Сборник текстов "My Udmurtia"

Бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

Удмуртской республики

«Глазовский политехнический колледж»

Рис. 1,2,3

Сборник текстов по теме

«MyUdmurtia»

с электронным приложением

Составители: И.Х. Невоструева

М.В. Машкина

Глазов2016

Рассмотрено на заседании НМС УТВЕРЖДАЮ

Протокол № 2 от «08» ноября 2016 г. Зам. директора по УМР

____________Н.С. Дзюина

«___»_______________20__ г.

Сборник текстов по теме«MyUdmurtia» с электронным приложением разработан для обучающихся всех специальностей профессиональных образовательных учреждений среднего профессионального образования. В сборник вошли тексты, четко отражающие национально-региональный компонент обучения английскому языку. В приложении 1 представлены тесты ко всем текстам, в электронном приложении – презентации к рассматриваемым темам.

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Основная цель сборника – развивать и совершенствовать навыки и умения читать тексты национально-регионального характера, расширять словарный запас обучающихся, развивать навыки самостоятельной работы и формировать положительную мотивацию к культуре родного края.

Перед началом работысо сборником обучающимся необходимо ознакомиться с его структурой и содержанием. Перед каждым текстом даются вопросы, которые направлены на актуализацию уже имеющихся знаний по предложенным темам об Удмуртской Республике.Тексты сборника содержат географические, исторические и биографические данные, факты об известных людях республики, описаны традиции и обычаи удмуртского народа. Для более эффективной организации учебного процесса тексты сопровождаются лексическим словарем и послетекстовыми вопросами.

С целью контроля понимания содержания прочитанных текстов в приложении предлагаются тестовые задания. Прилагается инструкция по их выполнению, указаны критерии оценивания.

В электронное приложение включены презентации, наглядно демонстрирующие содержание текстов национально-регионального характера.

Данный сборник предназначен для аудиторной и внеаудиторной работы обучающихся, а также может быть использован для создания учебных индивидуальных проектов.

CONTENTS

Text 1 Udmurtia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text 2 Izhevsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text 3 Glazov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text 4 Cities and towns in the Udmurt Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text 5 Traditions and customs of the Udmurts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text6 Udmurtgods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Final test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Text 1

UDMURTIA

Before reading

1. What do you know about the geography of our republic?

2. What places of interests can you name?

On the 4^thof November, 1920 Lenin and Kalinin signed a decree on the foundation of the Udmurt Autonomous Region within the Russian Federation. 14 years later, on the 28^th of December, 1934, it was reorganized to become an Autonomous Soviet Republic.

The Udmurt Republic is situated in the east of the European part of the country, in the western part of the Urals, between the Kama and the Vyatka. Its territory is about 42.000 square kilometers. The population is 1.609.000. People of different nationalities live in our republic. They are Udmurts, Russians, Tatars and others.

Look at the geographical map of the Udmurt Republic! Рис. 4In the west and in the north it borders on Perm and Kirov regions, in the east and in the south – on the Bashkir and Tatar republics. The territory of our republic is more than that of Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and the Netherlands. The territory is mostly plain, however it is often crossed by river beds and ravines. The relief is suitable for farming and agriculture. There are a lot of rivers, lakes and ponds. The largest rivers are the Kama and the Vyatka. They play an important role in the economic life of the republic.

As the republic is situated far from seas and oceans, the main means of transport is the railroad and airlines. The Udmurt Republic is located close to the Urals and it is rich in minerals, especially in oil, peat, wood, coal and gas. Oil was discovered in 1955 on the right bank of the Kama. It is being utilized in industry as fuel. It provides cheap and valuable material for chemical industry, mainly for producing plastics. Peat is used as fuel and for agricultural needs.

The climate depends on the geographical position. As the territory of the republic is part of the spacious East-European plain, mild winds blow. They influence the climate, therefore it is temperate continental with a long cold weather. In the morning it is usually still and clear, but in the day-time north-western and northern winds blow and they influence the weather greatly. It often rains and thunders in summer. There is much snow in winter. The fields and meadows are covered with thick snow. It is favourable for crops. The forests are rich in berries and mushrooms. Nature is very beautiful.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution the Udmurt people lived under very poor conditions. They saw much suffering before their dreams of a free and happy life came true. Lack of political rights, monstrous national oppression, the old-age backwardness – this was what life meant for the Udmurts. They had no way of acquiring education. The tsarist government suppressed every manifestation of national culture. The Udmurts had neither literature, nor press in their own language. Illiteracy among the Udmurts was as high as 85 per cent. The villages suffered from different diseases, mostly from trachoma and tuberculosis. Udmurt industry consisted of semi-handicraft enterprises. But the Udmurts themselves had nochance of learning a trade. According to the 1897 census there were only 87 skilled workers of Udmurt nationality.

The October Revolution liberatedthe Udmurt people from social and national oppression and gave them freedom and equality. With the fraternal assistance of the Russian people the Udmurt Republic has become an important centre of the country’s engineering, metal working, instrument making, radio-engineering, machine-building, timber and other industries. Local enterprises are producing high quality steel, radio equipment, locomotives, cars and motor-cycles, so the republic is famous for its guns and electric saws, reducers and automobiles.

