Презентация "Michael Faraday"

Michael Faraday.

• FARADAY (Faraday), Michael (1791-1867), English physicist, founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy (1830). Discovered the chemical action of electric current relationship between electricity and magnetism, magnetism and light. Opened (1831) electromagnetic induction — a phenomenon which formed the basis of electrical engineering. Set (1833-34) the laws of electrolysis, named after him, opened the para - and diamagnetism, rotation of plane of polarization of light in a magnetic field (Faraday effect). Proved the identity of different types of electricity. Introduced the concepts of electric and magnetic fields, suggesting the existence of electromagnetic waves.

Childhood and adolescence.

• Faraday was born in the family of a blacksmith. A blacksmith was his older brother, Robert, is strongly encouraged craving Michael's knowledge and at first supported him financially. Faraday's mother, a hardworking, wise, though uneducated woman, lived to the time when her son has achieved success and recognition, and was justly proud of them.

Modest income families did not allow Michael to graduate from high school, and thirteen years of age he was apprenticed to the owner of the bookstore and bookbinding workshop, where he was to stay for 10 years. All this time, Faraday worked hard to educate ourselves — read the best available literature in physics and chemistry, was repeated in arranged laboratory experiments, described in the books, visited in the evenings and Sundays private lectures on physics and astronomy. Money (a shilling to pay for each lecture) he received from his brother. The lectures in Faraday made some new acquaintances, whom he wrote many letters to develop a clear and concise writing style; he also tried to master the techniques of oratory.

• One of the customers of a binding workshop, a member of the Royal society of London, Deno, noticing the interest of Faraday to science, helped him to get to lectures by eminent physicist and chemist H. Davy at the Royal institution. Faraday carefully recorded and twisted four lectures and, together with the letter sent to the lecturer. This "bold and naive step", in the words of Faraday, had his fate decisive influence.

Starting at the Royal Institute of.

In 1813 Davy (with some hesitation) invited Faraday to the vacant place of assistant in the Royal institution, and in the fall of that year took him to a two-year trip on the scientific centres of Europe. This journey had for Faraday's great importance: it will be together with Davy visited a number of laboratories, got acquainted with such scientists as A. Ampere, M. Chevrel, J. L. Gay-Lussac, who in turn drew attention to the brilliant young Englishman.

Scientific publication.

After his return in 1815 the Royal Institute Faraday began intensive work, which is increasing the independent research. In 1816 he began to read public lectures in physics and chemistry in Society for self-education. In the same year appeared his first printed work. In 1821 Faraday's life have been several important events. He got the position of warden for the building and the laboratories of the Royal institution (i.e. technical superintendent) and has published two significant scientific works (spins the current around the magnet and of the magnet around the current and the liquefaction of chlorine). In the same year he married and, as shown by the rest of his life, was a very happy marriage.

The law of electromagnetic induction.

• In 1830, despite the constrained financial situation, Faraday resolutely refuses all the side sessions, perform any scientific and technical studies and other works (except lectures on chemistry), to devote himself entirely to scientific research. He soon achieves a brilliant success: 29 August 1831 reveals the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction — the phenomenon of generating an electric field varying magnetic field.

The law of electromagnetic induction.

• Ten days of hard work allowed Faraday comprehensively and fully explore this phenomenon, which without exaggeration can be called the Foundation, in particular, all modern electrical engineering. But he was not interested in Faraday application possibilities of his discoveries, he sought to master — the study of the laws of Nature. The discovery of electromagnetic induction Faraday brought fame. But he was still very short of money, so his friends were forced to petition for granting him a lifetime government pension. These efforts were crowned with success only in 1835.

Faraday for experiments in the laboratory.

Electrolysis.

In 1833-34, Faraday studied the passage of electric currents through solutions of acids, salts and alkalis, which led him to the discovery of the laws of electrolysis. These laws (Faraday's laws) subsequently played an important role in the formation of ideas about the discrete carriers of electric charge. Until the end of the 1830s, Faraday has carried out extensive studies of electrical phenomena in dielectrics.

Recent work.

• Constant enormous mental stress undermined the health of Faraday and forced him in 1840 break of five years research work. When he returned to it again, Faraday in 1848 discovered the phenomenon of rotation of plane of polarization of light propagating in transparent materials along the lines of the magnetic field (Faraday effect). Apparently, he Faraday (excitedly wrote that he "magnetized light and illuminated the magnetic line of force") attached to this discovery of great importance. Indeed, it was the first indication of the existence of a link between optics and electromagnetism.

Belief in the deep interconnection between electric, magnetic, optical and other physical and chemical phenomena became the basis of the scientific understanding of the world of Faraday. Other experimental work of Faraday this time dedicated to the study of magnetic properties of different media. In particular, in 1845 they discovered the phenomenon of diamagnetism and paramagnetism. In 1855 illness again forced him to interrupt his work. He is much weakened, was sorely to lose her memory. He had to record in a lab journal all the way down to where and what he put before leaving the laboratory, what he's already done and he was going to do next. To continue to work, he had to give up a lot, including from visiting friends; the latter, which he refused, were lectures for children.

The value of scientific papers.

• That Faraday first created the concept of the field in the study of electricity and magnetism, well-written D. K. Maxwell, who became his follower, developed further his teaching and Oleksiy representation of the electromagnetic field in the precise mathematical form of: "Faraday his mind's eye saw lines of force prinosyaschie all the space. Where mathematicians saw centers of effort of the long-range, Faraday saw a relay agent. Where they saw nothing but distance, satisfied that they found the law of distribution of forces acting on the electric fluids, Faraday sought the essence of real phenomena occurring in the environment".

Д. К. Максвелл

The value of scientific papers.

• Point of view on electrodynamics from the standpoint of the concept of the field, the founder of which was Faraday, has become an integral part of modern science. The works of Faraday marked the beginning of a new era in physics.

Thank you for your attention!!!