Прямая и косвенная речь в английском языке. Правило с подборкой упражнений.

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

Tenses change:

Present Simple ……………………… Past Simple

"I don't like cakes." He said he didn't like cakes.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

"I'm writing." She said she was writing.

Present Perfect …………………... Past Perfect

"I have never been to London." She said she had never been to London.

Present Perfect Continuous …. Past Perfect Continuous

"I've been phoning all morning." They said he had been phoning all morning.

Past Simple…………………………………………. Past Perfect

"I wrote a letter." She said she had written a letter.

Past Continuous…………………………………... Past Perfect Continuous

"We were talking about football." He said they had been talking about football.

am/is/are going to was/were going to

"We are going to eat soon," she said. (Direct Speech.) She said (that) they were going to eat soon. (Reported Speech.)

Modal verbs change as follows:

If the reporting verb is in the past (for example, said), we also usually have to change some modals.

Will………………………………………………………………………….. would

"I'll be there at eight," said he. He said he would be there at eight.

can ………………………………………………………………………….could

"I can swim." They said (that) she could swim.

must/have to - ……………………………… had to

"I must go soon." He said (that) he had to go soon.

May……………………………………………………………………….. might

"I may need some help." She said she might need some help.

Say-tell

Say - при отсутствии личного дополнения. Tom said (that) he felt ill.

Say to - дополнение, обозначающее адресата. Tom said to her (that) he felt ill.

Tell – косвенное дополнение (кому). Tom told to her (that) he felt ill.

SAY-hello, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a few words, no more, for certain/sure

TELL-the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, someone’s fortune

ASK-a question, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody

Changes in Expressions of Time and Place

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Today

ago

now

yesterday

tomorrow

next week

last week, last year, etc.

this/these

here

that day

before

then, immediately

the day before

the next day/the following day

the following week

the previous week, year, etc;

that/those

there

Итак,

В косвенной речи также соблюдается правило согласования  времен. При переводе утвердительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:

1) косвенная речь вводится союзом that, который часто опускается;

2) глагол to say, после которого следует дополнение, заменяется глаголом to tell;

3) личные и притяжательные местоимения заменяются по смыслу;

4) времена глаголов в придаточном предложении изменяются согласно правилам согласования времен;

5) указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места заменяются другими словами:

Общие вопросы вводятся союзами if, whether, имеющими значение частицы ли. В придаточных предложениях соблюдается порядок слов утвердительного предложения.

Специальные вопросы вводятся тем же вопросительным словом, с которого начинается прямая речь. Соблюдается порядок  слов утвердительного предложения.

Для передачи побуждений в косвенной речи употребляются простые предложения с инфинитивом с частицей to. Если прямая речь выражает приказание, то глагол to say заменяется глаголом (to tell) велеть или to order (приказывать). Если прямая речь выражает просьбу, глагол to say заменяется глаголом to ask (просить):

Косвенная речь упражнения. Утвердительные предложения.

Упражнение 1. Change the direct speech into reported speech. Переведите в косвенную речь.

Example “I work hard,” Jillian said.— Jillian said that he worked hard.

“I am planning to go to Kenya,” Sally said.

“I take my little sister to school every day,” little Anthony said.

“You may take my textbook,” Nonna said.

“They are playing in the gym now,” Nick said.

“I don’t like chocolate,” Mary said.

“My sister is ready to go” Helen said.

“My mother usually goes shopping on Saturday,” the girl said.

“The birds build their nests among the trees,” the teacher said.

“I am not married,” Jimmy said.

“I can't read these books. I don’t like them,” Petra said.

Упражнение 2. Change the direct speech into reported speech. Переведите в косвенную речь.

Example 1: I have already finished the test. - He said he had already finished the test.

We have gone on holiday.

Nelly can’t write; she has cut her finger.

The Ivanovs have travelled to many places.

Sam has already learnt the poem.

My sister has broken my pencil.

My dad has never travelled by plane.

Andrew has lost his keys.

Jill has never slept in a tent.

Example 2:  The party finished late. — He said (that) the party had finished late.

They lived in a camp when they were on holiday.

My brother got up early this morning.

Li was a famous sportsman.

The couple agreed to meet at six.

Yesterday, I saw Mary in the street.

Sammy arrived by train.

Nicky went home early yesterday.

The kids played tennis in the yard.

Example 3: I’ll meet them at school. — He said he would meet them at school.

The match will take place next week.

This work will take little time.

My parents will come at 3.

Mike will do this exercise later.

My friend won’t be able to come.

They’ll build a new hotel here.

It will rain tomorrow.

Sandy won’t be able to come.

We’ll have examinations next year.

Упражнение 3. Imagine that you met your friend and he told you something. Writе what he told you.

Example: I haven’t seen you for a long time.— He told me that he hadn’t seen me for a long time.

I was away from school because I was ill.

I phoned you many times but you were out.

Some of the schoolmates came to see me.

I had a cold and stayed in bed.

I watched TV.

I’ll come to school next week.

I’ll be better I hope.

The doctor has given me many pills.

Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения из косвенной речи в прямую.

Example: He said the meeting had finished. — The meeting has finished.

He said that his bus hadn’t come in time the day beforе.

The boys said they would go to the football match.

He said their team hadn’t won the last game.

Molly said that she had gone to the library after school.

Liz said that she would go home early.

Wе said that we hadn’t made any plans yet.

Косвенная речь упражнения. Вопросительные предложения.

Переходим к упражнениям на отработку перевода вопросительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную.

Упражнение 5. Imagine that you saw your doctor yesterday because you had a bad headache. Tell your partner what questions the doctor asked.

Example: Do you sleep well?— The doctor asked me if I slept well.

Is anything wrong with you?

Do you sometimes have headaches?

Are you taking any medicine now?

Do you spend much time out- of-doors?

Do you do sports?

Have you a good appetite?

Do you usually go to bed late?

Will you follow my advice?

Упражнение 6. Imagine that a reporter from the local newspaper came to your school yesterday. Report his questions.

Еxample: How long have you studied at this school?— He asked me how long I had studied at that school.

What do you like about your school?

What school activity did you have last?

What good habits have you formed at school?

What is your favorite subject?

What is more important for you at school?

How often do you go on school trips?

What is your school record?

Упражнение 7. Report the questions.

Example: Are you glad to be back? — He asked me if I was glad to be back.

How are you?

How long have you been away?

Are you going away again?

What will you do in future?

Why did you come back?

What are you doing now?

Have you made new friends?

Where are you living now?

Упражнение 8. Report the questions.

Example: Are you English?— She asked him if he was English.

Can Molly speak English?

What impressed you most in England?

When did Rick come home yesterday?

Does Megan like travelling?

Will you come to my place on Friday?

Is it your second visit to England?

Why have you come to scotland?

Will Molly stay at the hotel long?

Упражнение 9. Write reported questions.

Example: “Who is he?” she asked.

— She asked who he was.

“Why is she working so late?” he asked.

“Is she British?” he asked.