The Udmurts have developed their own literature and art. They have their own theatres, a philharmonic society, a circus, palaces of culture and palaces of sports, a lot of libraries and clubs, a radio and TV centres. There are a lot of skilled teachers, doctors, engineers, outstanding scientists, writers, actors, composers and sportsmen among the Udmurts. The Udmurt people actively participate in state management and in solving important problems of their republic and the whole country.

Vocabulary

to sign a decree – издаватьдекрет

plain – плоский, ровный

riverbed – речноерусло

ravine – ущелье, овраг

pond – пруд

peat – торф

toutilize – использовать

valuable – ценный, полезный

spacious – обширный

still – тихий

thunder – гром, греметь

meadow – луг

favourable – благоприятный

oppression – гнет, угнетение

backwardness – отсталость

tosuppress – подавлять

illiteracy – неграмотность, безграмотность

handicraft – ручной

enterprise – предприятие

census – перепись, сбор сведений

flaternal – братский

timber – лесоматериалы

saw – пила

reducer – редуктор

Questions to the text

1. When was the Udmurt Autonomous Republic established?

2. Where is Udmurtia situated?

3. In what nature zone is the Udmurt Republic situated?

4. What parts of our country does Udmurtia border on?

5. How many rivers are there on the territory of the Udmurt Republic?

6. What are the largest rivers in the Udmurt Republic?

7. What famous ponds do you know?

8. What road was called “the way of tears and grief”?

9. What is the main means of transport in Udmurtia?

10. What minerals is the Udmurt Republic rich in?

11. What is the climate of Udmurtia?

12. What was life in Udmurt Republic like in tsarist Russia?

13. Did the October Revolution of 1917 change the life in the Republic? And how?

14. What is the Udmurt Republic famous for?

15. What is life in Udmurtia now?

Text 2

IZHEVSK

Before reading

1. What facts about Izhevsk are known for you?

2. What enterprises and cultural places of is Izhevsk famous for?

Izhevsk, the capital city of Udmurtia, is located in the central part of the Udmurt Republic. Its territory is 31.666 hectares. Currently the population of Izhevsk is 643,469 people which amount to 42% of the population of the whole republic.

Izhevsk is a huge industrial center where 49 large enterprises are located. With respect to the output and variety of manufactured goods it plays one of the leading roles in the economy of the Urals region.

The city was founded on April 10, 1760 on the bank of the Izh-river and initially was a workmen’s settlement of the iron-works belonging to Count Shuvalov.Рис. 5 In 1763 the first products – metal bands and ship anchors – were manufactured from cast iron. In 1807 under the management of an outstanding mining engineer Mr. Deryabin the construction of the Izhevsk arms-producing factory started on the basis of the iron-works.Рис. 6 In 1808 the tool production was established. In 1812 the Izhevsk arms factory supplied the Russian army with 23,717 smooth-bore silicic shot-guns and pistols.

By 1817 the population of the Izhevsk factory settlement had grown up to 8,324 people and by 1841 – up to 15,000 people.

From 1845 the Izhevsk arms factory started manufacturing smooth-bore short-guns with trigger mechanisms and then, in 1855, it mastered the production of rifled barrel guns.

Alongside with the development of arms-manufacturing skill, the arms craftsmanship schools and later on industrial colleges were established. In 1860 the first private factory producing hunting guns was built. In 1874 the Izhevsk arms factory launched production of “four-line” rifles.

In 1877 the first open-hearth furnace and in 1881 the rolling mill for manufacturing high-grade steel were put into operation at the Izhevsk steel factory (former iron-works).

The economic flourishing of Izhevsk refers to the last decade of the 19^th century when mass production of “three-line” weapons took place. These years are also marked by participation of the Izhevsk arms factory in international scientific and industrial exhibitions in Chicago and Paris.

By 1897 the population of the Izhevsk settlement had increased up to 41,074binhabitants and in February 1918 Izhevsk acquired the status of a city. In 1921 it became the capital of Udmurtia.

In late twenties Izhevsk became the birthplace of the Russian motorcycle-building industry. The first five motorcycles were released in1928 and in 1935 their serial production was launched. Рис. 7In the thirties the reconstruction of the old factories and erecting of the new ones is going on, among them the Izhstalzavod, the Izhevsk timber factory, the furniture factory, etc.

Apart from the industry the thirties are distinguished for the development of national culture: the first higher educational institutes, several theatres, the Philharmonic Society and the research institute were opened.

During World War II Izhevsk became an important forge of small arms which supplied about 12.5 million arms for the army. After the war such industries as radio-technical, timber-processing and light industry started to develop. Several factories were built, among them the paper-making machine-building factory, automobile works, mechanical works, radio plant. Izhevsk exported its produce to more than 70ncountries of the world.

There are a lot of places of interest in Izhevsk, different museums, theatres, a circus, a philharmonic society, some cinemas. The town is situated along the beautiful pond. It is a favourite place of rest of the people.

The main streets of the town are Pushkin and Sovetskaya Streets. There are numerous monuments in the town: a monument to Lenin, to Azin, to Deryabin, a monument of friendship erected in honour of the 400^th anniversary of the unification of Russia and Udmurtia. There are numerous educational institutions in Izhevsk. The town has two biggest parks of culture and rest, some stadiums, a lot of shops and cafes, restaurants and hotels. The traffic is heavy in the capital. The usual means of transport are buses, trolley-buses, trams, cars.

