• Liquid chlorine is no more used for water disinfection; it is replaced by hazard-free, non-toxic sodium hypochlorite;

• Hazard-free and non-toxic ammonia sulfate is used for water ammonation instead of ammonia solutions;

• Water condition in the Neva is checked by means of a biomonitoring system where crayfish act as chief inspectors;

• PAC (powdered activated carbon) dosing is implemented to remove odors and oil.

Main achievements of SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” in the field of wastewater treatment:

• Around 91 % of all wastewater was treated in St. Petersburg by the end of 2009; the percentage will be 98 % by 2015;

• Petersburg has solved the sludge disposal problem: three sludge incineration (сжигание) plants are in operation in the city;

• The treatment plants in Petersburg have implemented the enhanced nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) removal process to meet the HELCOM recommendations. The process helps reduce the biological burden (бремя) on the Neva, Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea.

Vodokanal has an effective customer feedback system. Since 2004, a round-the-clock “Hot Line” has been in operation where one can get any information about Vodokanal activities.

By the end of 2009, the staff of SUE “Vodokanal of St.

Petersburg” was 7,758 people.

Vodokanal gives much attention to education. It has its Information and Training Centre which comprises the Youth Environmental Centre and “The Universe of Water” museum complex.

1. Look though the table once again and explain its figures.

1. Look though the text once again and give its short summary using phrases (page 48).

1. Read the text about water supply system of St. Petersburg to find answers to the following questions.

Water Supply System (WSS) of St. Petersburg

1. What does St. Petersburg water supply system include?

St. Petersburg takes water from surface and underground sources. The main water source is the Neva River; more than 96 % of water is taken from the Neva and channeled to 5 major waterworks: Main Waterworks (MW), Northern Waterworks (NW), Southern Waterworks (SW), Volkovskaya Waterworks (VW), Waterworks in Kolpino.

St. Petersburg water supply system is a complex of engineering structures providing uninterrupted water supply to the consumers. The complex includes 4 waterworks in the city, 5 waterworks in the suburbs, 177 boosting pumping stations, 6,391.2 km of networks.

1. How is the whole WSS divided into?

The whole water supply system is divided into water supply zones: water supply zone “North”, water supply zone “South”, water supply zone “Center”.

The source of water supply zones is the main waterworks. Each water supply zone is divided into water supply districts. The water supply districts are divided into water supply sectors. Each sector is divided into segments. A segment is a basic territorial unit of the water supply system served by one structural division – a team.

1. Vodokanal applies a three-stage process of water disinfection, doesn’t it? What else is used to ensure removal of odors and oil products?

Since 2007, Vodokanal applies a unique two-stage process of overall water disinfection at St. Petersburg waterworks. This process is based on a highly effective but safe chemical – sodium hypochlorite (chemical method) and UV water treatment (physical method). Such combination enables us to fully guarantee epidemiological safety of water supply in St. Petersburg, and total compliance of microbiological indicators of water quality with the current norms. Saint-Petersburg is the first megalopolis to treat all potable water with ultraviolet and to use no liquid chlorine for potable water disinfection.

Another technology used by

Vodokanal for over two years is a

powdered activated carbon (PAC)

dosing system which ensures removal of odors and oil products.

UV Plant

1. Why is Vodokanal proud of its system of water quality biomonitoring? Who helps the staff?

Vodokanal is proud of its unique system of water quality biomonitoring – diagnostics of the

functional status of crayfish and fish. The method developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Environmental Safety Research Institute consists in measuring the local crayfish cardiorythm and analysing the behavior of fish. If the water from the Neva contains toxic

substances, the heart rate of crayfish increases, and the behavior of fish changes significantly. Now, the biomonitoring system is used at all waterworks in the city. The “staff” of the Main Waterworks includes 12 crayfish. Their working schedule: two days in the aquarium under supervision, then four days of rest and active eating. Vodokanal employs male crawfish only.

1. Read the text “Sewerage system of St. Petersburg” and find out what new method of wastewater treatment has been used and how the problem of wastewater sludge utilization is solved in this town.

Sewerage System of St. Petersburg

Saint-Petersburg has a combined scheme of sewerage: 70 % of the whole territory has a combined sewage system, which receives domestic, industrial as well as surface (rainfall, snowmelt) runoffs, and 30 % – mainly, new districts and suburbs sewered according to the separate scheme (rainfall and snowmelt waters are collected separately from other sewage).

The structure of wastewater disposal sectors is similar to that of water supply sectors. The Saint-Petersburg wastewater disposal system comprises: sewage networks – 7936.4 km, tunnel collectors – 221.15 km, sewage pumping stations (SPS) – 109, wastewater treatment plants of different capacity – 21, sludge incineration plants – 3.