Izhevsk is growing larger and better from year to year.

Vocabulary

currently – теперь, в настоящее время

toamount – составлять

enterprise – предприятие

withrespectto – поотношениюк

output – выпуск, производство

tomanufacture – производить

iron-work – железоделательный завод

metalband–металлическая полоска

anchor – якорь

miningengineer – горныйинженер

arms-producing factory – оружейныйзавод

smooth-bore – гладкоствольный

silicic – кремниевый

shot-gun – дробовик, ружье

trigger – спусковойкрючок

rifledbarrelgun – нарезноеоружие

alongside – параллельно

craftsmanship – искусство, мастерство

rifle – винтовка

open-hearth furnace – мартеновскаяпечь

rollingmill – прокатныйстан

high-grade – высокосортный, высококачественный

flourishing – процветание

participation – участие

torelease – выпускать

timber – лес, лесоматериал

todistinguish – отличаться

forge – центр

paper-making – бумажное производство

unification – объединение

Questions to the text

1. Where is Izhevsk located?

2. What is the population of Izhevsk?

3. When was it founded? What was it initially?

4. Who was the first architect-builder at IzhevskyZavod?

5. Who was A. Deryabin?

6. What happened in 1877 and 1881?

7. When was the economic flourishing of Izhevsk?

8. When did Izhevsk become the capital of Udmurt Republic?

9. What is a favourite place of rest of the people?

10. What are the main streets and monuments of the town?

11. What are the usual means of transport in Izhevsk?

12. In honour of what anniversary was the monument “friendship of Peoples” erected?Who is the author of this monument?

Text 3

GLAZOV

Before reading

1. What facts about Glazov are known for you?

2. What enterprises and cultural places are there in Glazov?

Glazov is situated in the North of the Udmurt Republic. The town was founded in 1678. In 1780, by the decree of the empress of Russia, Catherine II, village of Glazovo obtained the status and the coat of arms of a town. At that time the population of Glazov was approximately one thousand people.

The land of Udmurtia is called а land of many springs. The word «Glazov» means «anеyе of а spring» according to the Udmurt language.

In 1793, a stone cathedral, called “Preobrazhensky” was constructed in the town centre.

Since 1804, the town has been built in accordance with the plans of a St. Petersburg architect, Ivan Lem. A rare type of radial-arc planning of the town centre has been preserved throughout modern times.Рис. 8

From 1796 until 1818, P.F. Tchaikovsky, grandfather of a great Russian composer PyothILyich Tchaikovsky, was the governor of Glazov.

By 1856 Glazov became the main trade centre of the region.

Russian writer A.P.Chechov was born in Glazov in 1867.

A writer V.G.Korolenko, who was in exile there in 1879, wrote that Glazov was not a “real” town.

In 1898, the main line of the Transsibirian railway was laid through the Glazov district.Рис. 9

In 1919, Glazov was visited by Joseph Stalin. In January 1921, Glazov became the first capital of the Udmurt Republic and held that position until June 1921.

Glazov experienced rapid development after World War II. Housing construction and culture began to develop.

The town is known for its furniture production, knitted wear and other garments, building materials, and cranes that are used for laying pipes.

The Glazov distillery is well known for its production of the famous «Russian Vodka» and а great number of various drinks.

The Chepetsky Mechanical Plant became a part of the defensive complex of the country with high scientific and technological potential. A noble and unique metal zirconium, produced by this plant, is widely used in atomic power and medicine. Now, this fine metal is also used to make jewellery that is popular here and abroad. Рис. 10, а, б, в

Nowadays Glazov is a large economic and cultural centre. Some old buildings, monuments of architecture of past centuries, have been preserved in the town till this time. Svoboda Square is the heart of Glazov. The town has clean, wide, straight streets which are lighted with electricity and paved with asphalt. There are a lot of grass plots and greenery around the houses. The most beautiful street of the town is Kirov Street.

The traffic is not heavy in Glazov, in some places it is regulated by traffic lights. The town’s districts and streets are linked with buses, the main means of transport in Glazov.

There are a great number of various educational and cultural institutions in Glazov. Glazov has Pedagogical Institute, many schools (among them are a Music school, a specialized English school, a physics and mathematics lyceum), some technical and vocational colleges.

Children and adults enjoy visiting а theatre group «Paraphrase» which is a laureate of many Russia and international festivals.

There is a museum of regional studies “Idnakar”. Idnakar is an archaeological monument, 4 km from Glazov. The ancestors of the Udmurt people lived here on the high bank of the Cheptsa River in the 10-12^th centuries. Рис. 11

The first Palace of Sports “Progress” with an artificial ice was put into operation in Udmurtia in 1969. European, World and Olympic figure skating champions LudmilaBelousova, Oleg Protopopov,IrinaRodnina, Alexander Zaitsev and А1ехеiUlanov trained and participated in show performances there.

Glazov plays an important role in the life of the Udmurt Republic and Russia and in my life.

Vocabulary

decree – указ, декрет

to obtain – получать

coat of arms – герб

rare – редкий

radial-arc – радиальнаядуга

to preserve – сохранить

toexperience – испытывать

rapid – быстрый

garment – специальная одежда

crane – подъемный кран

distillery – ликероводочный завод

defensive – оборонный

jewellery – ювелирныеизделия

Questionstothetext

1. Where is Glazov situated?

2. When was it founded?

3. When did Glazov obtain the status of a town?

4. What does the word “Glazov” mean?

5. Who was the architect of the town planning?

6. What famous people ever lived in Glazov?

7. What name gave V. G. Korolenko to Glazov?

8. When did Glazov experience rapid development?

9. Why does Glazov play an important role in the life of Udmurtia?

10. What cultural places are there in Glazov? What places of the town do you recommend to visit?

Text 4

CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC

Before reading

1. Can you name the towns, cities, districts and settlements of the Udmurt Republic?

2. What are these towns and cities noted for?

The present republic consists of 25 districts, 6 cities and towns, 4 urban districts, 15 urban settlements, 263 villages.

Izhevsk is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Izh River in the Western Urals. Its population is 629,455 (2012 est.), up from 627,734 recorded in the 2010 Census, making it the nineteenth largest city in Russia and the largest in the republic.

From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov. The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture, and education in the Volga Region. It is famous for its defense, engineering, and metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.Рис. 12

Glazov was the first capital of Udmurtia. It is a town in the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 95,854 (2010 Census); 100,894 (2002 Census); 104,072 (1989 Census).

The town is known for Chepetsky Mechanical Works, Russian main producer of uranium, zirconium, and calcium metals for nuclear power plants, military, and space technologies. Apart from machine-building, there are wood-working, clothing, and food industries.Рис. 13

Kambarka is a town and the administrative center of Kambarsky District of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located on the Kambarka River (Kama's basin), 116 kilometers (72 mi) southeast of Izhevsk. Population: 11,021 (2010 Census); 12,636 (2002 Census); 13,258 (1989 Census).

It was founded as a settlement around a Demidov ironworks, which was constructed in 1761–1767. It was granted town status in 1945.

A chemical weapons destruction plant was built in Kambarka during the Soviet times. This was in accordance to the obligations under the CWC to destroy all of the chemical weapon stockpiles by 2012.Рис. 14

Votkinsk is an industrial town in the Udmurt Republic, Russia. Population: 99,022 (2010 Census);99,441 (2002 Census); 103,509 (1989 Census).

It was established in April1759, initially as a center for metallurgical enterprises, and the economic focus on metal related industry remains. Town status was officially granted to it in 1935.

The Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology operates a machine plant in the town, the Votkinsk Plant State Production Association, which produces some of Russia's long-range ballistic missiles. The town gives its name to the nearby Votkinsk Reservoir, filled in the 1960s following the construction of a dam for the Votkinsk Hydroelectric Station.Рис. 15

Mozhga is a southern city of Udmurtia. It is located at the confluence of the Syuga and Syugailka Rivers, 97 kilometers (60 mi) southwest of Izhevsk, the capital of the republic. Population: 47,961 (2010 Census); 47,119 (2002 Census); 46,049 (1989 Census).

Рис. 16

Sarapul is a city and a river port in the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kama River, 66 kilometers (41 mi) southeast of Izhevsk, the capital of the republic. Population: 101,381 (2010 Census); 103,141 (2002 Census); 110,381 (1989 Census).

Sarapul is one of the oldest cities of the Kama region. It was first mentioned in a 1596 population audit book as the village (selo) of Voznesenskoye, also known as Sarapul. It was chartered in 1780 and by the end of the 18th century it grew into a merchant town with developed industry of footwear manufacturing.

Currently, Sarapul is the second most significant industrial town in the republic after Izhevsk.Рис. 17

Vocabulary

urban – городской

district – район

settlement – поселок

torecord – записывать

census – перепись

hub – центр

defense – оборонный

armory – оружейный

glory – слава

ironwork – чугуноплавильный завод

togrant – предоставлять

chemicalweapons – химическое оружие

stockpile – склад

long-range – большой дальности

ballisticmissile – баллистическая ракета

reservoir – водохранилище

dam – плотина

confluence – слияние, соединение

tocharter – создавать, учреждать

merchant – купец, торговец

Questions to the text

1. How many districts and towns are there in the Udmurt Republic?

2. Where is Izhevsk located?

3. What is its population?

4. How it was called earlier?

5. What is Izhevsk famous for?

6. What titles does Izhevsk have?

7. Where is Glazov situated?

8. How long was it the capital of the Udmurt Republic?

9. Where is Glazov located?

10. What is its population?

11. What enterprise is city-forming in Glazov? What does it produce?

12. What other industries are there in Glazov?

13. Where is Kambarka located?

14. What is its population?

15. How was Kambarka founded?

16. What enterprise of Kambarka was known not only in Udmurtia but also in Russia? And why?

17. When was Votkinsk established?

18. What is its population?

19. What enterprises are there in Votkinsk?

20. What is nearby the town?

21. Where is Mozhga situated?

22. What is its population?

23. When was Sarapulfirst mentioned?

24. What is its population?

25. What is Sarapul famous for?

Text 5

TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS OF THE UDMURTS

Before reading

1. What traditions and customs of the Udmurt people do you know?

2. Name traditional dishes of the Udmurt people.

The Udmurt land is called “the district of clean springs”. What a wonderful land with its fields of rye, a lot of lakes, low hills and thick forests it is! The Udmurt people worked in the fields and in the woods, wove, sewed and in summer evening and on winter days they relaxed. There were traditional gatherings of young people at that time when girls wore white long dresses with national coloured embroidering on the edges. There “chip-chirgan” (a national musical instrument)and “shirgan” (a dancing melody) could be heard.Рис. 18

All home life things were made with the hands of Udmurt masters. Applied arts, decorations and various kinds of ornaments reflected the surroundings – trees and flowers, shining of the sun in the day time and twinkling of the starts at night. The Udmurt people tried to forget their sufferings and hard life in dreams of better life.