Pipe diameters of municipal sewerage network in St. Petersburg are from 150 mm (courtyard networks) to 4,7 m (tunnel collectors). Tunnel collectors are the basic mains for transporting sewage to wastewater treatment plants. The design capacity of sewage pumping stations varies from 300 m³/d to 1,000,000 m³/d. SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” performs modernization and reconstruction of SPS by implementing modern pump units and integrated sewage pumping stations. In addition to the replacement of pumps and electrical equipment other auxiliary mechanisms are also modernized.

St. Petersburg is the first megalopolis in the world where the problem of wastewater sludge (осадок сточных вод) utilization is solved. Sludge is incinerated (сжигать) in the fluidized-bed furnaces (печь с псевдоожиженным слоем) at the temperature of 870TC. The heat produced by sludge incineration is used for process needs, space heating and power generation for Vodokanal to save energy resources. Flue gases are treated in three stages.

As for wastewater treatment technologies, until recently, a classic, two-stage (mechanical and biological) treatment process was used at the wastewater treatment plants in St. Petersburg. Since 2008 one more level of wastewater treatment has been used. It is UV disinfection of treated effluents (сточные воды).

Sludge Incineration Plant at the Northern WWT

1. Write a short summary about the activities of the SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg”, using the following plan outline.

   1. State Unitary Enterprise (SUE) “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is one of … .

   2. The history of this enterprise goes back to … .

   3. It provides drinking water to … .

1. Is staff is about … .

2. Vodokanal’s activities include … .

3. The length of the water distribution networks is … .

4. The length of sewer networks is … .

5. Since 2007, Vodokanal applies a unique two-stage process of … .

6. This process is based on … .

7. It is interesting to note that cater condition in the Neva is checked by means of a biomonitoring system where … .

8. St. P St. Petersburg is the first megalopolis in the world where the problem of … .

9. The heat produced by sludge incineration is used for … .

10. Flue gases are treated … .

11. Since 2008 UV disinfection of treated effluents … .

Unit VII: Outstanding People in the Field of Water Supply and Water Disposal

1. Translate:

to organize – organizer – organization, science – scientific – scientist, to supply – supplier, to publish – publisher – publication, to use – user

• useful – useless, ecology – ecological, to treat – treatment, technology – technological, to invent – inventor – invention; to manage – management;

1. Find synonyms. Match A with B.

A: to use, to provide, to better, to direct, outstanding, effective, invention, activity

B: to supply, prominent, work, to utilize, to improve, to head, discovery, efficient;

1. Can you name any famous scientists in your field? You probably can … . But the list seems to stop before it starts. So, read the text about one of the outstanding scientist in the field of water supply and water disposal, and speak on his scientific and practical activity.

Felix Vladimirovich Karmazinov

Felix Vladimirovich Karmazinov is an outstanding scientist and civil engineer of our time, State Prize winner of Russia in the field of science and technology (2001), member of several foreign and Russian Academies, honorable Professor of the European University of the International Academy of Natural and Social Sciences.

He was born in 1943 near Leningrad. In 1966 he graguated from the Leningrad Institute of Water. He began his career as a foreman at a plant. Now he is a general director of a state enterprise “Vodokanal St. Petersburg”.

Since 1987 F.V. Karmazinov heads this state enterprise. Being an experienced and gifted organizer and scientist, professor Karmazinov uses modern methods in the field of management, economy and technology. The enterprise provides good and effective work of water supply and water disposal system of St. Petersburg.

In 1998 and 2000 F.V. Karmazinov defended his candidate and doctorate dissertations, respectively. He is the author of more than 80 scientific publications and 40 inventions. All his works are devoted to bettering water supply and water disposal systems and providing good drinking water and ecology in towns and cities of Russia and CIS countries.

In 2010 he was chosen the winner of the national award “Person of the Year 2010” in the category “Environmental Protection” for implementing the best world practices of water supply management in Saint-Petersburg, improving the water consumption culture and carrying out activities aimed at preservation (coхранение) of the Baltic Sea.