It goes without saying that Udmurts lived under very poor conditions. The Udmurt peasants worked both for Russian tsarism and Udmurt landlords, the doubled oppression made their life unbearable. Look at a typical house of a poor peasant in the past: it was a small wooden hut without a chimney and through the single tiny window very little light could be seen. There were wide benches near the walls, “polati” – wooden high lyings raised up to the ceiling, a small handmade table all in all.Рис. 19

In Soviet times the life of Udmurt villages has greatly changed. Udmurts began building larger houses, mostly made of stone, with big and beautifully decorated windows. You can see modern furniture, TV-sets, washing machines, refrigerators and cars in Udmurts families now.

Most of the Udmurt holidays are of religious origin as Udmurts had two gods which were respected by them for two hundred years. It would be right to say that for the greater part of the Udmurt population holidays have long lost their religious significance and are simply days on which people are relax, eat, drink and make marry.

There are also some peculiarities in Udmurt food which is very nourishing and tasteful. Udmurt cooking is famous for various fine dishes such as “perepechi”, “tabani”, “pelmeni” and others.Рис. 20

Udmurts clothes is rich in fantasy and imagination of forms and colours in decorations and embroidered ornaments; hats-“aishon”, ringing decorations made of coins “chity-kish”, “kamkli” and man-made differently coloured dresses and shirts. Udmurts put in their best clothes during their public holidays at the beginning of sewing and when gathering crops over.Рис. 21

Weddings are of great interest for us too. Many years ago marriages were often unequal: a boy was at the age of 12, 13, 15 and a girl had to be older than he; 15, 16, 20 or even 30. Wedding was accompanied by a very solemn ceremony for many days and there were a lot of tasty things to eat.

Old Udmurt traditions are inseparably connected with their old customs and the Udmurt national character.

Vocabulary

spring – источник, родник, ключ

rye – рожь

weave (wove, wove - рожьn) – ткать, плести

sew – шить

gatherings – собрание, сборище

embroidering – вышивание, украшениевышивкой

twinkling – мерцание, сверкание, блеск

peasant – крестьянин

unbearable – невыносимый, несносный hut – хижина

chimney – труба

respect – почитать, чтить

nourishing – питательный

wedding – свадьба

unequal – неравный

solemn – священный, торжественный

inseparably – неотделимо, нераздельно

Questions to the text

1. How is the Udmurt land called? Describe it.

2. What were the main activities of the Udmurt people?

3. When did the girls wear white long dresses with national coloured embroidering on the edges?

4. What national musical instrument and dancing melody could be heard?

5. What did applied arts, decorations and various kinds of ornaments reflect?

6. What made Udmurt peasant’s life unbearable?

7. Describe a typical house of a poor Udmurt peasant in the past.

8. How has the life of Udmurts changed in Soviet times?

9. What can you say about most of the Udmurt holidays?

10. What peculiarities are there in Udmurt food?

11. Do you know how “perepechi”, “tabani”, “pelmeni” is cooked?

12. What is Udmurt clothes like?

13. When do Udmurts put it on?

14. Were Udmurt weddings equal many years ago?

15. What age was a boy and a girl had to be at?

16. What old Udmurt traditions are inseparable connected with?

Text 6

UDMURT GODS

Before reading

1. What was the religion of the Udmurt people in ancient times?

2. Who was the main god for the Udmurts?

The Udmurts are the Finno-Ugric peoples. BeforeChristianization the Udmurts were pagans. After the adoption of Christianity, paganism joined with the new religion, a dual faith was created, and it is still possible to see the ancient beliefs.

Mythology of the Udmurts is equal to the mythology of other Finno-Ugric peoples. One can see constant confrontation between good and evil, light and darkness. Just like many other pagan beliefs, the world is divided into three components: the world of gods, the human world and the spirit’s world.

The main godsareInmar (the Christian “God”), Kyldysin (the Christian “Angel”) and Kuaz. To these gods people accessed during ritual ceremonies.

So, Inmar is the main god of heaven. It is believed that his image dates back to prafinno-ugricmythology.Inmaris the source of all kindness, and the creator of the man and the world. The appearance of this character symbolizes the traditional views of people about the sky. Inmar’s rise above the rest gods happened under the influence of world religions - Islam and Christianity.Рис. 22

Nowadays, it is considered to be the main God of the Udmurts.