1. Study the expressions to be remembered. Mach A with B. A B

1. to use modern methods 1. в области управления,

экономики и технологии

1. to defend candidate thesis 2. проводить исследования

2. to carry out research 3. получить премию

3. to obtain good results 4. посвятить работу

4. to receive a prize 5. использовать современные методы

1. in the field of management, economy and technology

7. to devote his work to 66. защитить докторскую ддиссертацию

7. достичь хороших результатов

1. Translate into English:

выдающийся ученый в области ВС и ВО, закончить вуз, возглавлять государственное предприятие, доктор технических наук, профессор, готовить специалистов, обеспечить хорошую и эффективную работу, быть автором 80 научных публикаций, хорошая питьевая вода, Россия и страны СНГ

1. Read the sentences. Use English words and word combinations instead of the Russian ones.

1. Professor Karmazinov is an outstanding scientist in the field of (наука и техника).

2. He is a member of several (зарубежных и российских Академий наук).

3. F. V. Karmazinov directs (государственное предприятие).

4. Professor Karmazinov uses (cовременные методы управления) in the field of economy and technology.

5. The enterprise provides good and effective work of (водоснабжение и водоотведение) systems.

6. It also provides good (питьевая вода).

1. Render the text into English, using the following words and word combinations: water industry, water supply, water disposal, work at a chair of, head the laboratory of natural water cleaning, fundamental researches, drinking water, scientific books, licenses and patents inventions, papers and booklets, high qualification, scientific school, by filtration.

М.Г. Журба

Михаил Григорьевич Журба окончил в 1965 году Украинский институт инженеров водного хозяйства в г. Ровно по специальности “Водоснабжение и водоотведение”. После окончания аспирантуры Журба М.Г. работал на кафедре и заведовал лабораторией водоподготовки в НИИ г. Кишинев.

В настоящее время профессор, доктор технических наук, действительный член Академии ЖКХ он заведует лабораторией очистки природных вод и инженерных сооружений водоподготовки ГНЦ РФ НИИ ВОДГЕО.

С 1994 г. М.Г. Журба является научным руководителем фундаментальных исследований по теме “Теоретическое обоснование и разработка технологий подготовки питьевой воды”. Он автор 12 книг, 67 авторских свидетельств и патентов РФ на изобретения, 250 научных статей и брошюр. Большой вклад внесен М.Г. Журбой в подготовку кадров высшей квалификации. Он является руководителем научной школы в области очистки воды фильтрованием через плавающие полимерные загрузки.

1. Now speak about one of the outstanding persons in your field.

Unit VIII: Congresses, Exhibitions, Publications

1. Read and try to memorize the words.

approach challenge	n n	подход, метод вызов, возражение
comprehensive	a	всесторонний, обширный
determine	v	определять, устанавливать
exhibition	n	выставка, показ
operation	n	действие, работа
participant	n	участник
participate	v	участвовать, принимать участие
promotion	n	содействие, продвижение
prospective	a	будущий, ожидаемый
recovery	n	восстановление, возмещение
tool	n	инструмент, механизм, способ,
		средство

1. Translate the word-combinations:

to present a wide spectrum of equipment and services for rational use, to have tremendous water resources, one of the key tasks for, to work out the most comprehensive approaches to, the main tool of promotion of your company’s products and services in the market.

1. Try to recognize the international words:

ecology, congress, technology, municipal and industrial, combine, demonstration, professionals, sections, monitoring international cooperation.

1. Look through the information given below. Would you like to take part in this very congress? Give your reasons why?

The 9^th International Congress and Technical Exhibition “Water: Ecology and Technology” (ECWATECH – 2010) 1-3 June 2010, Moscow

ECWATECH today is the biggest water and wastewater forum in Eastern Europe which presents a wide spectrum of equipment and services for rational use, recovery and protection of water resources, water treatment, municipal and industrial water supply, wastewater treatment, construction and operation of piping systems, water bottling, etc.

ECWATECH is a complex event consisting of a congress and an exhibition. These two parts of one event allow combining effectively demonstration of modern technologies with hot topics discussion.

The organizers of the Forum were the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, The Federal Agency for Water Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Association for Water supply and Water Disposal, Vodocanal of Moscow, Vodocanal of St. Petersburg, Rosvodokanal and a number of other organizations and authorities.

The key figures of ECWATECH-2010 were:

• 749 exhibitors from 28 countries,

• 14497 sq. m of net-exhibition space,

• 12 642 visitors,

• about 1000 conferences attendees,

• totally 25 conferences and seminars were held,

• more than 1000 professionals from 30 countries participated in these events.

Traditionally, the specialists determining political, economic and technical ways for the development of water sector participate in the Forum activities.

The Congress work was organized according to the following traditional sections:

1. Water resources

2. Water supply

3. Water disposal and waste-water treatment

4. Economics, law and management in water supply and water disposal system

5. Ecological monitoring of water objects

6. States of emergency at water supply facilities.

This forum is very important for Russia because our country has tremendous water resources. The effective and careful use of these resources became one of the key tasks for economically developed country. The International Water Forum ECWATECH allows working out the most comprehensive approaches to implement the industry challenges determined by the Government of the Russian Federation and to support the most prospective international cooperation.