Kyldysin protects the woman and her ability to bear children and the fertility of the earth. Also successful huntingwas dependent from him.Kyldysin lives in heaven; he takes the second place after Inmar in the god’s pantheon. Kyldysin controls people's happiness, calmness, wellbeing. He has many faces and characteristics because he symbolizes women’s origin.Рис. 23

Kuaz is also one of the main gods. He controls weather and natural phenomena;he is the master of space between heaven and earth. However, this deity had very limited power; scientists don’t know all his functions.Рис. 24

The next stage of this pantheon is the human world. Vorshud helps to connect different generations of relatives. Mudor and Invu control the happiness of the family. These three gods connect people andnature.

“Lesovik”, “Vodyanoy”, “Lugovik” and others are the masters of the wild nature. “Lesovik” is named Nulesmurt, “Vodyanoy” – Vumurt and “Lugovik” – Ludmurt.

Deities of the wild nature are also inhabitants of the middle world. It is important to say that they are an opposition to the tribal deities. They are owners of vast territories – forests, grasslands, wetlands. These territories are used for hunting, fishing and breeding cattle. Places of worship mean only men’s sphere.

Ludrules all of the evil spirits. He brings different troubles to people. Inmar and Lud are not the enemies – they are a mirror image of the one force. According to this religion there are no paradise and hell, a soul and a body are not separated. When a person dies he goes to the world of dead and he lives there, gets married, believes in their gods.Рис. 25

Nowadays about 20% of the Udmurts are pagans and about the same number of people are orthodox, the rest have the dual faith.

Christianity influences on paganism. For example, “Domovoy” is also presented in paganism,it is Korka-Kuse. In order to calm down him the Udmurts used Christian subjects, such as the cross, the prayer, the icons, and theincenses. At night they should read the prayer before going to bed and have the cross to avoid nightmares.

The intermediaries between the people and the gods are Tuno – shamans, prophets, healers. They are not kind and not evil; they just know and see everything.Рис. 26

So,it is important to mention that a person can believe or not believe in gods and spirits. But onecannot accept that this is a part of our life and history. It is a part of the religion, which was accompanied a person over the centuries.

Vocabulary

paganism – язычество

dualfaith – двойноевероисповедание

beequalto – бытьравнымчему-либо

access – обращаться

dateback – брать начало, относиться

fertility – плодородие

deity – божество

inhabitant – житель

tribal – племенной, родовой

vast = large

grassland – пастбище

wetland – болото

breeding – разведение

worship – поклонение, богослужение

orthodox – ортодокс (человек, четко соблюдающий все правила вероисповедания)

incense – благовоние

prophet – проповедник

healer – целитель

intermediary – посредник

Questions to the text

1. Who were the Udmurt people before the Christianization?

2. Why was a dual faith created?

3. How many components can the world be divided in the paganism? What are they?

4. Name three main gods for the Udmurt people

5. What are the functions of Inmar?

6. What are the functions of Kyldysin?

7.What are the functions of Kuaz?

8. What gods connect people and nature?

9.What can you say about an opposition to the tribal deities?

10. Who is Lud?

11. Are there pagans among the Udmurts nowadays?

12. What Christian subjects did the Udmurt use to calm down Korka-Kuse?

13. Who are Tuno?

14. Why is it important to know our history?

Appendix 1

Инструкцияповыполнению тестовых заданий

Тесты 1, 6, “Finaltest”–тесты множественного выбора. Каждое правильно выполненное задание оценивается в 1 балл.

Тесты 2, 3, 5 – двухвариантные тестовые задания по принципу определения верного и неверного утверждения.

Тест 4 – задание на определение правильного ответа согласно описанию.

Критерии оценивания

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
90-100%	80-89%	70-79%	Менее 70%

TEST 1 (tothetext “Udmurtia”)

Choosethecorrectvariant:

1. TheUdmurtAutonomousRepublicwasestablishedin… .

a) 1920 b) 1934 c) 1834

2. The centre of the Udmurt Republic was moved from Glazov to Izhevsk in … .

a) in June 1921 b) in July 1970 c) in January 1934

3. SibirskyTrakt was called … .

a) ‘the way of tsars” b) “the trade way” c) “the way of tears and grief”

4. The Udmurt Republic is situated in the … zone.
a) wooden b) plain c) deserted

5. There are … rivers on the territory of Udmurtia.

a) 420 b) 120 c) 20

6. The climate of Udmurtia is … .

a) moderate b) temperate continental c) subtropical

7. Initially Izhevsk was a workmen’s settlement of the iron-works belonging to Count … .

a) Deryabin b) Shuvalov c) Moskvin

8. The first architect-builder at IzhevskyZavod was … .

a) Moskvin b) Nagovitsyn c) Shuvalov

9. The construction of the Izhevsk arms-producing factory started in 1807 under the management of an outstanding mining engineer … .

a) Shuvalov b) Senilov c) Deryabin

10. The author of the monument “Friendship of Peoples” is … .

a) Deryabin b) Senilov c) Burganov

11. This monument was erected in honour of the … anniversary of the unification of Russia and Udmurtia.

a) 450^th b) 400^th c) 350^th

12. The Udmurt land is called … .

a) “the district of clean springs” b) “the district of vast forests” c) “the district of arms”

13. The national musical instrument is … .

a) chip-chirgan b) shirgan c) tabani

14. “Shirgan” is … .

a) a national dance b) a dancing melody c) a national costume

15. … is the birthplace of one of the greatest Russian composers P. I. Chaikpvsky.

a) Sarapul b) Kambarka c) Votkinsk

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
15 баллов	12-14 баллов	9-11 баллов	Менее 9 баллов

TEST 2 (to the text “Izhevsk”)

Agree (+) or disagree (-) with the following statements:

1. Nippers and rowan-tree are depicted on Izhevsk Coat-of-Arms.

2. Izhevsk was founded in1760.

3. I was a settlement attached to the iron producing works belonging to A.F. Deryabin.

4. Count Peter Shuvalov founded a small arms-producing factory.

5. On June 1907 is the date of the second birth when the arms-producing factory was founded.

6. A.S. Moskvin , a bright architect, chose the place for the city.

7. In 1918 Izhevsk acquired the status of a city and in 1921 it became the capital of Udmurtia.

8. A monument of friendship was erected in honor of the 400-th anniversary of the unification of Russia and Udmurtia.

9. 450^th Anniversary of Udmurtia’s Voluntary Entry into the Russian State was celebrated in 2010.

10. The usual means of transport are buses and trams.

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
10 баллов	8-9 баллов	6-7 баллов	Менее 6 баллов

TEST 3 (to the text “Glazov”)

Agree (+) or disagree (-) with the following statements:

1. Glazov is situated in the East of the Udmurt Republic.

2. Glazov is situated on the bank of the river Cheptsa.

3. The town was built in accordance with the plans of a St. Petersburg architect, Ivan Lem.

4. From 1796 until 1818 grandfather of a great Russian composer Tchaikovsky was the governor of Glazov.

5. In 1919 Glazov became the first capital of the Udmurt Republic.

6. Glazov experienced rapid development after World War II.

7. It’s a pity, but there are no preserved old buildings, monuments of architecture of past centuries in the town nowadays.

8. Nowadays Glazov is a large economic and cultural centre.

9. The Chepetsky Mechanical Plant is famous not only in Russia but also in other countries.

10. Idnakar is an archaeological monument where the ancestors of the Tatar people live.

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
10 баллов	8-9 баллов	6-7 баллов	Менее 6 баллов

TEST 4 (to the text “Cities and towns in the Udmurt Republic”)

Determine the town according to its description (Izhevsk, Glazov, Kambarka, Sarapul or Votkinsk):

1. It is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

2. It is the 19th largest city in Russia and the largest in the republic.

3. It is known for the plant which is produced uranium, zirconium, and calcium metals for nuclear power plants, military, and space technologies.

4. It was founded in 1760 and initially it was a workmen’s settlement of the iron-works belonging to Count Shuvalov.

5. It is the birthplace of PyotrIlyich Tchaikovsky.

6. It is a southern town of Udmurtia.

7. It is the smallest town in the Udmurt Republic.

8. A chemical weapons destruction plant was built here.

9. The town gives its name to the nearby reservoir, filled in the 1960s following the construction of a dam for the Hydroelectric Station.

10. It is the second most significant industrial town in the republic.

11. It has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.

12. It is a city and a river port in the Udmurt Republic.

13. It was a former capital of Udmurtia.

14. It is famous for its machine plant which produces some of Russia's long-range ballistic missiles.

15. It is situated on the bank of the Kama.

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
15 баллов	12-14 баллов	9-11 баллов	Менее 9 баллов

TEST 5(to the text “Traditions and customs of the Udmurts”)

Agree (+) or disagree (-) with the following statements:

1. There were national musical instruments in ancient times.

2. Applied arts reflected nature.

3. Many years ago Udmurts lived under very good conditions.

4. In Soviet times Udmurts built large stone houses.

5. Most of the Udmurts holidays are of religious origin.

6. Udmurt food has its own traditional dishes.

7. Udmurt clothes is poor in fantasy and imagination of forms and colours.

8. Many pictures of the life of ancient Udmurts were painted by V.L. Belyh.

9. Earlier marriages were equal.

10. In ancient times there were no traditional gatherings of young people.

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
10 баллов	8-9 баллов	6-7 баллов	Менее 6 баллов

TEST 6(to the text “Udmurt gods”)

Choose the correct variant:

1. In ancient times the Udmurt people … pagans.

a) were b) was c) are

2. A dual faith was created after the adoption of … .

a) Islam b) Christianity c) Buddhism

3. According to the pagan beliefs, the world is divided into three components: the world of …, the … world and the … world.

a) gods, dead,spirit’s b) healers, human, gods c) gods, human, spirit’s

4. During ritual ceremonies people … to their gods.
a) accessed b) access c) accesses

5. … is the source of all kindness, and the creator of the man and the world.

a) Inmar b) Kuaz c) Kyldysin

6. … controls people's happiness, calmness, wellbeing and symbolizes women’s origin.

a) Inmar b) Kuaz c)Kyldysin

7. … is the master of space between heaven and earth.

a) Inmar b) Kuaz c) Kyldysin

8. Vorshud, Mudor, Invuconnectpeople and… .

a) nature b) gods c) spirits

9. Places of worship mean only … sphere.

a) men’s and women’s b) men’s c) women’s

10. … rules all of the evil spirits and brings different troubles to people.