The leading exhibition in water and wastewater industry ECWATECH – is the main tool of promotion of your company’s products and services in the market!

1. Give a short summary of the text, using phrases (page 48).

1. Study the information given below and say why these magazines are important for you.

The “Water Supply and Sanitary Technique” was founded in 1913 at the first stages of formation of water supply practice in Russia. For about a century, the magazine has been struggling for the prestige of the branch, recognition of its importance, dealing with the most important scientific and technical issues in the field of water supply and water disposal, water treatment, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Results of scientific studies and progressive technical solutions published in the magazine have favored a full-scale introduction of new efficient technologies and designs into municipal services, industrial and rural construction.

The magazine covers the following issues:

• water supply: designs of facilities of water treatment for domestic and industrial purposes; methods of softening, conditioning of water, production of super pure water; methods of hydraulic and technical and economic calculation of water supply systems for large industrial enterprises of cities and agricultural objects;

• wastewater treatment and sewerage: theoretical fundamentals of wastewater and sludge treatment methods; new technological schemes, types and designs of facilities for mechanical, biochemical and physicochemical treatment of wastewater in various branches of industry; treatment of high concentrated wastewater and advanced treatment of runoffs (стоки); principles and methods of secondary use of industrial wastewater; methods of improvement of the existing technique of treatment and utilization of wastewater sludge;

• use of water in complete cycles without wastes discharge into reservoirs;

• waterworks in water industry;

• intake, use and protection against pollution of ground water;

• automation and management of systems of water industry and power saving.

The magazine allows its readers not only to learn about interesting scientific and technological developments, book novelties, the most interesting dissertation investigations, conferences and seminars, but also to discuss them.

Authors of publications in the magazine are scientists, post- graduate students and engineers from different cities of the Russian Federation, foreign researchers and practical workers.

“Water: Technology and Ecology”. The following problems are given in the journal:

• chemistry, physics and biology of water and aquatic environment;

• water resources;

• water treatment;

• communal and industrial water supply;

• purification of domestic and industrial sewage;

• supplies and materials in water services;

• automation in water purification.

A new magazine is “Pure Water: problems and solutions”. The fist edition was published in 2010. You can read articles according to the following divisions:

• a man and pure water,

• studying water structure,

• problem of water quality,

• pure water economy,

• innovative technologies,

• state program “Pure water”.

1. Give a short summary of the text above, using expressions (page 51).

1. Look through the titles of the articles given below, choose the articles corresponding to the following items:

1. Economics, law and management in water supply and water disposal system.

2. Water treatment.

3. Congresses and exhibitions.

4. From the history of water supply and water disposal.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1. Андреев Г.Я. «Сборник технических текстов на английском языке». М.,»Высшая школа»,2012г.

2. Бобровский И.В. «Деловой английский язык для моряков». Изд-во «Транспорт», 2012г.

3. Гогина Н. А. Практическая грамматика английского языка для моряков. Сборник упражнений. / Сост. Н. А. Гогина – М.: Транслит, 2012, – 222 с.

4. Пенина И.П. «Пособие по английскому языку для мореходных училищ». М.,» Высшая школа»,2012г.

5. Современный англо-русский технический словарь. – К.: OOO «ИП Логос», 2013. – 565 с.

Список используемых интернет- ресурсов

http://www.lang.ru

http://www.fluent-english.ru

http://www.englishclub.narod.ru

http://seaworm.narod.ru/17/17.htm

http://lib.ru/ENGLISH/

http://deckofficer.ru/seasoft/category/eng-learning

http://www.english.ru

https://seatracker.ru

Приложение A. 

Phrases you need to summarize the information from a text or an article.

1. The title of the article (text) is …

Заглавие статьи (текста) …

1. It was published in … Она была опубликована в …

1. The author of the article is … Автор статьи …

1. The article deals with the problem (question) of …

Статья имеет дело с проблемой (вопросом) …

1. It is also touches upon … Она также касается…

1. The article (text) speaks in detail about …

2. The article (text) gives facts (figures, names) illustrating …

Статья (текст) говорит в деталях о …

Статья (текст) дает факты (цифры, имена) иллюстрирующие …

1. It should be noted that… Следует отметить, что …

1. In conclusion the author says that …

2. I think the most important fact in this article is …

В заключении автор говорит, что …

Я думаю, что самый важный факт в этой статье это …

1. I find the article (text) … . interesting

useful

important for me informative

hard (easy)to understand

Я нахожу статью (текст) ... интересной

полезной

важной для меня информативной

трудной (легкой) для понимания

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