a) Inmar b) Lesovik c) Lud

11. Nowadays about … of the Udmurts are pagans and about the same number of people are orthodox.

a) 25% b) 20% c) 30%

12. In paganism Korka-Kuseis… .

a) “Domovoy” b) “Vodyanoy” c) “Lugovik”

13. In order to calm down Korka-Kuse the Udmurts… Christian subjects.

a) used b) looked for c) spoke

14. Shamans, prophets, healersare … .

a)Tunos b) Tuno c)Tino

15. … is a part of our life and history.

a) Religion b) People c) Human world

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
15 баллов	12-14 баллов	9-11 баллов	Менее 9 баллов

Final test

Choose the correct variant:

1. Where is the Udmurt Republic situated?

a) In the west of the European part of our country

b) In the east of the European part of our country

c)In the north of the European part of our country

d) In the south of the European part of our country

2. The territory of the Udmurt Republic is more than … .

a)India b)China c)Denmark d)Canada

3. The largest rivers are … .

a)the Volga and the Yenisey

b)the Don and the Cheptsa

c)the Kama and the Vyatka

d)the Ob and the Lena

4. What mountains are located close to the republic?

a)The Altai b)The Urals c)The Caucasus d)The Alps

5. The gold symbol of Udmurtia is … .

a) anitalmas b) a cornflower c) a snowdrop d) a camomile

6. How many colours are used on the flag of Udmurtia?

a) Oneb) Two c)Three d)Four

7. The solar sign on the national flag of the Udmurt Republic is a symbol of … .

a)protecting man from misfortunes

b)the Udmurts’ gods

c)the sun

d)the rich life

8. What bird is represented on the coat of arms of Udmurtia?

a)A pigeon b)A stork c)A crane d)A swan

9. The white colour on the flag and on the coat of arms of Udmurtia is a symbol of … .

a)spaceb)lifec)wealthd)happiness

10. Who wrote the Russian version of the national anthem of the Udmurt Republic?

a)German Korepanov

b)Alexander Korepanov

c)Alexei Sheptalin

d)Fedor Tyutin

11. On what picture can one see the coat of arms of Izhevsk – the capital of the republic?

a)

b)

c)

d)

12. Who was the initiator of creating the first cultural society in Udmurtia?

a)FlorVasiliev b)ValentinBelykh c)Tamara Tikhonova d)KuzebayGerd

13. What town became the capital of the republic after signing a decree on the foundation of the Udmurt Autonomous Region in 1920?

a)Izhevsk b)Glazov c)Votkinsk d)Sarapul

14. This is one of the most famous monument of … .

a)Glazov b)Votkinsk c)Sarapul d)Izhevsk

15. Where is the ancient settlement “Idnakar” situated?

a)Glazov b)Sarapul c)Mozhga d)Kambarka

16. Who painted the picture “Dwelling of the ancient Udmurts”?

a) Semen Vinogradov b) Denis Nikonov c)ValentinBelykh d) Alexander Lozhkin

17. Aishon is a national … .

a)instrument b) hat c) clothes d) song

18. The main god of the Udmurt people was … .

a)Inmar b)Vumurt c)Gidmurt d)Ludmurt

19. What are the national dishes of the Udmurt Republic?

a)Perepechi and tabani

b)Pelmeni and bliny

c)Rassolnik and krendeli

d)Koolich and ukha

20. What national instrument is illustrated on this photograph?

a)Kubyz b) Chip-chirgan c)Shulan d)Pyzh-krez

21. In what year did “BuranovskiyeBabushki” participate at the Eurovision Song Contest?

a)2010 b)2011 c)2012 d)2013

22. “BuranovskiyeBabushki” organised their tour in order to … .

a)become popular b)make a lot of money c)see the world d)build the church

23. German Korepanov was a … .

a)scientist b)poet c)composer d)constructor

24. On what photograph can we see Tanya Baramzina?

a)

b)

c)

d)

25. What kind of sport did Galina Kulakova go in for?

a)Biathlon b)Skiing c)Athletics d)Aquatics

26. Where was Maxim Vylegzhanin born?

a)Sharkan b)Votkinsk c)Izhevsk d)Kez

Высокий «5»	Достаточный «4»	Низкий «3»	Очень низкий «2»
25-26 баллов	21-24 баллов	17-20 баллов	Менее 17 баллов

Appendix 2

https://multiurok.ru/mari-mashkina/files/eliektronnoie-prilozhieniie-k-sborniku-udmurtia.html

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

1. Владыкин В.Е. Религиозно – мифологическая картина мира удмуртов. – Ижевск.: "Удмуртия", 1994 .

2. Владыкин В.Е. Из истории религиозного синкретизма у удмуртов //Мировоззрение финно – угорских народов. - Новосибирск, 1990.

3. Григорьева Т.А., Шафорост Г.И. Сборник текстов по теме «Удмуртия – мой край родной». - Глазов, 1989.

4. Тайные знания удмуртов – Неопознанный мир [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://tainy.net/9584-tajnye-znaniya-udmurtov.html.

5. Пережитки религиозно-мифологических представлений в современном быту сельских удмуртов [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:

http://gasur.ru/activity/publications/other_publications/pubkonkurs08/sklad2/nominashion1/group2/1_2_4.php

6. Udmurtia [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia